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The ability to transfer power in HVAC (High Voltage Alternating Current) system has undergone limitation by reactance when compared with the fact that systems of HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current) can be accumulated to thermal limitation of the conductor. The transfer of power capabilities in HVDC and HVAC systems are compared with reference to the...
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Citations
... Pakistan's existing long transmission system comprises HVAC technology, which causes significant transmission losses [15]. Compared to HVAC, utilizing HVDC transmission over large distances gives various technoeconomic advantages, like; the absence of transmission line capacitance (charging current) effects, costs associated with HVDC transmission losses are substantially lower than HVAC [16]. Also, the absence of line charging capacitances in HVDC transmission lines only leads to resistive line losses, thus eliminating the need for expensive external AC reactive power compensators [17,18]. ...
Power generation in the global power sector has recently seen a paradigm shift from centralized bulk generation to distributed generation. In this regard, there are two transmission technologies available: high-voltage alternating current (HVAC) and high-voltage direct current (HVDC). The technical and economic benefits of HVDC transmission technology have enabled many countries to implement it widely for long-distance bulk power transmission, particularly between remote locations and densely populated areas. HVDC technology, however, is still relatively new in Pakistan. Despite this, HVDC technology holds great promise in Pakistan, specifically in utilizing and integrating distributed renewable energy sources with the national grid, as well as enabling cross-border energy trade. This study aims to provide a first-ever scientometric analysis of the HVDC technology field, highlighting key research themes and trends. A correlation is established between HVDC research and its adoption in Pakistan by extracting articles from the Scopus database and analyzing them with the VOS viewer, a modern data analysis tool. The scientometric analysis indicates a minimal contribution from Pakistani authors in the field of HVDC technology as compared to authors of the neighboring nations, highlighting a significant gap in knowledge transfer and technology adoption. Moreover, an overview of HVDC technology is provided, along with a comparison between HVAC and HVDC technologies. Last but not least, Pakistan’s existing and proposed HVDC projects, prospects, and challenges associated with HVDC adoption are discussed.
Offshore wind power has tremendous promise. Transmission of offshore wind power is more expensive and more challenging than that of onshore wind power. Therefore, choosing a cost-effective ands efficient wind power transmission system is essential for planning offshore wind farms. In this work, primary economic and technical factors are comprehensively considered while analyzing high-voltage alternating current and voltage source converter-based high-voltage direct current systems, which are in use primarily, and the multi-criteria decision-making technique is applied to choose the optimum system. Firstly, a selection index system is established through analyzing economic and technical indicators for systems. Secondly, based on the above analysis, the improved analytic hierarchy process method and the criteria importance through intercriteria correlation method are employed for decision-making. They calculated the subjective weights and objective weights, respectively, and then, the above weights were fused by ideal solution, yielding comprehensive decision weights. This can reduce the arbitrariness of subjective scoring and solve the problem that objective scoring does not pay attention to the actual relationship between indicators. Finally, the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method is used to determine the optimal selection of offshore wind power transmission systems at different offshore distances. The selection results show that the proposed method can effectively realize the power transmission system selection of an offshore wind farm.
The aim of this work is to develop a prototype of a low cost automatic internet of things extension system that looks like a regular extension system but can be operated automatically. The extension system is controlled and monitored with the use of a smartphone application. The node MCU, ESP8266, 9V 1A power adapter, breadboard power supply USB-5V/3.3V, 5V 4-channel relay, and 1602 LCD with I2C are used in the design consideration and execution. The solution is low-cost, and it allows user to control home appliances remotely instead of manually. The system authentication was validated after the implementation and testing stages. The system is suitable for usage in homes, offices, and laboratories. The system is also recommended for industrial use, as it will be particularly beneficial in situations where several pieces of equipment and machinery are connected to a single switching device and can be operated from afar.
