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Habit of Coccocarpia species. A. Coccocarpia adnata (Lücking 15579d). B. Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Lücking 15148a). C. Coccocarpia palmicola (Lücking 15199a). D. Coccocarpia guimarana (Lücking 15615d). E-F. Coccocarpia pellita (Lücking 17252b and Will-Wolf 12735b), with phyllidia (E) and squamulose isidia (F). G. Coccocarpia dissecta (Lücking 17086k). H. Coccocarpia glaucina (Chaves 128). Scale = 2 mm, in E and F = mm.
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The genus Coccocarpia is treated as part of the ongoing TICOLICHEN biodiversity inventory in Costa Rica, including a thorough revision of all the material reported by Dodge and held at the Farlow Herbarium (FH). Eighteen species are distinguished, among which four taxa are described as new: Coccocarpia gallaicoi Lücking, Chaves & Umaña (with the no...
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Context 1
... This new species is most similar to Coccocarpia epiphylla in thallus characters, but differs in the presence of marginal, branched, dorsiventral phyllidia. So far, phyllidia as defined here (see above) were unknown in the genus Coccocarpia (ARVIDSSON 1983), but similar structures are known from other Peltigerales, e.g. in Sticta carolinensis (MCDONALD et al. 2003). Coccocarpia guimarana is also similar in thallus morphology, but differs in having laminal, cylindrical ...
Context 2
... common foliicolous species in exposed situations in areas of wet tropical rainforest from sea level to 2000 m; also known from Ecuador (reported as Coccocarpia domingensis in Lücking, Lich. Fol. Exs. 194). Notes: This is the most common species in the genus, with a wide morphological and ecological amplitude (ARVIDSSON 1983). Our observations both in the field and in the laboratory confirm ARVIDSSON's statements that lowland forms tend to be more adnate and often more narrow-lobed, while montane populations are usually loosely attached and broad-lobed. We also observed that the lowland forms (Fig. 4A-D) mostly have blue-black rhizines and rather compact, clavate isidia, while the montane populations ( Fig. 4E-H) feature white rhizines and irregularly elongate, often almost budding, cylindrical isidia. Since intermediate forms exist, we follow ARVIDSSON's concept and keep all these forms under a single species, but it will be interesting to study this intriguing variation with statistical and molecular tools based on a large specimen sampling. Notes: Coccocarpia pellita is characterized by is flattened, squamiform isidia, as opposed to the cylindrical isidia in C. palmicola (ARVIDSSON 1983). In the material observed by us, we found two different types of isidia: semicircular and entire to marginally incised (Fig. 1F), and elongate-branched, resembling phyllidia (Fig. 1E). ARVIDSSON (1983) accepts this as variation within the species, which we follow here, but this matter requires attention since no such range of variation is observed in the other isidiate species of Coccocarpia. Thallus corticolous, foliose, starting as round colonies but eventually covering irregular areas of up to 50 mm across, with lobes in one to several planes. Lobes in first plane thin, flat, 0.2-0.4 mm wide, linear, isotomically branched, leaving interspaces, at lobe tips often multiply branched; lobe apices more or less ascending but tips curved downward and often bifurcate; lobes in second planes thin, irregularly ascending, 0.1-0.3 mm wide, linear, strongly isotomically branched and often radiating towards the lobe tips. Upper surface blue-green when moist, plumbeous to brownish or greenish grey when dry, with thin, longitudinal, white striae. Lower surface pale, with numerous white, unbranched, tapering, 0.2-0.4 mm long rhizines not forming a mat but protruding from under the lobe margins and easily visible from above; interior of thalli sometimes with small, rounded adventive lobules along the margins of the lobes, which stay in the same plane as the lobes they are attached to. Apothecia uncommon, central in the thallus, up to 3 mm diam; disc orange- brown, soon immarginate and convex, with a few white, stellately arranged, 0.3-0.4 mm long rhizines attaching the apothecia to the thallus. Ascospores globose, 4-5 µm diam. Pycnidia uncommon, pale brown, c. 0.05 mm diam, marginal along the lobes. Conidia not ...
