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HEPATITIS C RISK FACTORS IN OUR GROUPS
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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most common chronic blood-borne infection in the worldwide. This infection is often insidious and one-half of infected patients are asymptomatic. Determination of risk factors for HCV transmission is very important. The aim of this study was to assess the risk factors, transmission to spouses and children for HCV infe...
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Context 1
... history of surgical operations (minor and/or major) in 104 patients (68.9%), frequent dental therapy in 33 patients (21.9%), dental extraction in 117 patients (77.5%), blood transfu- sion (6.5 ± 7.6 units) in 32 patients (21.2%), multi-partner sex in 19 patients (12.6%), circumcision in 18 patients (23.7%), sharing toothbrush in 4 patients (2.6%), sharing razor blades in 3 patients (3.9%), tattooing in 2 patients (1.3%), IV-drug abuse in 2 patients (1.3%), and acupunc- ture therapy in 1 patient (0.7%) were present. Eight of the index patients (5.3%) were employed in health- care unit (Table 1). Laboratory studies were as the fol- lowing: ALT = 75.4 ...
Context 2
... individuals in the group were employed in healthcare unit while a history of surgical operations (minor and/or major) were present in 55 indi- viduals (36.4%), frequent dental therapy in 21 individu- als (13.9%), dental extraction in 88 individuals (58.3%), circumcision in 9 individuals (11.8%), blood transfusion in 3 individuals (2%), sharing toothbrush in 1 individual (0.7%), sharing razor blades in 1 individual (1.3%) and IV-drug abuse in 1 individual (0.7%). None of the cases had a history of tattooing (Table 1). However, anti-HCV was found positive in 1 individual (0.7%). ...
Citations
... "Using personal protective equipment such as gloves", "shields", "facemasks and HBV vaccination reduced the prevalence of dentists infected by viral hepatitis dramatically". [34] About the relationship between tooth extraction and viral hepatitis infection obtained in a couple of studies, [35] it seems too superficial to consider the role of dental treatment as an independent viral hepatitis risk factor, while socioeconomic status, as well as other conditions of the participants, also affect the results. Also, people with lower socioeconomic status who are exposed to viral hepatitis risk factors prefer to use cheaper dental care such as tooth extraction sometimes performed by unqualified dentists due to economical restrictions. ...
Background: The objective is to know the seroprevalence of Viral Hepatitis B and C and to evaluate the possible associated risk factors for Hepatitis B and C. Methods: This Prospective descriptive serological study was conducted at the oral and maxillofacial surgery ward of Liaquat University of Medical and health sciences from Jan 2018 to July 2018. Patients of either gender and all age groups were included in the study as per inclusion criteria. Data was recorded on predesigned proforma including demographic data, clinical and serologic findings by device method in diagnostic and research laboratory LUMHS. Results: A total of 200 patients were included in the study. The age was from 14-69 years with a mean age of 37+13 years. The gender distribution of the patients was 112(56%) males and 88(44%) females. Hepatitis-B infection was present in 16(8%) cases and Hepatitis-C in 23 (11.5%). Hepatitis-B and C were negative in 161 (80.5%) cases. Among all No. of patients family history of Hepatitis 22(8%) in which Hepatitis B & C negative (n=161) were 14(8.6%) and B &C positive (n=39) were 8(20.5%), Dental visits procedure 20(10%) in which B & C negative (n=161) were 14(8.6%) and B & C positive (n=39) were 6(15.3%), Barber visits (among male) 94(83.9%) in which B & C negative (n=112) were 79(84.9%) and B&C positive (n=19) was 15(78.9%). In the history of blood transfusion, among all patients were 41(20.5%) in which Hepatitis B and C negative (n=161) was 30(18.6%) and B &C positive (n=39) were 11(28.2%), intravenous injections among all patients were 139(69.5%) in which Hepatitis B and C negative (n=161) was 113(70.1%) and Hepatitis B and C positive (n=39) were 26(66.6%) and 21(10.5%) cases were found to be vaccinated against Hepatitis-B. Conclusion: There is a role of unhygienic health delivery practices, lack of awareness and resources for standard screening protocol for the spread of Hepatitis B and C.
... Another study from Turkey reported that surgical intervention, blood transfusion, multiple sexual partners, and dental treatment were more frequent in patients with chronic HCV infection compared to the control group. 22 However, the genotypes were not reported in that study. ...
Background:
The frequency of genotype 4 hepatitis C virus infection is significantly higher in a city compared to other provinces in Turkey. In this study, we aimed to investigate the epidemiology and risk factors of hepatitis C virus genotype 4 infection in Kayseri province of Turkey.
