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Habit images of the thallus and ascomata from select Trypetheliaceae taxa. A, Arthopyrenia cinchonae (Costa Rica, Lücking 45 ); B, Mycomicrothelia hemisphaerica (Costa Rica, Lücking s.n. ); C, Pseudopyrenula subnudata (Fiji, Lumbsch 19845g ); D, Polymeridium cata- pastum (Bahamas, Britton 6650 ); E, Trypethelium tropicum (Colombia, Lücking 32544 ); F, Campylothelium puiggarii (Brazil, Osorio SM25 ); G, Marcelaria purpurina (Colombia, Moncada 3467 ); H, Trypethelium eluteriae (Colombia, Moncada 3399 ); I, Laurera sanguinaria (Brazil, Brako 7136 ); J, Aptrootia elatior (New Zealand, Walker s.n. ); K, Architrypethelium seminudum (Costa Rica, Lücking 15212b ); L, Astrothelium galbineum (Florida, Harris 41750 ); M, Trypethelium nitidiusculum (Costa Rica, Lücking 34530 ); N, Cryptothelium rhodotitthon (Brazil, Dumont 596 ); O, Laurera megasperma (Costa Rica, Lücking s.n. ). — Scale bars = 1 mm. All images by R. Lücking.
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While the phylogenetic position of Trypetheliaceae has been the subject of recent molecular studies, the relationships within this family have been little studied. Here we construct a detailed genus-level phylogeny of the family. We confirm previous morphology-based findings suggesting
that a substantial proportion of genera are not monophyletic, a...
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... in the Trypethelium eluteriae Sprengel group, i.e., Trypethelium s.str. (including T. eluteriae, T. platystomum Mont. and T. inamoenum Müll.Arg.) formed a strongly supported clade. Species in this group frequently produce ascomata in pseudostroma, which usually contain, and are often also covered with anthraquinone pigments (Fig. 1H). In addition, these species produce thin-walled ascospores with oval to rectangular lumina (Fig. 2J). Sister to the T. eluteriae group is a clade representing the recently segregated Marcelaria, composed of M. purpurina (Nyl.) Aptroot & al. (Fig. 1G) and M. cumingii (Mont.) Aptroot & al., which have traditionally been placed in ...
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... in pseudostroma, which usually contain, and are often also covered with anthraquinone pigments (Fig. 1H). In addition, these species produce thin-walled ascospores with oval to rectangular lumina (Fig. 2J). Sister to the T. eluteriae group is a clade representing the recently segregated Marcelaria, composed of M. purpurina (Nyl.) Aptroot & al. (Fig. 1G) and M. cumingii (Mont.) Aptroot & al., which have traditionally been placed in Laurera. These species produce ascomata with a broad ostiole, as well as large muriform ...
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... species formed an unsupported, monophyletic group. These taxa produce ascomata with a lateral ostiole (Fig. 1F) and hyaline, muriform ascospores. Trypethelium virens Tuck. and an undescribed taxon, both of which produce hyaline, transversely septate ascospores, formed a strongly supported group together with Campylothelium species, even if clearly differing morphologically. Relationships within this clade remain obscure, due to low internal ...
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... a large number of taxa grouped in the "Astrothelium" clade, which was composed of species currently placed in Astrothelium, Bathelium, Cryptothelium, Laurera and Trypethelium (Fig. 1L-O). Species from most of these genera do not form monophyletic groups within this clade but instead appear mixed. This clade is composed of taxa with variable ascomatal morphology and hyaline ascospores that are muriform or transversely septate (Figs. ...
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... species currently placed in Astrothelium, Bathelium, Cryptothelium, Laurera and Trypethelium (Fig. 1L-O). Species from most of these genera do not form monophyletic groups within this clade but instead appear mixed. This clade is composed of taxa with variable ascomatal morphology and hyaline ascospores that are muriform or transversely septate (Figs. ...
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... "Astrothelium" clade is pantropical and composed of corticolous taxa, producing corticate thalli with ascomata embedded in pseudostromata or thalline warts/galls (Fig. 1L-O). A large amount of variability exists in the ascomatal arrangement (solitary vs. aggregated vs. fused), ostiole orientation (apical vs. eccentric), ascospore septation (transversely septate vs. muriform) and size. All taxa produce hyaline ascospores; transversely septate ascospores are of the astrothelioid-type, which are characterized ...