Context 3
... common foliicolous species in exposed situations in areas of wet tropical rainforest from sea level to 2000 m; also known from Ecuador (reported as Coccocarpia domingensis in Lücking, Lich. Fol. Exs. 194). Notes: This is the most common species in the genus, with a wide morphological and ecological amplitude (ARVIDSSON 1983). Our observations both in the field and in the laboratory confirm ARVIDSSON's statements that lowland forms tend to be more adnate and often more narrow-lobed, while montane populations are usually loosely attached and broad-lobed. We also observed that the lowland forms (Fig. 4A-D) mostly have blue-black rhizines and rather compact, clavate isidia, while the montane populations ( Fig. 4E-H) feature white rhizines and irregularly elongate, often almost budding, cylindrical isidia. Since intermediate forms exist, we follow ARVIDSSON's concept and keep all these forms under a single species, but it will be interesting to study this intriguing variation with statistical and molecular tools based on a large specimen sampling. Notes: Coccocarpia pellita is characterized by is flattened, squamiform isidia, as opposed to the cylindrical isidia in C. palmicola (ARVIDSSON 1983). In the material observed by us, we found two different types of isidia: semicircular and entire to marginally incised (Fig. 1F), and elongate-branched, resembling phyllidia (Fig. 1E). ARVIDSSON (1983) accepts this as variation within the species, which we follow here, but this matter requires attention since no such range of variation is observed in the other isidiate species of Coccocarpia. Thallus corticolous, foliose, starting as round colonies but eventually covering irregular areas of up to 50 mm across, with lobes in one to several planes. Lobes in first plane thin, flat, 0.2-0.4 mm wide, linear, isotomically branched, leaving interspaces, at lobe tips often multiply branched; lobe apices more or less ascending but tips curved downward and often bifurcate; lobes in second planes thin, irregularly ascending, 0.1-0.3 mm wide, linear, strongly isotomically branched and often radiating towards the lobe tips. Upper surface blue-green when moist, plumbeous to brownish or greenish grey when dry, with thin, longitudinal, white striae. Lower surface pale, with numerous white, unbranched, tapering, 0.2-0.4 mm long rhizines not forming a mat but protruding from under the lobe margins and easily visible from above; interior of thalli sometimes with small, rounded adventive lobules along the margins of the lobes, which stay in the same plane as the lobes they are attached to. Apothecia uncommon, central in the thallus, up to 3 mm diam; disc orange- brown, soon immarginate and convex, with a few white, stellately arranged, 0.3-0.4 mm long rhizines attaching the apothecia to the thallus. Ascospores globose, 4-5 µm diam. Pycnidia uncommon, pale brown, c. 0.05 mm diam, marginal along the lobes. Conidia not ...
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... Specimens found on rock, bark, and soil were collected; basic data such as locality, substrate type, orientation, specimen color, and digital photographs were taken in the field. Collected material was processed at the herbarium of the Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes (HUAA), and lichen identification was accomplished using specialized literature (Sheard 1974;Wetmore & Kärnefelt 1998;Brodo et al. 2001;Wetmore 2001Wetmore , 2004aWetmore , 2004bNash III et al. 2002, 2016Lücking et al. 2007;Knudsen et al. 2008;Breuss 2010;Westberg et al. 2011;Brodo 2016;Egan et al. 2016;, and employing standard techniques of light microscopy, conventional chemical spot tests, and exposure to UV light when required. The specimens were integrated to the recently created lichen collection of the herbarium HUAA. ...
The lichen biota of several regions of Mexico is scarcely known, including the central part of the country, where the state of Aguascalientes is located. Before this study, lichen records of Aguascalientes were almost nonexistent. The aim of this work was to catalogue the lichen biota from arid environments of Aguascalientes, a widespread habitat in this part of Mexico. A total of 253 samples were collected and 20 families, 44 genera, and 56 lichen species were detected. The families with the highest species richness are Physciaceae (13) and Verrucariaceae (nine); the genus with the highest number of species is Physcia (Physciaceae; five). The lichenized fungi identified up to species level were found growing mainly on rock (33) and bark (14). The most common growth forms were crustose (55 %) and foliose (43 %). All species (56) are new records for Aguascalientes; Phaeophyscia hirtella (Physciaceae) and Scytinium subaridum (Collemataceae) are, in addition, new records for the country, and seven species represent the second collection documented for Mexico. This is the first work on the lichens of Aguascalientes. The results contribute to the biodiversity knowledge of Mexico and remark the need to increase efforts to improve the Mexican lichen biota inventory.