Methods:
A case-control study was conducted with 61 hepatitis C virus genotype 4-infected patients and 71 controls. A questionnaire was administered to the patients and controls, asking for information about the risk factors of hepatitis C virus transmission. Core/ E1 and NS5B regions of hepatitis C virus genome were amplified and sequenced by Sanger method. Phylogenetic analysis and molecular clock analysis were performed. The risk was determined by calculating the odds ratio and 95% CI. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the effect of risk factors by controlling for confounding variables.
Results:
Kayseri isolates were closely related to type 4d sequences but formed a separate cluster. According to the molecular clock analysis, hepatitis C virus genotype 4d entered Kayseri province probably between 1941 and 1988. Blood transfusion and surgical intervention were found to be significant risk factors for the infection.
Conclusion:
Epidemiological data showed that hepatitis C virus genotype 4d infections are significantly associated with unsafe medical procedures.
... The most common mode of transmission in industrialized countries is sharing needles for injection drug use (IDU) [4,9,10]. However, in low and middle-income countries the leading factors contributing to transmission are nosocomial exposures resulting from poor infection control practices and contaminated blood transfusions [4,9,11,12]. Community exposures such as barbering and tattooing have also been reported as risk factors for HCV infection in some countries [13][14][15]. ...
In preparation for the National Hepatitis C Elimination Program in the country of Georgia, a nationwide household-based hepatitis C virus (HCV) seroprevalence survey was conducted in 2015. Data were used to estimate HCV genotype distribution and better understand potential sex-specific risk factors that contribute to HCV transmission. HCV genotype distribution by sex and reported risk factors were calculated. We used explanatory logistic regression models stratified by sex to identify behavioral and healthcare-related risk factors for HCV seropositivity, and predictive logistic regression models to identify additional variables that could help predict the presence of infection. Factors associated with HCV seropositivity in explanatory models included, among males, history of injection drug use (IDU) (aOR = 22.4, 95% CI = 12.7, 39.8) and receiving a blood transfusion (aOR = 3.6, 95% CI = 1.4, 8.8), and among females, history of receiving a blood transfusion (aOR = 4.0, 95% CI 2.1, 7.7), kidney dialysis (aOR = 7.3 95% CI 1.5, 35.3) and surgery (aOR = 1.9, 95% CI 1.1, 3.2). The male-specific predictive model additionally identified age, urban residence, and history of incarceration as factors predictive of seropositivity and were used to create a male-specific exposure index (Area under the curve [AUC] = 0.84). The female-specific predictive model had insufficient discriminatory performance to support creating an exposure index (AUC = 0.61). The most prevalent HCV genotype (GT) nationally was GT1b (40.5%), followed by GT3 (34.7%) and GT2 (23.6%). Risk factors for HCV seropositivity and distribution of HCV genotypes in Georgia vary substantially by sex. The HCV exposure index developed for males could be used to inform targeted testing programs.
... Thus, risk factors for HCV infection should be defined according to the current demographic characteristics and prioritized according to national characteristics. Even though HCV-associated risk factors were previously investigated in Turkey, most of these studies were single-center studies and might not reflect national data (4,5). A multicenter study was conducted in Turkey; however, this retrospective study evaluated sustained virologic response rates achieved by dual therapy in treatment-naïve patients with HCV and did not evaluate HCV-related risk factors (6). ...
... The investigators chose HCV risk factors from the definition of populations with high HCV prevalence, which was provided by the World Health Organization (WHO) [April 2014 version of the current guideline (1)], and classified these factors according to the local population characteristics. Interventions such as angiography, piercing, tattooing, and circumcision were defined as minor surgical operations (4), and other surgical interventions such as intraabdominal and intrathoracic surgery were considered as major surgical operations (7). Tooth extractions, implants, endodontic surgery (e.g. ...
... Our findings are consistent with the literature in terms of reflecting this global change. According to previous studies, the rate of IDU among HCV-infected patients in Turkey varied between 1.3 and 3.1% [12,13]. More recently, a 2016 report by the European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) stated that Turkey is among six European countries in which anti-HCV prevalence rose among injection drug users between 2008 and 2014 [14]. ...
Introduction:
This study investigated demographic characteristics and the prevalence of viremia among anti-HCV-positive patients.
Methodology:
Hospital records of adult patients with anti-HCV positivity between June 2016 and October 2018 were screened retrospectively. Demographic characteristics, genotype distribution, history of injection drug use (IDU), treatment data of HCV RNA-positive patients were investigated.