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... the T. eluteriae group is closely related to Marcelaria (Laurera purpurina and L. cumingii groups). As T. eluteriae is the type of the genus, this clade represents Trypethelium s.str. This group is comprised of several corticolous species that produce ascomata aggregated in large pseudostroma that usually contain brightly colored anthraquinones (Fig. 1H). In addition, this group produces transversely septate ascospores with a reduced endospore forming rounded to oval lumina (Fig. 2J), which are different from the diamond-shaped lumina produced by most other species in the family (Fig. 2C). However, ascospores in T. eluteriae pass through an astrothelioid stage early in their ontogeny ...
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... three species of Aptrootia form a strongly supported monophyletic group sister to the Architrypethelium + "Astrothelium" clade. Aptrootia species produce thin, cartilaginous and bullate or verrucose thalli (Fig. 1J), and form one to two, extremely large, dark brown, muriform ascospores per ascus (Fig. 2M-O), which pass through an initial astrothelioid stage during their ontogeny (Sweetwood & al., 2012). These taxa typically grow at high altitudes on soil, although A. elatior (Stirt.) Aptroot has also been found on bark; consequently, Aptrootia ...
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... is a small, pantropical, corticolous genus producing solitary ascomata with lateral ostioles and muriform ascospores (Fig. 1F). This genus differs from Laurera primarily in its production of lateral ostioles. Harris (1995) and argued that many of the genera found in the "Astrothelium" clade would contain species of the genus Campylothelium. In the present study, the Campylothelium species included were placed outside the "Astrothelium" clade and in a weakly ...
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... "Astrothelium" clade would contain species of the genus Campylothelium. In the present study, the Campylothelium species included were placed outside the "Astrothelium" clade and in a weakly supported monophyletic group. However, only two previously described species were included in our study, and one of these, Campylothelium puiggarii Müll.Arg. (Fig. 1F), which is the type of Campylothelium, has previously been regarded as an unusual species in the genus, with Harris (1995) suggesting it would be placed outside the large "Astrothelium" clade. Sampling of additional Campylothelium species may reveal their placement in the "Astrothelium" clade. Trypethelium virens and an undescribed ...
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... Marcelaria purpurina ( Fig. 1G) and M. cumingii were sister to the T. eluteriae group. This genus was recently described to accommodate Laurera purpurina (Nyl.) Zahlbr., L. cumingii (Mont.) Zahlbr., and L. benguelensis (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr. (Aptroot & al., 2013b). Marcelaria purpurina, the type species of the genus, produces large ascomata that are bright red. The ...
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... further genus recovered as monophyletic, including the type, P. diluta, was the pantropical and corticolous Pseudopyrenula (Fig. 1C). Pseudopyrenula forms an ecorticate thallus with solitary ascomata with hyaline, three-septate ascospores. Aptroot (1991a) suggested Pseudopyrenula occupied a basal position in Trypetheliaceae, and somewhat similarly, Harris (1998) suggested Pseudopyrenula represented an extreme in the family; however, it was unclear to Harris which ...
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... type, photobiont association and lack of mesospore thickening. This section was later raised to the genus level (Harris in Tucker & Harris, 1980) and has been thoroughly treated in Harris (1991) and Aptroot & Cáceres (2014); an additional, moleculer study verified its inclusion in Trypetheliaceae (Nelsen & al., 2011b). Polymeridium species (Fig. 1D) are tropical, drought tolerant, high-light requiring, and relatively fast-growing taxa that occur mostly in dry forests such as the Brazilian Caatinga (Harris, 1991;Cáceres, 2007). Most species are bark-inhabiting, although a bambusicolous taxon, Polymeridium bambusicola Aptroot & Ferraro, is known (Aptroot & Ferraro, 2000). In the ...
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... cannot be confirmed here except that both diverge relatively early within the tree, although support is weak in critical parts of the tree bearing on this hypothesis. Two species of Polymeridium, P. albocinereum and P. catapastum, formed a supported relationship with Trypethelium tropicum. Harris (1984) had suggested that Trypethelium tropicum (Fig. 1E) produced a thallus similar to other Trypethelium species, but its ascomata were similar to those of Pseudopyrenula. The ascomata of T. tropicum are rather unusual among Trypetheliaceae taxa, producing a barrel-shaped fruiting body with a flat top. Our data confirm that T. tropicum is neither closely related to Trypethelium, nor to ...