... smaragdina)在中国东南曾有报道 [ [21] 和薄层色谱法(thin layer chromatography, TLC) [22] [6] 、印度 [4,7] 、马来西亚 [7] 、印 度尼西亚 [4,7] 、菲律宾 [7] 、泰国 [23] 和中国有分布。 讨论：前人指出本种最明显特征为具槽状裂片 [4,7] ，但我们检视的标本仅部分裂片的先 中国文献报道[共 24 篇文献报道了该种在中国的分布，其中 14 篇文献见《中国地衣综 览》 [9] ]：河北 [9] 、陕西 [10,16] 、宁夏 [18] 、安徽、江苏、浙江 [9] 、云南 [7,9,15,17,19] 、贵州 [14] 、四 川 [7,9] 、西藏、湖北 [9] 、福建 [7,9] 、广东 [7] 、香港 [7,9,11,13] 、台湾 [7,9] 。 世界分布：世界广泛分布。在北美洲 [7][8] 、中美洲 [6][7] 、欧洲 [3] 、非洲 [1,7] 、大洋洲 [2,7] 、 太平洋诸岛 [7] 和亚洲均有报道。在亚洲见于泰国 [23] 、印度 [4] 、日本 [7] 、韩国 [5,7] 和中国。 讨论：本种外形与粗瓦衣(C. palmicola)和鳞瓦衣(C. ...
... smaragdina)在中国东南曾有报道 [ [21] 和薄层色谱法(thin layer chromatography, TLC) [22] [6] 、印度 [4,7] 、马来西亚 [7] 、印 度尼西亚 [4,7] 、菲律宾 [7] 、泰国 [23] 和中国有分布。 讨论：前人指出本种最明显特征为具槽状裂片 [4,7] ，但我们检视的标本仅部分裂片的先 中国文献报道[共 24 篇文献报道了该种在中国的分布，其中 14 篇文献见《中国地衣综 览》 [9] ]：河北 [9] 、陕西 [10,16] 、宁夏 [18] 、安徽、江苏、浙江 [9] 、云南 [7,9,15,17,19] 、贵州 [14] 、四 川 [7,9] 、西藏、湖北 [9] 、福建 [7,9] 、广东 [7] 、香港 [7,9,11,13] 、台湾 [7,9] 。 世界分布：世界广泛分布。在北美洲 [7][8] 、中美洲 [6][7] 、欧洲 [3] 、非洲 [1,7] 、大洋洲 [2,7] 、 太平洋诸岛 [7] 和亚洲均有报道。在亚洲见于泰国 [23] 、印度 [4] 、日本 [7] 、韩国 [5,7] 和中国。 讨论：本种外形与粗瓦衣(C. palmicola)和鳞瓦衣(C. ...
... pellita)较为相似，但后二者具裂芽。 本种与千果瓦衣(C. myriocarpa)的区别见后者讨论。 [9] ]：黑龙江 [9] 、陕西 [10,16] 、安徽、江苏、浙江 [9] 、云南 [17,19] 、湖北 [9] 、福建 [7,9] 、海南 [20] 、 香港 [7,9,[11][12] 、台湾 [9] 。 世界分布：世界广泛分布。在北美洲 [7][8] 、中美洲 [6] 、南美洲 [7] 、欧洲 [3,7] 、非洲 [1,7] 、大 洋洲 [2,7] 、太平洋诸岛 [7] 和亚洲均有报道。在亚洲见于印度 [4,7] 、东南亚 [23] 、日本 [7] 、韩国 [5,7] 和中国。 讨论：本种为具裂芽的大型地衣，与鳞瓦衣(C. pellita)相似，但后者的裂芽为扁平小鳞 片状，表面生和边缘生。本种与环纹瓦衣(C. erythroxyli)的区别见后者讨论。 ]：安徽、浙江 [9] 、贵州 [14] 、福建 [9] 、广东 [7] 、香港 [9,[11][12] 、台湾 [9] 。 世界分布：泛热带分布。在中美洲 [6][7] 、北美洲 [8] 、非洲 [1,7] 、新西兰 [2] 和亚洲有报道， 在亚洲见于印度 [4] 、东南亚 [7,23] 和中国。 讨论：本种在外形上与环纹瓦衣(C. ...
