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Guided modes at 4550 nm for type-II waveguides inscribed with (a) Ep = 80 nJ (Ed = 250 J/cm²), and track separation of 50 µm, and (c) Ep = 120 nJ (Ed = 375 J/cm²), and track separation of 70 µm. The corresponding cross-section images of the double tracks in the same imaging plane are shown in (b) and (d).
Source publication
We demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, single-scan ultrafast laser inscription and performance of mid-infrared waveguiding in IG2 chalcogenide glass in the type-I and type-II configurations. The waveguiding properties at 4550 nm are studied as a function of pulse energy, repetition rate, and additionally separation between the two ins...
Citations
... Our team's recent work focused on single-scan ULI to inscribe type-I (propagation within the region where the optical index has been modified by ULI) and type-II (propagation between two tracks written by ULI) waveguides in IG2 glass, exploring key factors such as pulse energy, duration, repetition rate, and polarization state that impact the track morphology [30,31]. These studies showed that type-II waveguides, exhibiting periodic grating-like morphology, had better performance compared to waveguides with grain-like morphology, achieving a propagation loss of 2.3 dB/cm at 1.064 µm. ...
... This uncertainty mainly arises from wavelength-dependent Fabry-Perot resonances caused by internal reflections. We have detailed the calculation and experimental validation of these uncertainties, as well as their implications on our measurements, in our previous publications [30] and [31]. ...
... These effects counterbalance any 331 potential increase in the refractive index change induced by a higher pulse energy or larger 332 cross-section. Consequently, type-II (stress-induced) waveguiding was observed at even 333 higher pulse energies, a phenomenon discussed in our previous studies on IG2 [30,31]. These observations can be rationalized by considering the material dynamics of the strong modification regime. ...
This study reports the fabrication and characterization of various configurations of mid-infrared waveguides and beamsplitters within the chalcogenide glass IG2 using ultrafast laser inscription (ULI). Our investigation reveals two distinct regimes of ULI modification: weak and strong. The strong regime, marked by higher pulse energies, presents darker and prominent waveguide morphology, enabling efficient light guiding at 4.55 µm, but with higher scattering losses at shorter wavelengths. In the weak regime, we observed a significant enhancement in the mode confinement and a reduction in the propagation loss within the multilayer structures. We have investigated key geometric and inscription parameters such as inscription pulse energy and number of layers, as well as arm separation and splitting angles for beamsplitters. We have successfully fabricated beamsplitters with configurations ranging from 1 × 2 to 1 × 8, achieving a uniform splitting ratio over 96% and a splitting loss as low as 0.4 dB at 4.55 µm. These findings highlight the significant potential of ULI-based IG2 waveguides and beamsplitters for mid-infrared photonics.
... A high-power cw InGaN blue-violet laser diode was designed and fabricated using an asymmetric waveguide structure to produce 4.5 W of 403-nm output at 3A of current at a low threshold current density of 0.97 kA/cm 2 [8]. Hu et al. demonstrated single-scan fs laser inscription of low-loss mid-infrared waveguides in IG2 chalcogenide glass, achieving ∼1.2 and 2.1 dB/cm propagation losses at 4550 nm in type-II and type-I configurations respectively [9], whereas Perevezentsev et al. used fs lasers and a phase mask inscription technique to produce low-loss chirped volume Bragg gratings in fused silica with a 3×3×12 mm 3 volume and ∼190 ps/mm chirp rate around 1030.5 nm, but further work is needed to eliminate severe polarization and phase distortion [10]. A plasmonic whispering gallery mode micro-ring laser was designed and fabricated by depositing gold nanoparticles on a polymer micro-ring written on a silica substrate, and single mode lasing was achieved [11]. ...
This Joint Issue of Optics Express and Optical Materials Express features 40 peer-reviewed articles written by authors who participated in the Advanced Solid State Lasers Conference, part of the Optica Laser Congress and Exhibition held in Barcelona, Spain from December 11-15, 2022. This review provides a brief summary of these articles covering the latest developments in laser host and nonlinear crystals, structured materials, fiber lasers and amplifiers, ultrafast mode-locked lasers and optical parametric amplifiers, frequency-doubled Raman lasers, vortex beams, and novel concepts in laser design.
... A high-power cw InGaN blue-violet laser diode was designed and fabricated using an asymmetric waveguide structure to produce 4.5 W of 403-nm output at 3A of current at a low threshold current density of 0.97 kA/cm 2 [8]. Hu et al. demonstrated single-scan fs laser inscription of low-loss mid-infrared waveguides in IG2 chalcogenide glass, achieving ∼1.2 and 2.1 dB/cm propagation losses at 4550 nm in type-II and type-I configurations respectively [9], whereas Perevezentsev et al. used fs lasers and a phase mask inscription technique to produce low-loss chirped volume Bragg gratings in fused silica with a 3×3×12 mm 3 volume and ∼190 ps/mm chirp rate around 1030.5 nm, but further work is needed to eliminate severe polarization and phase distortion [10]. A plasmonic whispering gallery mode micro-ring laser was designed and fabricated by depositing gold nanoparticles on a polymer micro-ring written on a silica substrate, and single mode lasing was achieved [11]. ...
This Joint Issue of Optics Express and Optical Materials Express features 40 peer-reviewed articles written by authors who participated in the Advanced Solid State Lasers Conference, part of the Optica Laser Congress and Exhibition held in Barcelona, Spain from December 11-15, 2022. This review provides a brief summary of these articles covering the latest developments in laser host and nonlinear crystals, structured materials, fiber lasers and amplifiers, ultrafast mode-locked lasers and optical parametric amplifiers, frequency-doubled Raman lasers, vortex beams, and novel concepts in laser design.