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... both suggested a close relationship between Mycomicrothelia and Arthopyrenia s.str., with Hawksworth (1985) noting similarities between the two genera, such as the production of partially exposed ascomata and pycnidia containing bacillariform conidia (which are present in many Mycomicrothelia species). Hawksworth (1985) noted that Mycomicrothelia (Fig. 1B) species differ from Arthopyrenia (Fig. 1A) in the verruculose ornamentation of their ascospores, and also in that ascospores of Mycomicrothelia species turn brown while inside the asci. Aptroot (1995) suggested a probable placement in Arthopyreniaceae. Therefore, after finding Mycomicrothelia species belong to Trypetheliaceae (Nelsen & ...
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... Mycomicrothelia and Arthopyrenia s.str., with Hawksworth (1985) noting similarities between the two genera, such as the production of partially exposed ascomata and pycnidia containing bacillariform conidia (which are present in many Mycomicrothelia species). Hawksworth (1985) noted that Mycomicrothelia (Fig. 1B) species differ from Arthopyrenia (Fig. 1A) in the verruculose ornamentation of their ascospores, and also in that ascospores of Mycomicrothelia species turn brown while inside the asci. Aptroot (1995) suggested a probable placement in Arthopyreniaceae. Therefore, after finding Mycomicrothelia species belong to Trypetheliaceae (Nelsen & al., 2009), the inclusion of Arthopyrenia ...
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In northeastern Poland, the chemical variation of the Cladonia chlorophaea-pyxidata group was much neglected, as TLC has not been used in delimitation of species differing in the chemistry. As a great part of herbal material of University in Bialystok from NE Poland was misidentified, I found my studies to be necessary. Based on the collection of 1...
Citations
... Ambiguously aligned positions were corrected manually. Additional mtSSU sequences belonging to different genera of Trypetheliaceae were downloaded from GenBank (Table 1), their selection based on the present phylogenetic classification of the family (Del Prado et al. 2006;Nelsen et al. 2009Nelsen et al. , 2014Luangsuphabool et al. 2016Luangsuphabool et al. , 2018Lücking et al. 2016). For the final analysis, we used a subset of selected species from the genera Aptrootia, Architrypethelium, Astrothelium, Bathelium, Pseudopyrenula and Trypethelium. ...
Aptrootia khaoyaiensis Polyiam & Lücking is described as new to science from dry dipterocarp forest in central Thailand, based on morphological assessment and sequence data of the mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU). The new species is characterized by a corticolous habit, a corticate thallus, ascomata typically immersed in the thallus, with a brown to blackish ostiolar region, an inspersed hamathecium, and dark brown, muriform ascospores occurring 1–2 per ascus. Phylogenetic analyses support placement of the new species in Aptrootia ; it is morphologically close to A. elatior but differs in the smaller ascospores and the inspersed hamathecium.
... Many species within the genus contain yellow oil in the ascospore lumina and/or the hamathecium (Aptroot & Lücking 2016). According to molecular phylogenetic analyses, the genus Pseudopyrenula belongs to the family Trypetheliaceae (Del Prado et al. 2006;Nelsen et al. 2009Nelsen et al. , 2011Nelsen et al. , 2014Sweetwood et al. 2012;Lücking et al. 2016a, b). The genus is distributed in all tropical regions of the world and is currently represented by 24 species (Aptroot & Lücking 2016;Aptroot et al. 2019;Aptroot 2021). ...
A survey of the lichen genus Pseudopyrenula in India is presented, with morphotaxonomic accounts of all six accepted species. Two species, P. himalayana and P. megaspora , are new to science. Both species resemble P. staphyleae but have a lichenized thallus and eccentric ostiole. Furthermore, P. himalayana differs from P. staphyleae in having immersed perithecia and narrower ascospores, while P. megaspora differs in the larger ascospores. Detailed descriptions of the new species are presented, together with notes on their chemistry, distribution, ecology and taxonomy. A key to all known species of Pseudopyrenula from India is also presented.