Six species of the lichen genus Coccocarpia are reported from China, including three species (C. adnata, C. glaucina and C. myriocarpa) new to China. Descriptions, comments and a key to the known species from China with illustrations for the new records are given.
... From 2002 to 2004, the NSF-funded project TICOLICHEN-The Costa Rican Biodiversity Inventory (NSF DEB-0206125; Lücking et al. 2004) collaborated with INBio in forming national expertise in tropical lichen taxonomy. However, inspite of successful training of resident experts and numerous published results, including the description of 105 species (out of a total of 641 treated), five genera, one family and one order new to science (Chaves et al. 2004;Nelsen et al. 2006;Rivas Plata et al. 2006;Aptroot et al. 2006Aptroot et al. , 2008Lücking et al. 2006Lücking et al. , 2007Lücking et al. , 2008Sipman et al. 2012), with the demise of INBio as a focal point for taxonomy, the job situation for such talent in taxonomy has continued to look grim, losing the opportunity of a cascading effect of newly formed experts to educate further generations of taxonomists in their country. A follow-up, also NSFfunded project covering a much more extended area, Neotropical Epiphytic Microlichens (NSF DEB-0715660), trained 452 students in 42 workshops in 16 countries the skills of taxonomy and related fields, including molecular phylogeny and multivariate community ecology, with over 50 thesis works supervised (International Innovation 2012). ...
This paper discusses three issues that challenge contemporaneous taxonomy, with examples from the fields of mycology and lichenology, formulated as three questions: (1) What is the importance of taxonomy in contemporaneous and future science and society? (2) An increasing methodological gap in alpha taxonomy: challenge or opportunity? (3) The Nagoya Protocol: improvement or impediment to the science of taxonomy? The importance of taxonomy in society is illustrated using the example of popular field guides and digital media, a billion-dollar business, arguing that the desire to name species is an intrinsic feature of the cognitive component of nature connectedness of humans. While continuous societal support of a critical mass of taxonomists is necessary to catalogue all species on Earth, it is shown that this is a finite task, and a proposal is made how a remaining 10 million species can be catalogued within 40 years by 1,000 well-trained and dedicated taxonomists, with an investment of $4 billion, corresponding to 0.0001% of the annual global GDP or 0.005% of annual military expenditures. Notorious undercitation of actually used taxonomic resources and lack of coverage of impact metrics for monographs and other taxonomic work that cannot be published in indexed journals is discussed and suggestions are made how this problem can be remedied. An increasing methodological gap in approaches to taxonomy, between classic morphological and advanced genomic studies, affects in particular taxonomists in biodiversity-rich countries and amateurs, also regarding proper training to apply advanced methods and concepts. To counterbalance this problem, international collaborations bringing different expertise to the table and undertaking mutual capacitation are one successful remedy. Classic taxonomy still works for many groups and is a first approach to catalogue species and establish taxon hypotheses, but ultimately each taxonomic group needs to be studied with the array of methods proper to the group, including descriptive work. Finally, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Nagoya Protocol has put additional burden on basic biodiversity science. Using lichenology in Latin America and Brazil as an example, it is shown that the spirit of non-monetary benefit-sharing proper to taxonomy and systematics, namely capacitation, joint publications, and shared reference collections, has been increasingly implemented long before the CBD and the Nagoya Protocol, and does not need additional “policing”. Indeed, the Nagoya Protocol puts the heaviest burden on taxonomy and researchers cataloguing biodiversity, whereas for the intended target group, namely those seeking revenue gain from nature, the protocol may not actually work effectively. The notion of currently freely accessible digital sequence information (DSI) to become subject to the protocol, even after previous publication, is misguided and conflicts with the guidelines for ethical scientific conduct. Through its implementation of the Nagoya Protocol, Colombia has set a welcome precedence how to exempt taxonomic and systematic research from “access to genetic resources”, and hopefully other biodiversity-rich countries will follow this example.