Results:
The rate of anti-HCV seropositivity was 1.7% and 54.5% of these were viremic. 69.5% of the 869 viremic patients were male. The mean age was 62 ± 15 (18-95) years for women and 42 ± 19 (18-90) years for men (p < 0.0001). 42.7% of these patients had IDU history. Regarding age, patients with IDU history accounted for 95% of the 18-29 age group. The most common genotype in patients younger than 40 was genotype 3, and genotype 1b in those older than 40. Only 52% of viremic patients had received DAA therapy. Also, 62.2% of patients aged < 40 and 36% of patients > 40 did not receive treatment (p < 0.0001). The SVR12 rate in patients receiving DAA treatment and follow-up was 100%; SVR24 was 99.5%.
Conclusions:
A shift in the demographic structure of HCV-infected patients due to the changing trends of the HCV transmission mode was observed in this study. On the other hand, the proportion of patients who received DAA therapy was low. A substantial proportion of untreated patients were young with a history of IDU. This indicates that without strategies targeting the patients, the patient load due to HCV-related cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma may persist in the future.
... Transmission of hepatitis C virus; it occurs primarily through the transfusion of blood and blood products (6,7). Today, in developed countries, other infectious materials, especially infected needles used by people using intravenous agents, are responsible for unsafe therapeutic injections and blood transfusion in developing countries (8)(9)(10). The most commonly used methods in the diagnosis of hepatitis C infection were serologically detection of antibodies (anti-HCV) against the hepatitis C virus with the enzyme immunoassay and molecular procedures. ...
... By study done at 2005 in Turkey by Beytullah Yildirim et al; the main risk factors for HCV infection in Turkish community are surgical operation, multipartner sex, frequent dental therapy, dental extraction and blood transfusion (Yildirim et al., 2005), which favour our study that blood transfusion, dentists and surgical operation are from the main routes of HCV transmission (Yildirim et al., 2005). ...
... By study done at 2005 in Turkey by Beytullah Yildirim et al; the main risk factors for HCV infection in Turkish community are surgical operation, multipartner sex, frequent dental therapy, dental extraction and blood transfusion (Yildirim et al., 2005), which favour our study that blood transfusion, dentists and surgical operation are from the main routes of HCV transmission (Yildirim et al., 2005). ...
BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a serious public health problem in the world, and about 170 million patients are chronically infected with HCV. Worldwide; different epidemiologic patterns of HCV infection have been identified. AIM OF THE STUDY: By this study, we try to know the prevalence and risk factors for HCV transmission in Iraqi patients and genotype distribution of the disease. PATIENTS & METHODS: In a cross sectional study of 355898 persons, 232645 males & 123253 females; had been enrolled for the study in Baghdad teaching hospital, Iraqi blood bank, Al-Yarmouk teaching hospital, Al-Nu'man teaching Hospital and Al-Basrah teaching hospital from February 2017 to February 2019. Positive patients for hepatitis C antibody were further studied for way of transmission and viral load and genotype. History had been taken about the possible risk factor for HCV transmission which included (15) risk factors. RESULTS: A total of 355898 persons, 232645 males & 123253 females their Mean age at diagnosis was 47.3 (± 15.6) years, Ranged (19–78) years. The mean body mass index (BMI) of the study sample was 22.9 (± 3) kg/m2, studied all screen for hepatitis C antibody 1155 discovered to be positive 650 were males and 505 were females, further study done for viral load in 746 patients and genotype in 633 patients: 356 (48%) with high viral load, 390 (52%)with low viral load and 345 (52.8%) with genotype V and 301 (46.2%) with genotype IV, while genotype II was 2 (0.3%) and III 7 (0.5%), The most common possible ways of transmission of the disease by history in this study was blood transfusion 53%, dental procedure 42%, hemodialysis 36%, caesarean section 34.5%, while injured male during shaving 33%, patient who have surgical operation 24%, Tattooing in 8%, cupping in 6.6%, IV injection in 4% heterosexual seen in 2%, renal transplant in 2%, and only 1% in needle stick injury. while the more frequent genotype is 1 then 4. Hemodialysis and improper use of IV medication had been found to be more significant in HCV male patients .The relation between possible risk factor for transmission of HCV and residence, viral load were not significant. CONCLUSION: The most common probable risk factors as single risk factor for the male was blood transfusion, and for female was caesarean section. While for two risk factors for male were Blood transfusion and Hemodialysis and for female were Caesarean section & Dental procedure and for both gender were hemodialysis & dental procedure. While for three risk factors for both gender were surgery, barbers, and dental procedure. In our study we had found the prevalence of HCV in our Iraqi big sample was relatively low. The most common genotype was genotype I then genotype IV with rarity of genotype III 0 and genotype II.