... This genus comprises 12 species (Species Fungorum 2021) and mainly occurs in tropical areas (Aptroot & Lücking 2016). In this study, Pseudopyrenula was recovered as a monophyletic clade in the phylogenetic analyses, which concurs with previous studies (Nelsen et al. 2014, Lücking et al. 2016b, with an additional new sequenced terminal corresponding to Pseudopyrenula endoxanthoides. The latter is distributed in the Eastern Palaeotropics including Thailand. ...
... Within the latter, Trypetheliaceae is the most speciose and one of the nutritionally most diverse lineage that predominantly comprise lichenized taxa. In this family, the early diverging lineages chiefly represent non-lichenized or weakly lichenized taxa, including species of Alloarthopyrenia, Arthopyrenia, Bogoriella, Constrictolumina, Polypyrenula, and Pseudobogoriella, whereas the main clade is exclusively lichenized, with an anatomically more complex thallus organization (Nelsen et al. 2014, Hyde et al. 2016. While the diversity of nutritional strategies in Trypetheliaceae is comparable to that of Arthoniaceae and Stictidaceae, the underlying evolutionary histories are quite different. ...
... Based on the morphological characteristics of the type species, it was hitherto placed in Pleosporales, whereas non-type species with available molecular data clustered elsewhere (Nelsen et al. 2011, 2014, Hyde et al. 2013, Liu et al. 2014. Arthopyreniaceae presumably differs from Trypetheliaceae in several important characteristics, such as cellular pseudoparaphyses, broadly clavate asci and a non-refractive ocular chamber, whereas Trypetheliaceae possess trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, obclavate to cylindrical asci with a refractive ring with a wide ocular chamber (Hyde et al. 2013, Nelsen et al. 2014). However, these differences become diffuse when considering the anatomical variation of early diverging lineages now included in Trypetheliaceae, and so the now confirmed placement of Arthopyrenia sensu stricto within that family is not entirely surprising. ...
Sequencing of the type species of Arthopyrenia places Arthopyreniaceae as a synonym of Trypetheliaceae. Mycosphere 12(1), 993-1011, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/X/X/X Abstract Arthopyrenia sensu lato comprises lichenicolous, lichenized and non-lichenized saprotrophic species; however, the lifestyle of several taxa as either lichenized or saprotrophic remains unclear. The systematic position of the genus was so far unresolved: while sequenced species appeared in different clades within Dothideomycetes, the type species, A. cerasi, had no molecular data so far. In lieu of sequence data, the family Arthopyreniaceae was assigned to Pleosporales, whereas tropical, lichenized species were reclassified in Constrictolumina and Macroconstrictolumina, shown to belong in Trypetheliaceae (Trypetheliales). In this study, the generic type, A. cerasi, has been sequenced for the first time. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses using mtSSU and nuLSU sequences recovered Arthopyrenia sensu stricto as an early diverging lineage within Trypetheliaceae, separate from Constrictolumina and Macroconstrictolumina but in the same clade as the temperate, non-lichenized Julella fallaciosa. Therefore, Arthopyreniaceae is here synonymized under Trypetheliaceae and the taxonomic placement of its type species is discussed based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence. Our phylogenetic results further support the Mycosphere 12(1): 993-1011 (2021) www.mycosphere.org ISSN 2077 7019 Article Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/12/1/10 994 polyphyly of non-lichenized, temperate species of Arthopyrenia and Julella sensu lato. Consequently, Julella fallaciosa is transferred to Arthopyrenia and its close relationship with A. cerasi is discussed. We also conducted ancestor character state analysis to reconstruct lifestyle changes within Trypetheliales using Bayes Traits and Bayesian Binary MCMC approaches.
... Arg., Cryptothelium A. Massal., Laurera Rchb., and Trypethelium Spreng. (Nelsen et al. 2014). As a result, Astrothelium now contains more than 200 species . ...
Subandine and high Andean forests are often dominated by oak trees and these are recognized as suitable phorophytes for diverse epiphyte communities. Among the latter, lichens in the upper strata appear to be understudied. Here, we report the discovery of two new species of Astrothelium (Trypetheliaceae), a diverse genus of tropical crustose lichens, both with the unusual feature of muriform, amyloid ascospores. Astrothelium mordonialensis is characterized by an olive-green thallus with solitary ascomata producing muriform and amyloid ascospores with tightened center and A. rogitamae by a light brownish to greenish grey thallus with yellow pigmented solitary ascomata, producing muriform and amyloid ascospores.