... Similarly, non-isidiate samples of C. erythroxyli also were not monophyletic. Previous studies in the Neotropics have indicated the presence of higher species diversity in the C. erythroxyli group (Lücking et al. 2007). In Costa Rica, both species have the widest ecological amplitude of all Coccocarpia species, ranging from semi-arid to perhumid climates and from sea level to the subparamo zone at 3,500 meters, and also show morphological variation. ...
Peltigeralean lichenized fungi were surveyed in the mangroves of Trat Province at the eastern coast of Thailand. Eleven species were found belonging to the genera Coccocarpia, Lepidocollema, Leptogium and Physma. Among them, the genus Coccocarpia was most abundant and diverse. Lepidocollema wainioi was also recorded here from Thailand for the first time. Based on the current classification of the peltigeralean fungi the phylogenetic placement of the suborder Collematineae was evaluated using a combined dataset of nuclear ITS and mitochondrial SSU rDNA sequences. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches revealed issues with the species delimitation in the genera Coccocarpia and Lepidocollema, where the data indicated non-monophyletic lineages. Additional studies with extended sampling will be necessary to address species boundaries in these lichens.
... Alta Verapaz, SSE of Coban, SE of Purulhá, Biotopo Mario Dary Rivera (Biotopo del Quetzal), 'Moss Trail', NE exposed slope with tropical rain forest, 90° 13.9' W, 15° 13.2' N, 1850 m, on unidentified tree, 1 August 2004, PBB 33425. Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman In Lücking et al. (2007) this species is newly described from Costa Rica and recorded from USA to Bolivia. ...
Eighty-six lichen taxa are reported from Guatemala, most of them are new records for the country. Six of these, Bacidina dichroma, B. fuscosquamulosa, Fellhanera guatemalensis, Graphis barillae, G. bernadetae and G. submirabilis, are described as new for science. Notes on morphology, chemistry and ecology are given.
... Distribuição conhecida: Polinésia, Oceania, Ásia, África, América do Norte, América Central, Caribe e América do Sul. No Brasil é citada para os Estados de AM, BA, MA, MG, MT, PA, PE, RJ, RS, SC e SP ( Arvidsson 1982, Swinscow & Krog 1988, Marcelli 1990, 1991, Spielmann 2006, Lücking et al. 2007, Coca & Sanin 2010, Gumboski & Eliasaro 2011). Comentários: Coccocarpia palmicola pode ser identificada pela coloração cinza-prata, lobos arredondados com distintas estrias longitudinais e linhas concêntricas, densa produção de isídios simples a ramificados que cobrem largamente o córtex superior e a coloração verde-azulada das rizinas, que se originam no córtex inferior marrom-claro. ...
... Distribuição conhecida: Oceania, Ásia, África, América Central, Caribe e América do Sul. No Brasil é citada para os Estados de AM, MG, MT, PA, RJ, RS, SC e SP ( Arvidsson 1982, Swinscow & Krog 1988, Marcelli 1990, 1991, Spielmann 2006, Lücking et al. 2007, Coca & Sanin 2010, Gumboski & Eliasaro 2011). Comentários: O único espécime encontrado foi colocado em Coccocarpia pellita devido a morfologia apresentada. ...
... Comentários: O único espécime encontrado foi colocado em Coccocarpia pellita devido a morfologia apresentada. Na bibliografia, esta espécie apresenta uma ampla variação de características (Arvidsson 1982, Swinscow & Krog 1988, Lücking et al. 2007 e necessita de revisão pormenorizada do material tipo para averiguação quanto a possibilidade de estar englobando múltiplos táxons similares sob este nome. ...
