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![Figure 2. Vertucci's classification of root canal configuration [11].](publication/336907541/figure/fig1/AS:819871478714368@1572484001187/Vertuccis-classification-of-root-canal-configuration-11_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 6. Kim's classification of root canal shape [17].](publication/336907541/figure/fig4/AS:819871478714369@1572484001353/Kims-classification-of-root-canal-shape-17_Q320.jpg)
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... and Yanıkoğlu [12] identified two root canal configurations in mandibular anterior teeth: type (1-2-1-3) and type (2-3-1). In 2001 Gulabivala et al. [13] added seven new configurations to Vertucci's classification: type (3-1), type (3-2), type (2-3), type (2-1-2-1), type (4-2), type (4-4), and type (5-4) (Figure 3). ...
Context 2
... apical thirds varies per root such as, when the third molar has one root with one canal from the orifice to the apex, the shape of the canal may be oval or long oval in all parts (Figure 13). If the one-rooted tooth has two canals, the shape of the canal could be like a ribbon, type I, II, IV, or V by Kim et al. (Figure 14). ...
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Key Clinical Message
The second distobuccal canal in the maxillary first molar is often missed because of the low prevalence rate (0%–4%). The article reports this kind of variation in one case. Promising outcomes have continued up to the present (2‐year follow‐up).
Caries detection is a routine clinical task in dental practice. If caries is detected at an early stage, non-invasive or micro-invasive treatment such as fillings and a root canal can be effective and thereby invasive treatment and therapies such as gum surgery and dental implants can be avoided. Invasive treatments are expensive and inappropriate...
Citations
... [31][32][33] Methods have subsequently been devised to describe this complex variation within human premolar teeth. [34][35][36] These methods offer alternative frameworks for comparable descriptions and further veterinary analyses of the maxillary teeth of babirusa and other wild pig species in the future. ...
A photographic and computed tomography (CT) scanning study was carried out on the premolar teeth of 18 adult male Babyrousa babyrussa skulls, 10 skulls of Babyrousa celebensis, including 6 adult males, 1 adult female, 1 subadult male, 1 subadult female, and 1 juvenile male. The occlusal morphology of the permanent maxillary premolar teeth of B. babyrussa was very similar to that of B. celebensis. Almost all the maxillary third premolar teeth (107/207) had 2 roots, whereas maxillary fourth premolar teeth (108/208) had 3 or 4 roots. All of the mesial tooth roots of 107/207 and 108/208 were tapering rod-like structures; each contained a single pulp canal. Almost all distal roots of 107/207 were "C" shaped and contained 2 pulp canals. The 108/208 palatal roots were "C" shaped and contained 2 pulp canals. The mesial and distal roots of the mandibular third premolar teeth (307/407) teeth were uniformly rod-like, as were the mesial roots of the mandibular fourth premolar teeth (308/408) teeth. The distal roots of the 308/408 teeth were "C" shaped. All B. babyrussa 307/407 teeth have a single pulp canal located in each of the mesial and distal roots. The 308/408 mesial tooth root contained 1 pulp canal. In all but 3 of the 36 distal 308/408 roots of B. babyrussa teeth and in 7 of the 14 distal roots of B. celebensis teeth there was a single pulp canal; in the other 7 teeth there were 2 pulp canals. Each of the 3 medial roots contained 1 pulp canal.
... Meanwhile, due to the narrow and unique structure of root canals, the Ni-Ti files are designed to be tapered to screw into the root canal smoothly during surgical operation. Hence, D i is introduced to express the diameters of discrepant Ni-Ti file elements, as shown in Fig. 2 , which can be expressed in Eq. (2) . (2) where D i is the diameter of Ni-Ti file in the ith cutting element, D 0 is the initial diameter of Ni-Ti file, L is the cutting depth from the current cutting element to tip part of Ni-Ti file, and β is the taper angle of Ni-Ti file. ...
... Hence, D i is introduced to express the diameters of discrepant Ni-Ti file elements, as shown in Fig. 2 , which can be expressed in Eq. (2) . (2) where D i is the diameter of Ni-Ti file in the ith cutting element, D 0 is the initial diameter of Ni-Ti file, L is the cutting depth from the current cutting element to tip part of Ni-Ti file, and β is the taper angle of Ni-Ti file. ...
... ( D i ,d i ) // Di represents the distance from axis to outside of NiTi file, which can be calculated by (2); di represents the distance from axis to outside of root canal. ...
Background and objective
Root canal preparation is a cutting process between nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) file and root canal, which aims to remove the bacteria and keep teeth from infection. A mechanistic model in root canal preparation is proposed to investigate the mechanical mechanism of Ni-Ti file, which is essential to prevent physical and thermal damage on root canal.