... Firstly, we included our nuLSU sequences in the analysis of Wijayawardene et al. (2014) to place the new sequences within Dothideomycetes and test their position relative to Trypetheliaceae (see Supplementary Material Fig. S1, available online). Secondly, we performed an analysis within the framework of the most recent phylogeny of Trypetheliaceae (Nelsen et al. 2014;Hyde et al. 2016;Lücking et al. 2016), with an emphasis on the basal lineages of the family. We included a total of 171 sequences, 85 of mtSSU and 86 of nuLSU, for 82 ingroup species, including representatives from all of the genera of Trypetheliaceae currently published in GenBank (Supplementary Material Table S1, available online). ...
... We included a total of 171 sequences, 85 of mtSSU and 86 of nuLSU, for 82 ingroup species, including representatives from all of the genera of Trypetheliaceae currently published in GenBank (Supplementary Material Table S1, available online). Cladosporium cladosporioides and relatives were selected as outgroup following Nelsen et al. (2014) and Lücking et al. (2016). ...
... The combined data set consisted of 82 ingroup species (Supplementary Material Table S1, available online) and 838 unambiguously aligned characters (357 from mtSSU and 481 from nuLSU); ITS was not included in the analysis due to the lack of sufficient reference sequences for the other taxa. The final topology for the Trypetheliaceae (Fig. 1) was consistent with previous studies (Nelsen et al. 2014;Lücking et al. 2016). ...
New collections are reported of the monospecific genus Polypyrenula , an apparently extinct and doubtfully lichenized fungus, typically classified in the Pyrenulaceae . Anatomical studies reveal that it is facultatively lichenized. The structure of its hamathecium suggests affinities with Dothideomycetes rather than Eurotiomycetes. Molecular analysis using nuLSU and mtSSU markers demonstrates for the first time its inclusion in Trypetheliaceae , outside the core genera as part of the early diverging lineages in this family. The known distribution of Polypyrenula is extended to Mexico and South America, new information on its phorophyte associations is provided, and the name Polypyrenula sexlocularis is reinstated as the correct name for this species.
... [1][2][3] Trypetheliaceae is a family of crustose lichens with approximately 15 genera and 418 species around the world recorded. 4,5 Thailand is located in the tropical region with diverse distribution of lichens. In 2017, the total Thai lichens were reported to be at least 1292 species and, currently, Trypetheliaceae crustose lichens were found in 44 species. ...
Five naphthoquinones including 4 compounds with new absolute configurations, (–)-2' S-trypethelone methyl ether (1), (–)-2' S-8-methoxytrypethelone methyl ether (2), (–)-(2' S,3' S)-4'-hydroxytrypethelone (3), and (–)-(2' S,3' R)-4'-hydroxy-8-methoxy trypethelone methyl ether (5), together with a known compound, (–)-2' S-trypethelone (4), were isolated from cultured mycobiont of Marcelaria cumingii. These compounds were structurally elucidated by high-resolution mass spectra, nuclear magnetic resonance, circular dichroism, optical rotation, and single-crystal X-ray analysis. The cytotoxicity against several cancer cell lines of the isolated compounds were tested. (–)-2' S-Trypethelone methyl ether (1) showed selective inhibition of HCT116 and A549 cell lines with half-maximal inhibitory concentration values of 0.32 ± 0.03 and 1.05 ± 0.12 µM, respectively. The binding conformation and molecular interactions including the effect of substituent modification were also revealed.
... The cover of each taxon was measured in cm 2 (Kuusinen 1994, Kivistö and Kuusinen 2000, Pérez-Pérez et al. 2011. The different genera and/or species were identified using specialized keys supported by chemical testing (10% potassium hydroxide (K), sodium hypochlorite (C) and paraphenyldenediamine (P)) (Harris 1984, Marbach 2000, Staiger 2002, Galloway and Thomas 2004, Kashiwadani and Nash III 2004, Cáceres 2007, Aptroot et al. 2008, Rivas Plata and Lücking 2008, Ertz 2009, Lücking et al. 2009, Aptroot 2012, Aptroot and Cáceres 2013, Moncada et al. 2013, Lücking 2014, Nelsen et al. 2014, Breuss and Lücking 2015, Mongkolsuk et al. 2015, Aptroot and Lücking 2016, Herrera-Campos et al. 2016 ...