The survey of the foliose lichen specimens of the Parque Estadual da Cantareira and vicinities, deposited at the SP herbarium, revealed 14 cyanolichen specimens, belonging to seven species of the genera Coccocarpia, Collema, and Leptogium. This is the first record of these species for the area, and includes an identification key, descriptions, comments, and illustrations. Collema fuscovirens is recorded for the first time to South America, Leptogium coralloideum is recorded for the first time to São Paulo State, and a lectotype is selected for L. austroamericanum.
... While a comprehensive treatment of all taxa is planned to be published in 2008, selected groups are being treated in advance in order to communicate new taxonomic findings and provide updates identification tools. So far, the following treatments have been published or are under way: Arthonia , Coccocarpia (Lücking et al. 2007a), Coenogonium (Rivas Plata et al. 2006), Dictyonema , Gyalideopsis , Haematomma , Leptogium (Aptroot et al., in prep.), Lobaria (Chaves et al., in prep.), ...
The genus Graphis sensu Staiger is treated as a further contribution to the TICOLICHEN biodiversity inventory in Costa Rica. Graphis s.str. is the largest tropical lichen genus, with more than 300 accepted species worldwide, and also the largest in Costa Rica, with a total of 115 species recognized in this work. The following 25 species are described as new: Graphis altamirensis Sipman & Lücking sp. nov., G. argentata Lücking & Umaña sp. nov., G. bettinae Lücking, Umaña, Chaves & Sipman sp. nov., G. duplicatoinspersa Lücking sp. nov., G. firferi Lücking sp. nov., G. flavoaltamirensis Sipman & Lücking sp. nov., G. flavominiata Moncada & Lücking sp. nov., G. fournierii Lizano & Lücking sp. nov., G. gomezii Lücking, Will-Wolf & Umaña, G. gregmuelleri Sipman & Lücking, sp. nov., G. hypocrellina Lücking & Chaves sp. nov., G. inspersostictica Sipman & Lücking sp. nov., G. litoralis Lücking, Sipman & Chaves sp. nov., G. mirabilis Lücking, Sipman, Umaña & Chaves sp. nov., G. nudaeformis Lücking sp. nov., G. oryzaecarpa Lücking sp. nov., G. paradisserpens Sipman & Lücking sp. nov., G. paraserpens Lizano & Lücking sp. nov., G. pittieri Lücking, Umaña, Sipman & Chaves sp. nov., G. pseudocinerea Lücking & Umaña sp. nov., G. pseudoserpens Chaves & Lücking sp. nov., G. subflexibilis Lücking & Chaves sp. nov., G. subruiziana Sipman, Chaves & Lücking sp. nov., G. subturgidula Lücking & Sipman sp. nov., and G. tenoriensis Chaves & Lücking sp. nov. Graphis immersoides Lücking, nom. nov. [Bas. Graphina immersa Müll. Arg.; non Graphis immersa Fink], Graphis subchrysocarpa Lücking, nom. nov. [Bas.: Phaeographina ochracea C. W. Dodge; non Graphis ochracea Hepp], and Graphis submarginata Lücking, nom. nov. [Bas. Graphis marginata G. Mey. & Flot.; non Graphis marginata Raddi] are introduced as replacement names. Furthermore, 17 new combinations are proposed: G. bipartita (Müll. Arg.) Lücking, comb. nov., G. chondroplaca (Redinger) Lücking comb. et stat. nov., G. consanguinea (Müll. Arg.) Lücking, comb. nov., G. dichotoma (Müll. Arg.) Lücking, comb. nov., G. granulosa (Müll. Arg.) Lücking comb. nov., G. insulana (Fée) Lücking & Sipman, comb. nov., G. lutea (Chevall.) Aptroot, comb. nov., G. multisulcata (Müll. Arg.) Lücking & Chaves comb. nov., G. myrtacea (Müll. Arg.) Lücking, comb. nov., G. nuda (H. Magn.) Staiger & Lücking, comb. nov., G. plurispora (Redinger) Lücking & Chaves, comb. nov., G. puiggarii (Müll. Arg.) Lücking, comb. nov., G. rhizocola (Fée) Lücking & Chaves, comb. nov. [syn. G. anguilliformis Taylor; G. serpens Fée], G. subcontorta (Müll. Arg.) Lücking & Chaves, comb. nov., G. subhiascens (Müll. Arg.) Lücking comb. nov., G. xylophaga (R. C. Harris) Lücking, comb. nov., and Hemithecium plicosum (Meissn.) Lücking & Aptroot, comb. nov. [syn. Graphina malmei Redinger].The new name Pallidogramme Staiger, Kalb & Lücking, nom. nov. is introduced for Leucogramma A. Massal. [nom. illeg.; = Hemithecium subgen. Leucogramma Staiger], comprising a group of three species formerly included in Hemithecium: Pallidogramme