Figure - available from: European Journal of Nutrition
This content is subject to copyright. Terms and conditions apply.
![Gut bacterial metabolism of the lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (after Clavel et al. [92]). Abbreviations of bacterial genus names: B.—Bacteroides; Bu.—Butyribacterium; Bl—Blautia; C.—Clostridium; E.—Eubacterium; Eg.—Eggerthella; Lact.—Lactonifactor; P.—Peptostreptococcus](publication/315884272/figure/fig5/AS:960106472677387@1605918629131/Gut-bacterial-metabolism-of-the-lignan-secoisolariciresinol-diglucoside-after-Clavel-et.gif)
Gut bacterial metabolism of the lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (after Clavel et al. [92]). Abbreviations of bacterial genus names: B.—Bacteroides; Bu.—Butyribacterium; Bl—Blautia; C.—Clostridium; E.—Eubacterium; Eg.—Eggerthella; Lact.—Lactonifactor; P.—Peptostreptococcus
Source publication
![Pathways of carbohydrate metabolism [156]](publication/315884272/figure/fig1/AS:960106468503572@1605918628379/Pathways-of-carbohydrate-metabolism-156_Q320.jpg)
![Pathways of gut microbial protein degradation [46]](publication/315884272/figure/fig2/AS:960106468503589@1605918628506/Pathways-of-gut-microbial-protein-degradation-46_Q320.jpg)
![Bile acid metabolism
(adapted from [167])](publication/315884272/figure/fig3/AS:960106468474902@1605918628839/Bile-acid-metabolism-adapted-from-167_Q320.jpg)
![Scheme of gut microbial degradation of rutin [90]](publication/315884272/figure/fig4/AS:960106472681472@1605918629004/Scheme-of-gut-microbial-degradation-of-rutin-90_Q320.jpg)
The diverse microbial community that inhabits the human gut has an extensive metabolic repertoire that is distinct from, but complements the activity of mammalian enzymes in the liver and gut mucosa and includes functions essential for host digestion. As such, the gut microbiota is a key factor in shaping the biochemical profile of the diet and, th...
Similar publications
Gastrointestinal and central function are intrinsically connected by the gut microbiota, an ecosystem that has co-evolved with the host to expand its biotransformational capabilities and interact with host physiological processes by means of its metabolic products. Abnormalities in this microbiota-gut-brain axis have emerged as a key component in t...
Citations
... Through the stimulation of intestinal inflammation and the disruption of tight junction (TJ) organization via certain signaling pathways, LPS directly impairs gut function. These mechanisms cause oxidative stress, mitochondrial malfunction, and mitophagy in epithelial cells, and they cause enterocyte loss without compensatory TJ release [202]. ...
... These mediators, such as lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and maresins, facilitate repair by acting on immune cells, particularly phagocytes [189,235,236]. However, ongoing low-grade inflammation can impede the activation of resolution mechanisms [154,202], contributing to acute exacerbations of chronic inflammatory conditions [205,206,237,238]. ...
The growing field of gut–brain axis research offers significant potential to revolutionize medical practices and improve human well-being. Neutrophils have emerged as key players in gut–brain inflammation, contributing to the relocation of inflammatory cells from the gut to the brain and exacerbating neuroinflammation in conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease and neurodegenerative diseases. The intricate network of molecular and functional connections that interlinks the brain with the gastrointestinal system is characterized by complex signaling pathways. Understanding the complex interplay among the microbiota, gut, and brain offers unparalleled opportunities to develop novel therapeutic interventions for neurological disorders and improve overall health outcomes. The aim of this review was to comprehensively summarize current knowledge and future perspectives regarding the multifaceted role of neutrophils and their impact on the neuroimmune dynamics in the context of the gut–brain axis.
... The species and concentration of microbial fermentation derived-metabolites are associated with the composition of gut microbial taxa [68]. Treatment with MIANGUAN2 can increase the abundance of SCFA-producing bacteria including p_Firmicutes, f_Lachnospiraceae, and f_Ruminococcaceae. ...