In the tropics, corticolous lichen richness and cover tend to increase from the trunk base to the top of the crown of trees. In this study we calculated the total beta diversity of the lichen community along a vertical gradient on Quercus laurina in Mexican cloud forest. By comparing the richness and cover of the lichens by zone, we show that foliose and fruticose lichens are a minor component of the total lichen species richness, but have a higher cover than the crustose lichens. Five zones were identified along each phorophyte (n = 15) with a diameter at breast height >40 cm. A total of 92 species were identified. Of these, 38% were found only in a single zone, 51% were shared between the different zones and 11% occurred across all zones. Species richness and cover increased from the lowest to the highest zones of the phorophytes. Dissimilarity in species composition between the zones could be explained by species replacement. An indicator species analysis revealed that only a few species, e.g. Hypotrachyna vexans, H. cf. sublaevigata and Ramalina cf. sinaloensis prefer a particular zone. The results show that the lichen community associated with Quercus laurina phorophytes is highly diverse and suggest that species richness and cover are related to the zone and the various growth forms.
... Both muriform and transverse-septate ascospores are observed among species of the same genus in Graphidaceae (Staiger et al. 2006: 769-771). This is the case in other groups of lichens (Lumbsch et al. 1997;Nelson et al. 2014;Luangsuphabool et al. 2018) as well as in non-lichenized taxa (Mugambi and Huhndorf 2009). In the triblidialean fungi, among species of Pseudographis we observe muriform spores in P. elatina and strictly transverse-septate spores in P. pinicola. ...
Triblidiaceae
is a family of uncommonly encountered, non-lichenized discomycetes. A recent classification circumscribed the family to include Triblidium (4 spp. and 1 subsp.), Huangshania (2 spp.) and Pseudographis (2 spp. and 1 var.). The apothecia of these fungi are persistent and drought-tolerant; they possess stromatic, highly melanized covering layers that open and close with fluctuations of humidity. Triblidialean fungi occur primarily on the bark of Quercus, Pinaceae and Ericaceae, presumably as saprobes. Though the type species of Huangshania is from China, these fungi are mostly known from collections originating from Western Hemisphere temperate and boreal forests. The higher-rank classification of triblidialean fungi has been in flux due in part to an overemphasis on ascospore morphology. Muriform ascospores are observed in species of Triblidium and in Pseudographis elatina. An intense, dark blue/purple ascospore wall reaction in iodine-based reagents is observed in species of Pseudographis. These morphologies have led, in part, to these genera being shuffled among unrelated taxa in Hysteriaceae (Dothideomycetes, Hysteriales) and Graphidaceae (Lecanoromycetes, Ostropales). Triblidiaceae has been placed within the monofamilial order Triblidiales (affinity Lecanoromycetes). Here, we demonstrate with a three-gene phylogenetic approach that triblidialean fungi are related to taxa in Rhytismatales (Leotiomycetes). We synonymize Triblidiales under Rhytismatales and emend Triblidiaceae to include Triblidium and Huangshania, with Pseudographis placed within Rhytismataceae. A history of Triblidiaceae is provided along with a description of the emended family. We discuss how the inclusion of triblidialean fungi in Rhytismatales brings some rarely observed or even unique ascospore morphologies to the order and to Leotiomycetes.
... The generic concept applied here follows the phylogenetic studies by Nelsen et al. (2014) and Lücking et al. (2016b). The characters found to be useful for the delimitation of species include: thallus aspect, thickness, colour, smoothness and gall induction as well as the presence/absence, width and colour of prothallus; ascospore colour, septation, shape, size and number per ascus; hamathecium inspersion and colour of inspersion; presence of lichexanthone and variously coloured anthraquinones in or on ascospores and/or ascomata and/or the hamathecium and/or pseudostromata and/or ostioles. ...