chapadana (Redinger) Staiger, Kalb & Lücking, comb. nov., P. chlorocarpoides (Nyl.) Staiger, Kalb & Lücking, comb. nov., and P. chrysenteron (Mont.) Staiger, Kalb & Lücking, comb. nov.More than 600 types of Graphidaceae suspected to represent species of Graphis s.str. were examined for this study, and notes on type material are given when appropriate. Also, the names previously reported for Costa Rica by the Swiss lichenologist Müller Argoviensis in 1891 and 1893 were checked when possible, and 175 unpublished collections from Costa Rica housed at the Farlow Herbarium (fh) of Harvard University and collected and identified by Carroll William Dodge and colleagues and students were revised.A key is presented to all species, including an image-based identification guide, and diagnostic characters in the genus Graphis are briefly discussed and illustrated. Diagnoses and remarks are given for all species treated here, as are more detailed descriptions for the taxa new to science. Data from 803 collections were analyzed using the ordination technique of principal component analysis to display habitat and microhabitat preferences for species groups.
In this study, we revised the lichen collection at the Herbario Amazonico Colombiano (coah) in Bogotá, Colombia. The collection has a total of nearly 2,400 specimens, with some duplicates in the Herbario Nacional (col) and in the herbarium of the Botanic Garden in Berlin (b). The revision of 1,861 specimens revealed 574 species in 142 genera and 44 families, among which there are 28 species new to science and seven new combinations. Previously, 324 species had been reported from the Colombian Amazon, and our revision resulted in a new total of 666 species, more than doubling the previous number. All 666 species are enumerated here in the first comprehensive checklist of lichens from the Colombian Amazon. A total of 157 new country records (53 already reported in the new Catalogue of Fungi of Colombia) increase the number of lichens known from Colombia to 2,827. The following species are described as new: Allographa exuens, differing from A. argentata by the lirellae with the corticiform layer soon flaking off and exposing the black labia, the only finely inspersed hymenium, and the narrower ascospores; A. guainiae, differing from Graphis syzygii in the prominent ascomata with lateral thalline margin and whitish thallus remnants between the striae; A. labiata, differing from A. immersa in the prominent lirellae with conspicuous, entire, exposed labia, an inspersed hymenium, longer ascospores, and stictic acid as secondary compound; A. lichexanthonica, differing from A. sitiana in producing lichexanthone; A. sessilis, differing from A. contortuplicata in the muriform ascospores; A. suprainspersata, differing from A. angustata in the very thin thalline cover of the ascomata and the apically inspersed hymenium; Astrothelium bireagens, differing from A. cinnamomeum by the broader, apically flattened perithecia covered by a thin, ferruginous-red, K+ deep purple pruina and internally with an ochraceous-yellow, K+ deep yellow pigment; A. stromatolucidum, differing from A. neovariolosum in the distinctly pseudostromatic ascomata; Carbacanthographis submultiseptata, differing from C. multiseptata in the narrower ascospores and the indistinct periphysoids; Chapsa inconspicua, differing from C. angustispora in the smooth to uneven versus farinose thallus and in the much shorter ascospores; Coenogonium velutinellum, differing from C. pineti in the finely velvety, rather thick thallus composed of irregular to erect, densely packed algal threads covered by a thin pseudocortex; Fellhanera naevioides, differing from F. naevia in the finely dispersed, minutely crenulate thallus and the blackish apothecia; Fissurina sipmanii, differing from F. amazonica in the shorter and broader, slightly gaping, somewhat chroodiscoid ascomata, and the amyloid ascospores; Glyphis lirellizans, differing from Glyphis substriatula in the erumpent vs. prominent lirellae with lateral thalline margin and the exposed disc; Graphis papillifera, differing