Methods
First, the mathematic modeling is introduced based on oblique cutting theory, which the loading condition of Ni-Ti file is derived from each cutting element by expressing a function of geometric parameters. For the modeling improvement, a cutting simulation algorithm (CSA) based on Boolean operation is proposed to achieve the complicated cutting situation between root canal and Ni-Ti file instantaneously. After establishment of model, the predictive precision is verified by conducting in vitro experiments. Eighteen artificial root canals were prepared in 6mm straight and 2mm C-shaped curved specification with 0.3mm diameter, which was a single canal for each position, all the canals do not have connections with each other. During experiments, root canals were prepared using Wave One Gold (GWO) instruments with reciprocating rotational motion. Different influential factors (curvatures of root canal and movements of Ni-Ti file) and cutting parameters (feed rate and spindle speed) were analyzed by conducting a series of simulations under the mechanistic model.
Results
Experiment results show that the predictive error of thrust force based on the proposal model is around 15%. The thrust force will increase dramatically after Ni-Ti file gets into craved canal. It can be indicated that the curvatures of root canal, movements of Ni-Ti file have a strong influence on root canal preparation. 20o increasement of curved degrees can lead to the 0.73N increase of thrust force, while pecking movement can decrease 19.88% of thrust force compared with continues one. Furthermore, investigation on pecking distance represent that 2-1mm can effectively reduce the thrust force of 15.82% compared to 4-2mm.
Conclusion
Based on simulation results, 2-1mm pecking movement is recommended for dentists compared with 4-2mm pecking movement or continues movement. In addition, this paper provides a novel insight of interactive mechanism between Ni-Ti file and root canal, so as to contribute to both the theoretical and practical research by elucidating mechanisms and providing quantitative predictions that can be validated. Compared with conventional analytical model, both calculated precision and efficiency are improved in the proposed model.
... Improvements in endodontic treatment have been achieved over the past decades by the development of new materials, techniques, and devices in order to increase success rates [2]. However, the success of this treatment depends on accurate knowledge about the morphology of root canals, which is very complex due to the splitting and union of canals during their trajectory [3]. ...
... Root canal morphology shows distinct configurations between different populations and between different tooth groups, particularly among molars [3]. e maxillary molars have complex anatomy, and their root canal system is characterized by wide variations, a fact that represents a constant challenge for the dentist [4]. ...
... e lack of knowledge of root canal morphology can compromise the identification of additional canals and contribute to this failure. Knowledge of the anatomical variations of root canals is therefore essential in order to avoid undesirable failures and to increase the chances of successful endodontic treatment [3,10]. ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the root canal morphology of permanent maxillary molars by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) using the classifications of Weine et al. and Vertucci and to correlate the findings with sex, age, position in the dental arch, and prevalence of a second canal in the mesiobuccal root (MB2). A total of 414 scans were evaluated, corresponding to 1,000 teeth. The assessment consisted of coronal, axial, and sagittal reconstructions using i-CAT Workstation®. Type 0 was assigned when neither classification could be applied. The data were entered into an Excel spreadsheet and analyzed using SPSS. The chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test was used to compare the distribution of root canal morphology classified using the two systems. Analysis of the distribution of Weine types showed a predominance of type III in mesiobuccal roots, while type 0 predominated in distobuccal and palatal roots. Vertucci type IV predominated in mesiobuccal and distobuccal roots and type VII in palatal roots. There was no difference in the distribution of morphological canal types in permanent maxillary molars evaluated by CBCT according to sex, age group, or position in the dental arch of the patients. MB2 canals were identified in 68.4% of the teeth evaluated.
... The structure of mandibular third 9 molars has been reported as uncertain, since root morphology may vary among 10 different population groups. This structural disparity may be an outcome 11 of ethnicity, chronological age, and sex. ...
... respectively). And lastly in 2019, few authors using CBCT from Russia reported that out of a sample of 210 mandibular third molars, majority were Type-I for the mesial and distal roots of 9 two and single rooted specimens. ...
... Precise knowledge of the exterior and interior structure and form of teeth along its anatomical variations is necessary for 9,14 a successful dental treatment. With correct diagnosis and planning, endodontically involved third molars may ...
OBJECTIVE: To find out number of roots, root-canals and canal configuration in permanent mandibular third molars through tooth clearing technique.
METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 193 extracted human mandibular permanent third molars with completely formed apical foramen and intact roots were collected from both genders treated at dental hospitals in Peshawar, Pakistan from 1st July to 31st December 2019. After collection teeth were visually inspected to count number of roots, followed by access cavity preparation, pulp extirpation and canal staining with black Indian ink. Decalcification was done by placing teeth in nitric acid for 5 days followed by dehydration in ascending concentrations of alcohol. Complete transparency was achieved by immersing teeth in methyl-salicylate for 72 hours. Transparent teeth were inspected again for number of roots and root-canals.
RESULTS: Among 193 extracted mandibular third molars, (n=161; 83.4%) had two-roots and (n=24; 12.4%) were single-rooted. Two-canals were present in vast majority (n=142; 73.6%) whereas three and one-canal were seen in (n=37; 19.2%) and (n=13; 6.7%) teeth respectively. Most common type of root canal pattern was Vertucci’s Type-I in mesial-roots (n=79; 63.7%) and distal-roots (n=120; 96.8%). Vertucci’s Type-II and Type-IV were (n=15; 12.1%) and (n=12; 9.7%) in the mesial-roots respectively. Mandibular third molars didn’t present with any configurations that didn’t fullfill Vertucci’s criteria. Correlation between number of roots and root-canals of mandibular third molars was non-significant.