Ten new species of Trypetheliaceae are described: Astrothelium bullatothallinum from Venezuela, which is close to A. aeneum but differs by the bullate thallus with a thick cortex, intermixed in a mosaic with the prothallus; A. cayennense from French Guiana, which is similar to A. flavomegaspermum but with a yellow pigment in the pseudostroma near the ostioles; A. diaphanocorticatum from Papua New Guinea, which has a bullate thallus with a thick hyaline cortex and 3-septate ascospores of 25–28×10–12 μm; A. macroeustomum from French Guiana, with joint lateral ostioles, UV+ yellow ostiolar region and 5-septate ascospores of 50–55×12–17 μm; A. minicecidiogenum from Costa Rica, with muriform ascospores of 70–90×20–25 μm, without pseudostromata, with solitary ascomata, lateral ostioles and an inspersed hamathecium; A. palaeoexostemmatis from Thailand, which is similar to A. exostemmatis but with larger, I+ blue ascospores; A. quasimamillanum from Brazil, with muriform ascospores of 30–33×9·5–10·5 μm, without pseudostromata, with solitary ascomata, lateral ostioles and an inspersed hamathecium; A. studerae from Brazil, with astrothelioid ascomata, lichexanthone only in the pseudostromata, 3-septate ascospores of 21·5–23·0×6·5–7·5 μm; A. tanianum from Malaysia, with a bullate thallus, solitary ascomata, covered by the thallus, (9–)11(–15)-septate ascospores, 75–100×20–22 μm; and Pseudopyrenula miniflavida from Brazil, with a yellow-inspersed hamathecium, the inspersion dissolving in KOH without colour change, and 3-septate ascospores, 15–17×5·5–6·5 μm. The unusually thick, hyaline cortical layer of the thallus of Astrothelium diaphanocorticatum , through which the individual algal cells are clearly visible, is discussed. Furthermore, 30 species are reported from 34 countries in which they had previously been unrecorded; one ( Astrothelium inspersaeneum ) is from a new continent, Asia.
... The latter genus fell into two clades (Lücking et al. 2016) with one being a sister group to Architrypethelium. Phenotypically Architrypethelium differs from Astrothelium in having predominantly large ascospore without diamond-shaped lumina when mature (Aptroot 1991, Aptroot et al. 2008, Nelsen et al. 2014, Aptroot and Lücking 2016, Lücking et al. 2016b). Another genus with muriform ascospores is Aptrootia, which also shares an astrothelioid stage in the young ascospores (Lücking et al. 2016) and the genus formed a sistergroup to a clade including Architrypethelium and Astrothelium p.pt. further calling the generic delimitation in the family in question. ...
... Morphologically, Aptrootia differs from Astrothelium in having dark brown ascospores with a hard outer shell (Lücking et al. 2016). While most genera in Trypetheliaceae, such as Astrothelium s.str., Bathelium, Polymeridium and Viridothelium include species with various ascospore types (Hyde et al. 2013, Nelsen et al. 2014, Aptroot and Lücking 2016, Lücking et al. 2016b, the species of Architrypethelium shared a similar ascospore morphology (Nelsen et al. 2014, Lücking et al. 2016b. ...
... Morphologically, Aptrootia differs from Astrothelium in having dark brown ascospores with a hard outer shell (Lücking et al. 2016). While most genera in Trypetheliaceae, such as Astrothelium s.str., Bathelium, Polymeridium and Viridothelium include species with various ascospore types (Hyde et al. 2013, Nelsen et al. 2014, Aptroot and Lücking 2016, Lücking et al. 2016b, the species of Architrypethelium shared a similar ascospore morphology (Nelsen et al. 2014, Lücking et al. 2016b. ...
Architrypetheliummurisporum Luangsuphabool, Lumbsch & Sangvichien is described for a crustose lichen occurring in dry evergreen forest in Thailand. It is characterised by a green to yellow-green corticated thallus, perithecia fused in black pseudostromata with white rim surrounding the ostiole and small, hyaline and muriform ascospores. Currently, all species in the genus Architrypethelium have transversely septate ascospores, hence the discovery of this new species indicates that ascospore septation is variable within the genus, similar to numerous other groups of lichen-forming ascomycetes. Phylogenetic analyses of two loci (mtSSU and nuLSU) supported the position of the new species within Architrypethelium . This is the first report of the genus in Southeast Asia.