Influenza, a severe respiratory disease caused by the influenza virus, has long been a prominent threat to human health. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that oral administration with probiotics may increase the immune response to lung infection via the gut-lung axis leading to the alleviation of the pulmonary disease. In this study, we evaluated the effects of oral administration of Pediococcus pentosaceus MIANGUAN2 (MIANGUAN2) on influenza infection in a mouse model. Our results showed that oral administration of MIANGUAN2 significantly improved weight loss, lung index, and lung pathology, and decreased lung viral load of influenza-infected mice. Additionally, MIANGUAN2-treated mice showed significantly lower levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and IL-12p70 and higher production of IL-4 in the lung. In accordance with this, the transcriptome analysis of the lung indicated that MIANGUAN2-treated mice had reduced expression of inflammation markers, such as TNF, apoptosis, and the NF-Kappa B pathway. Furthermore, the administration of MIANGUAN2 restored the SCFAs profiles through regulating the gut microbiota. SCFA-producing bacteria, such as p_Firmicutes, f_Lachnospiraceae, and f_Ruminococcaceae, were enriched in the MIANGUAN2-treated group compared with PBS-treated group. Consistently, the concentrations of SCFAs in the MIANGUAN2 group were significantly higher than those in the PBS-treated group. In addition, the concentrations of SCFAs were positively correlated with SCFA-producing bacteria, such as Ruminococcus, while being negatively correlated with the virial titers and proinflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, this animal study suggests that Pediococcus pentosaceus MIANGUAN2 may alleviate the influenza infection by altering the gut microbiota composition and increasing the levels of gut microbiota-derived SCFAs.
... The C-HFD feeding in our mice promoted a higher relative abundance of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria while the F-HFD feeding promoted abundances of Verrucomicrobia, TM7, Actinobacteria and Tenericutes. Of note, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes are the two major phyla that account for almost 90% of the gut microbiota [10] and both these microbial taxa are found to be involved in a wide range of metabolic activities such as carbohydrate metabolism, energy production, amino acid transport, metabolism, and production of short chain fatty acids [52]. We found that the mice in two dietary groups differed regarding the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratios in their gut microbiota. ...
Background: High-fat diets cause gut dysbiosis and promote triglyceride accumulation, obesity, gut permeability changes, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Both cocoa butter and fish oil are considered to be a part of healthy diets. However, their differential effects on gut microbiome perturbations in mice fed high concentrations of these fats, in the absence of sucrose, remains to be elucidated. The aim of the study was to test whether the sucrose-free cocoa butter-based high-fat diet (C-HFD) feeding in mice leads to gut dysbiosis that associates with a pathologic phenotype marked by hepatic steatosis, low-grade inflammation, perturbed glucose homeostasis, and insulin resistance, compared with control mice fed the fish oil based high-fat diet (F-HFD). Results: C57BL/6 mice (5–6 mice/group) were fed two types of high fat diets (C-HFD and F-HFD) for 24 weeks. No significant difference was found in the liver weight or total body weight between the two groups. The 16S rRNA sequencing of gut bacterial samples displayed gut dysbiosis in C-HFD group, with differentially-altered microbial diversity or relative abundances. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria were highly abundant in C-HFD group, while the Verrucomicrobia, Saccharibacteria (TM7), Actinobacteria, and Tenericutes were more abundant in F-HFD group. Other taxa in C-HFD group included the Bacteroides, Odoribacter, Sutterella, Firmicutes bacterium (AF12), Anaeroplasma, Roseburia, and Parabacteroides distasonis. An increased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio in C-HFD group, compared with F-HFD group, indicated the gut dysbiosis. These gut bacterial changes in C-HFD group had predicted associations with fatty liver disease and with lipogenic, inflammatory, glucose metabolic, and insulin signaling pathways. Consistent with its microbiome shift, the C-HFD group showed hepatic inflammation and steatosis, high fasting blood glucose, insulin resistance, increased hepatic de novo lipogenesis (Acetyl CoA carboxylases 1 (Acaca), Fatty acid synthase (Fasn), Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (Scd1), Elongation of long-chain fatty acids family member 6 (Elovl6), Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (Pparg) and cholesterol synthesis (β-(hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (Hmgcr). Non-significant differences were observed regarding fatty acid uptake (Cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), Fatty acid binding protein-1 (Fabp1) and efflux (ATP-binding cassette G1 (Abcg1), Microsomal TG transfer protein (Mttp) in C-HFD group, compared with F-HFD group. The C-HFD group also displayed increased gene expression of inflammatory markers including Tumor necrosis factor alpha (Tnfa), C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (Ccl2), and Interleukin-12 (Il12), as well as a tendency for liver fibrosis. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the sucrose-free C-HFD feeding in mice induces gut dysbiosis which associates with liver inflammation, steatosis, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance.
... Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, and Enterococcus are known to, partly through dietary precursor conversion, synthesize B and K vitamins, which are useful for various processes, including the clotting cascade [35,36]. However, while this production ability is important, their optimal use depends on production location. ...
The gut microbiome is of paramount importance in preserving internal balance in the gastrointestinal tract; therefore, disruptions in its regulation have been linked to the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This article explores the intricate details of the gastrointestinal microbiome as it pertains to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), with an emphasis on the Middle East. The study reviews the typical gut microbiome, modifications in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), determinants impacting the gut microbiome of the Middle East, and prospective therapeutic interventions.
... Additionally, Treponema and Methanobrevibacter are related to fiber digestibility, breaking down indigestible substances into usable energy 2 . Butyrate, a metabolic product, increases energy expenditure and reduces food intake 38 , closely linked to high feed efficiency. Therefore, butyrate-producing microorganisms such as Ruminococcus and Lachnospiraceae are enriched in pigs with higher feed efficiency 2 . ...