from G. stellata in the lirellae lacking a thalline margin, very elongate and irregularly to radiately branched and not in stellate clusters, and in the 5-septate ascospores; G. pseudoglyphis, differing from Graphis stellata in the non-verrucose thallus, the branched lirellae which do not, however, form stellate clusters, and the shorter ascospores; Malmidea flavimarginata, differing from M. bacidinoides in the pale yellow, K+ deep yellow medulla and yellow, K+ deep yellow excipular crystals, as well as the smaller ascospores; M. isidiopiperina, differing from M. taytayensis in the smaller ascospores; M. papillitrailiana, differing from M. trailiana in the papillose apothecial margins; Myriotrema araracuarense, differing from Myriotrema muluense in the non-annulate pores of the apothecia and in the longer ascospores; Ocellularia areolata, differing from Ocellularia rhicnoporoides in the pigmented medulla and the larger, more prominent apothecia with completely carbonized excipulum; O. caquetensis, differing from Ocellularia rotundifumosa in the absence of a columella; O. inspersipallens, differing from O. viridipallens in the inspersed hymenium and the 5–7-septate ascospores; O. rufocinctoides, differing from O. rufocincta in the thallus lacking large and irregular crystal clusters, in the more prominent apothecia and in the smaller ascospores; O. sipmanii, differing from Ocellularia abbayesiana in the smaller, 3-septate ascospores; Pseudopyrenula daironii, differing from all other species of the genus in the aggregate perithecia with shared ostiole and the internal orange-red pigment granules lining the perithecial wall; Pyrenula asymmetrica, differing from Pyrenula papilligera in the longer, almost rectangular ascospores; and Redingeria pseudostromatica, differing from other species in the genus in the pseudostromatic ascomata with small, rounded apothecia, in combination with 1-septate ascospores. In addition, the following seven new combinations are proposed: Bacidina cyanophila (≡ Bacidina simplex var. cyanophila), Malmidea sorediifera (≡ Lecanora sorediifera), Ocellularia fuscescens (≡ Thelotrema fuscescens), Phaeographis cymbegrapha (≡ Graphis cymbegrapha; = Phaeographis amazonica Staiger], Polyblastidium flavosquamosum (≡ Heterodermia flavosquamosa), Polyblastidium lamelligerum (≡ Parmelia lamelligera), and Polyblastidium rottboellii (≡ Anaptychia hypoleuca var. rottboellii).
Lichenised fungi constitute a substantial portion of the known Colombian fungi, with 2,670 out of 7,241 species. This fairly high number is not because lichens represent a particularly diverse group of fungi but because they are relatively well-studied in the country compared to non-lichenised fungi. Lichens have traditionally been defined as a symbiosis between a fungus (mycobiont), an alga and/or a cyanobacterium (photobionts). A modern definition also incorporates components of the lichen microbiome, particularly other fungi, and bacteria. However, the scientific names given to lichens strictly refer to the primary mycobiont. Globally, Colombia ranks among the top ten countries in terms of known lichen diversity. Most top-ranking countries are outside the tropics, so this supports Colombia's position among the three most biodiverse tropical countries worldwide. The total number for Colombia is estimated at 5,000 species, almost twice the number of species currently known. Unrecognised species are predicted to be found in understudied regions, understudied groups, and in genera where broad species concepts may include substantial hidden diversity. Diverse ecological studies assess environmental factors, such as altitudinal range, topography, and habitat diversity, as drivers of lichen biodiversity. On the basis of these findings, the impact of land-use changes and environmental pollution on lichen communities can be quantified, providing the foundation for using lichens as bioindicators to monitor ecosystem health and to perform environmental impact studies. However, such applications first require a systematic inventory of the lichens of Colombia.