... Tokat ilinden yapılan bir çalışmada ise cerrahi girişim %59.8 oranında risk faktörü olarak belirlenmiştir [6] . Yine İstanbul'da yapılan bir çalışmada 151 hepatit C'li olgunun %68.9'unda cerrahi girişim en sık risk faktörü olarak saptanmıştır [7] . Bildirilen oranlar çalışmamız sonuçlarıyla benzerdir. ...
... Ülkemizde yapılan çalışmalarda ise diş tedavisi için bu oranlar, %21.2-68; kan transfüzyonu öyküsü ise %21.2-25.8 civarında bildirilmiştir [6,7] . ...
... Eşler arasında yıllık bulaşma riski %0.23/yıldır ve daha çok vajinal zedelenme söz konusu olduğunda mümkün olduğu bildirilmiştir [13] . İstanbul'da yapılan çalışma sonuçlarında şüpheli cinsel ilişki oranı %12.6 oranında saptanmıştır [7] . Bu sonuç, bizim çalışma sonucumuzdan oldukça yüksektir. ...
... Findings of the current study correlate with the earlier studies. [17][18][19] In one study, a significant association was found between dental extraction and increased anti-HCV seropositivity. 20 In our study, 36.5% patients were treated by quacks which indicates knowledge gap among quacks and illiterate patients masking their decision making to opt for safe treatment. ...
Introduction: Hepatitis C is caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is classified into 6 genotypes. It leads to chronic liver disease in majority of cases resulting in morbidity and mortality. Awareness of cause of a disease prevents its progression in the community so knowledge regarding the cause of infection (HCV) is necessary to devise a strategy to prevent its spread. The present study was undertaken to assess the incidence, prevalence, and cause of Hepatitis C among the Malwa region of Punjab, India. Materials and Methods: Seven hundred and forty hepatitis C-positive patients were included in the study. Prevalidated questionnaire was designed to collect their demographic information including age, gender, demographic area, occupation, and clinical information including the history of dental treatment (extraction, root canal treatment, and scaling), blood donation, blood transfusion, surgical intervention, drug abuse (oral or intravenous), and tattooing. Collected data were analyzed by statistical tests. Results: Among the study population, a large number of patients, that is, 84.8% presented with a history of dental treatment indicating that a number of 190 (25.6%) patients had received dental treatment from family dentist and 175 (23.6%) from referral dentist, that is, from the government hospital. A large number of patients 270 (36.5%) had received dental treatment from Quacks in the past. Blood transfusion was received by 8.1% and 17.6% had donated blood in the past. Conclusion: The etiology of HCV is multifactorial with inadequate awareness about the routes of transmission of infection among patients, therefore, knowledge regarding this issue is important. The use of disposable syringes, sterilization protocol, disposal, strictly following biomedical waste management guidelines, and organizing continued medical and dental education programs, and workshops will help in preventing the spread of HCV infection. © 2018 Journal of Medical Sciences | Published by Wolters Kluwer-Medknow.
... Many studies support this finding: Studies from Turkey revealed that frequent tooth extraction and dental treatment were significantly associated with HCV infection. 17,18 A recent study in 2014 in Malaysia concluded that dental extraction acted as a risk factor for acquiring HCV and that complete sterilization and cleaning of equipment was necessary. 19 Studies from Egypt 20 and on immigrants from the Soviet Union to occupied Palestinian Land 21 and Madagascar 22 have also documented this association. ...
The objective of this work was to study tooth extraction as a potential risk factor for the seroprevalence of HBV and HCV infections and other related risk factors in Al Farsha area (a low deprived area), south western Saudi Arabia. Patients and their relatives attending the outpatients’ clinics of Al Farsha Hospital and relevant primary health care centers were included. A comprehensive questionnaire interview was offered to all participants. Blood Samples were taken. and tested for HBsAg and HCV antibodies. The present study included 395 persons. Sero-prevalence of HBV and HCV amounted to 15.2% and 2%, respectively. Tooth extraction was found to be a significant risk factor in the transmission of both HBV and HCV infections (aOR=2.363, aOR=3.253, respectively). Persons lacking hepatitis B vaccination were also at a higher risk of acquiring HBV infection. There is an urgent need to introduce effective health education campaign and catch-up vaccination against HBV infection in the region. Infection-control education programs tailored to the need of the local health force should be promptly provided. Furthermore, curricula of the local dental colleges must be reviewed to introduce, at an early stage, infection control preventive measures in order to interrupt the transmission of blood-borne infections in general.