... Various metabolic pathways regulated by the gut microbiota are crucial for pig feed efficiency. Besides providing high-quality protein in feed, these microorganisms are vital for the absorption and transport of amino acids, ensuring their effective use for protein synthesis and growth, especially essential amino acids like lysine, threonine, tryptophan, and arginine 38 . To ensure effective glucose utilization and prevent excessive fat storage, the host must regulate glucose metabolism 38 . ...
... Besides providing high-quality protein in feed, these microorganisms are vital for the absorption and transport of amino acids, ensuring their effective use for protein synthesis and growth, especially essential amino acids like lysine, threonine, tryptophan, and arginine 38 . To ensure effective glucose utilization and prevent excessive fat storage, the host must regulate glucose metabolism 38 . Microorganisms such as Bacteroides and Lactobacillus are involved in metabolic pathways like carbohydrate digestion and absorption, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and the glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism. ...
Feed efficiency (FE) is essential for pig production, has been reported to be partially explained by gut microbiota. Despite an extensive body of research literature to this topic, studies regarding the regulation of feed efficiency by gut microbiota remain fragmented and mostly confined to disorganized or semi-structured unrestricted texts. Meanwhile, structured databases for microbiota analysis are available, yet they often lack a comprehensive understanding of the associated biological processes. Therefore, we have devised an approach to construct a comprehensive knowledge graph by combining unstructured textual intelligence with structured database information and applied it to investigate the relationship between pig gut microbes and FE. Firstly, we created the pgmReading knowledge base and the domain ontology of pig gut microbiota by annotating, extracting, and integrating semantic information from 157 scientific publications. Secondly, we created the pgmPubtator by utilizing PubTator to expand the semantic information related to microbiota. Thirdly, we created the pgmDatabase by mapping and combining the ADDAGMA, gutMGene, and KEGG databases based on the ontology. These three knowledge bases were integrated to form the Pig Gut Microbial Knowledge Graph (PGMKG). Additionally, we created five biological query cases to validate the performance of PGMKG. These cases not only allow us to identify microbes with the most significant impact on FE but also provide insights into the metabolites produced by these microbes and the associated metabolic pathways. This study introduces PGMKG, mapping key microbes in pig feed efficiency and guiding microbiota-targeted optimization.
... Many in vitro, preclinical, and clinical studies have shown that PAC offers health advantages beyond merely guarding against urinary tract infections. Studies have demonstrated antiinflammatory, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, lipid-lowering and anti-obesity, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties [1][2][3][4][5][6] . However, the exact mechanisms by which PAC delivers these health benefits are still not fully understood [2] . ...
Background: Proanthocyanidins (PAC) and oligosaccharides from cranberry exhibit multiple bioactive health properties and persist intact in the colon post-ingestion. They display a complex bidirectional interaction with the microbiome, which varies based on both time and specific regions of the gut; the nature of this interaction remains inadequately understood. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the impact of cranberry extract on gut microbiota ecology and function.
Methods: We studied the effect of a cranberry extract on six healthy participants over a two-week supplementation period using the ex vivo artificial fermentation system TWIN-M-SHIME to replicate luminal and mucosal niches of the ascending and transverse colon.
Results: Our findings revealed a significant influence of cranberry extract supplementation on the gut microbiota ecology under ex vivo conditions, leading to a considerable change in bacterial metabolism. Specifically, Bifidobacterium adolescentis (B. adolescentis ) flourished in the mucus of the ascending colon, accompanied by a reduced adhesion of Proteobacteria . The overall bacterial metabolism shifted from acetate to propionate and, notably, butyrate production following PAC supplementation. Although there were variations in microbiota modulation among the six donors, the butyrogenic effect induced by the supplementation remained consistent across all individuals. This metabolic shift was associated with a rise in the relative abundance of several short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacterial genera and the formation of a consortium of key butyrogenic bacteria in the mucus of the transverse colon.
Conclusions: These observations suggest that cranberry extract supplementation has the potential to modulate the gut microbiota in a manner that may promote overall gut health.
... Additionally, more complex polyphenols derived from plant sources enter the intestinal tract through dietary intake and are subsequently metabolized in the colon by the resident microbiota. This fermentation process results in the production of a wide range of metabolites, which play a crucial role in mitigating chronic diseases [72][73][74][75]. ...
... More than 99% of intestinal gas is composed of hydrogen (H 2 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and methane (CH 4 ). The remainder includes other gases and volatile elements such as hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) and carbon monoxide (CO) [72]. Bacteroides and Clostridium species are considered major producers of these microbial gases [76]. ...