CONCLUSION: Two-roots and two-canals were common patterns for mandibular third molars. Mesial and distal roots were predominant in Type-I followed by Type-II and Type-IV Vertucci’s classification.
... They also reported that 11.5% of maxillary first premolar teeth have one canal and 88.2% have two canals while 53.5% of maxillary second premolar have one canal and 46.5% with two canals (17). As for the molar teeth, the root canal morphology varies among population and races (18) and unpredictable such as complex anatomical system of the main canals and accessory canals (19), very small canal orifices that are hard to locate, sclerosed and curve canals. Exceptional skills, time and patience are required by the operator in order to adequately clean, shape and obturate the root canal of molars. ...
... Difficulties are expected in doing RCT of these teeth as they are very small in size. Mandibular teeth presented with variations of root canals as compared to maxillary teeth especially for the mesial root of mandibular molars (18). Variation of mandibular molars especially mandibular first molars were reported with three to four canals in different population (20,21). ...
Introduction: Assessment of root canal treatment (RCT) quality performed by undergraduate students is important in evaluating the teaching of endodontic. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the obturation quality of root canal treated teeth and the number of visits required by patients to complete RCT rendered by undergraduate students in School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). Methods: All RCT cases performed by fourth year and final year undergraduate dental students in 2017/2018 were included in this study with a total of 258 teeth. Both digital and conventional periapical radiographs of all treated teeth were assessed. Evaluation of the obturation quality was classified as acceptable and unacceptable based on the length in relation to the radiographic apex and density of the obturation in relation to the presence of voids. The number of visits required to complete each RCT case by the students were also assessed. Results: Out of the total 258 teeth, 63.6% were maxillary and 36.4% were mandibular comprising 53.5% anteriors, 14.7% premolars and 31.8% molars. Overall acceptable obturation quality was 71.3%. There was significant association between obturation quality and type of teeth as well as location of teeth. Conclusion: Students in this institution performed significantly better obturation quality on anterior teeth than on premolars and molars as well as on maxillary teeth as compared to the mandibular teeth. Patients seemed to require more visits for RCT of molars than anteriors and premolars.
... Another study showed that 6% of mandibular second molars had two canals, 54% three canals, 34% four canals, 3% a single canal and 3% were C-shaped [14]. Mandibular third molars commonly have three canals (two mesial canals and one distal canal) [15]. Two separate smaller root canals cannot always be visualised on a panoramic radiograph due to superimposition. ...
The South African Bill of Rights and the Children’s Act define a ‘child’ as a person under the age of 18 years. The age of 18 years is therefore significant for legal purposes in South Africa. The third molar is an important indicator in determining the 18-year threshold. Human biological growth markers are accepted indicators of a subject attaining the age of 18 years. A recent study by Roberts et al. suggested that the relative width of the distal root canals (RCW) of the lower left permanent molars (Fédération Dentaire Internationale notation 36, 37 and 38) as visualised on dental panoramic radiographs can be used as such a growth marker. This study aimed to validate this human biological growth marker in both black and white populations living in South Africa according to Roberts’ method. The findings of this validation study were in agreement with this method which showed that individuals with Demirjian stage H left molars and category RCW-C were indeed over the 18-year threshold. Important aspects regarding the rationality and application of Roberts’ method are discussed. The authors conclude that this method should not be used in isolation but as an adjunct with other age estimation methods.
... The inflamed and infected pulp tissue should be removed completely to achieve long term success of root canal therapy [29]. Studies on internal and external anatomy of teeth have shown that complex anatomical variations may occur in all teeth [5,32]. Various irrigants with antimicrobial action and substantivity [22]. ...
... The factors that play a key role in these variations include ethnicity, age, gender and study design [32]. Most of the root canal treated mandibular first molars falls in the age group of 18-30 years. ...
The mandibular first molar has a wide variety of root canal configurations. Adequate knowledge of the root canal system is necessary to achieve optimum disinfection and hence successful outcomes in Endodontic therapy. The aim of this Retrospective study is to evaluate the occurrence of number of canals in permanent mandibular first molars by analyzing postoperative periapical radiographs. A total of 1300 case sheets of root canal treated mandibular first molars were reviewed and data extraction regarding age, gender and number of canals were done. Data was tabulated in Excel sheets and analyzed using SPSS software. The results showed that out of 1300 teeth, 712 were male and 588 female patients. Out of 712 male patients, 452 (63.4%) had 3 canals and 244 (34.2%) had 4 canals. Out of 588 female patients, 396 (67.3%) had 3 canals and 173 (29.4%) had 4 canals. No significant difference was seen between the number of canals amongst gender. The knowledge of root canal anatomy reduces the chances of missing a canal during root canal treatment. Also various anatomical intricacies of the root canal system such as fins, isthmuses and C-shaped canals are commonly seen in mandibular molars. Sufficient disinfection of the entire root canal system by use of irrigant activation techniques and intra canal medicaments, will help in achieving long term success of root canal treatment.