Research on the microbiome has progressed from identifying specific microbial communities to exploring how these organisms produce and modify metabolites that impact a wide range of health conditions, including gastrointestinal, metabolic, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative diseases. This review provides an overview of the bacteria commonly found in the intestinal tract, focusing on their main functional outputs. We explore biomarkers that not only indicate a well-balanced microbiota but also potential dysbiosis, which could foreshadow susceptibility to future health conditions. Additionally, it discusses the establishment of the microbiota during the early years of life, examining factors such as gestational age at birth, type of delivery, antibiotic intake, and genetic and environmental influences. Through a comprehensive analysis of current research, this article aims to enhance our understanding of the microbiota’s foundational development and its long-term implications for health and disease management.
... These changes can be linked to specific bacterial genera. Previous studies have established associations between Bifidobacterium and Escherichia-Shigella genera with acetic acid synthesis, while Bacteroides and Paraclostridium are associated with propionic and butyric acid production, respectively [71][72][73]. The absence of carrageenan in reformulated products could potentially influence changes in the abundance of these bacterial groups. ...
The primary objective of the meat industry is to enhance the quality and positive attributes of meat products, driven by an increasing consumer demand for healthier, less processed options. One common approach to achieving this goal is the replacement of additives and allergens with natural ingredients. Nevertheless, the nutritional impact of these changes has not been extensively studied. To address these gaps, two new meat products were developed: cooked turkey breast and cooked ham. The products in question exclude additives and allergens and instead incorporate a blend of natural extracts containing vitamin C, chlorogenic acids, hydroxytyrosol, catechins, epicatechins, vinegar, and inulin fibre. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of these reformulations on protein quality and gut microbiota. Protein quality was evaluated using the Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS) following in vitro digestion. The microbial composition and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production were analysed through in vitro colonic fermentations in both normal-weight and obese participants in order to gauge their effect on gut microbiota. The results demonstrated that the reformulation of cooked turkey breast increased its digestibility by 6.4%, while that of cooked ham exhibited a significant 17.9% improvement. Furthermore, protein quality was found to have improved significantly, by 19.5% for cooked turkey breast and 32.9% for cooked ham. Notwithstanding these alterations in protein digestibility, the microbial composition at the phylum and genus levels remained largely unaltered. Nevertheless, total SCFA production was observed to increase in both groups, with a more pronounced effect observed in the normal-weight group. In conclusion, the substitution of artificial additives with natural ingredients in reformulated cooked meat products has resulted in enhanced digestibility, improved protein quality, and increased production of short-chain fatty acids.
... Host and microbial metabolism can co-occur; the host relies on its microbiome to possess a broader range of digestive and metabolic enzymes [94]. The gut commensals significantly contribute to producing an extensive array of metabolites through the anaerobic fermentation of undigested dietary components that reach the colon and through the production of endogenous compounds by both microorganisms and the host itself [95,96]. The thin layer of epithelial cells forming the mucosal interface between the host and microorganisms during dysbiosis enables microbial metabolic products to enter and interact with host cells, impacting immune responses and the likelihood of developing diseases [17]. ...
... SCFAs contribute to intestinal health by acting as energy substrates for colonic epithelial cells, maintaining epithelial barrier integrity, regulating energy metabolism, and providing an anti-inflammatory effect (Koh et al., 2016). In addition, by regulating the satiety signal and intestinal movements, they lower the intestinal pH and provide the formation of an antimicrobial environment against pH-sensitive enteropathogens (Cherrington et al., 1991, Rowland et al., 2018. In addition to being an energy source for colonocytes in mice (Hartstra et al., 2015), butyrate has been shown to be effective against diet-mediated obesity without causing hypophagia (Lin et al., 2012a). ...
The incidence of obesity in pets appears to be increasing in line with the increasing incidence of obesity in humans, and leads to decreased life expectancy. Obesity, which is considered a multifactorial disease caused by excessive adiposity, leads to a decrease in quality of life and serious health problems. It is known that there is an increase in the incidence of respiratory disorders, cardiological disorders, metabolic and endocrine problems, orthopedic diseases and some types of cancer in obese cats and dogs. There are many factors in the formation of obesity. One of these factors is the balance of the microbiota in gut. Many studies have shown that the microbiota affects critical steps in the formation of obesity and there are strong relationships between dietary content, microbiota, and obesity. In particular, high-fat diets are known to increase microbiome composition in terms of gram-negative bacterial strains and trigger dysbiosis. Again, in cases where dysbiosis occurs, the levels of volatile fatty acids also vary and lead to undesirable results through hormonal mechanisms. This condition, which causes hyperphagia, hypertriglyceridemia and insulin resistance, increases the incidence of obesity and diabetes mellitus. The ratio of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, which are among the largest phylae of the microbiota, shows serious differences when compared in underweight and obese animals. In this article, these relationships between microbiota and obesity are reviewed.
