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Growth response of rice seedlings under different concentrations of B in the hydroponics. The rice seedlings were exposed to 0, 100, 300, 400 µM B concentration as CK, B1, B2, B3, respectively. Rice seedlings were harvested after noticeable signs of B stress on roots and leaves.
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Boron (B) is an indispensable micronutrient that ensures the optimal growth and productivity of the plant. However, excessive use of B fertilizers results in B toxicity which is relatively difficult to correct as compared to B deficiency. Moreover, underlying mechanisms of B toxicity induced changes in cell wall components and the association of B...
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... rice seedlings after harvesting were used to measure the growth traits. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the growth status and dry matter accumulation of rice seedlings under different concentrations of B as shown in Figs. 1, 2. With the increasing B concentrations, the inhibition effect on root and shoot lengths were also significantly increased and signs of B stress were more visible by treatments B2 and B3. It can also be seen from Fig. 1, compared with the control treatment, that different concentration of B not only inhibited the normal development of ...
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... difference in the growth status and dry matter accumulation of rice seedlings under different concentrations of B as shown in Figs. 1, 2. With the increasing B concentrations, the inhibition effect on root and shoot lengths were also significantly increased and signs of B stress were more visible by treatments B2 and B3. It can also be seen from Fig. 1, compared with the control treatment, that different concentration of B not only inhibited the normal development of the root system of rice seedlings, but also affected the growth of shoot, and the root length was reduced by 12.8%, 28.4%, and 36.3%, and shoot length reduction was 13%, 35%, and 51%, and total plant length reduced by ...
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... signs of B stress were noticed on the tips of leaves as chlorosis and necrosis (Fig. 1). The B toxicity significantly inhibited the chlorophyll contents and symptoms were more severe under B3 treatment. The inhibition of chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, and total chlorophyll contents was 18.66%, 44.7%, 72.2%, and 28.2%, respectively, under B3 treatment as compared to the control treatment (Fig. ...
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... dry cell wall was used to extract B associated with the cell wall on a dry mass basis. The results show that B resulted in a higher accumulation of cell wall B concentrations in the cell wall irrespective of B treatments used in the current experiment (Fig. Sup 1). The increase of cell wall B was in the order B3 > B2 > B1 > CK. However, no significant difference between B3 and B2 treatments on cell wall B accumulation was not present. The increase of cell wall B was in the order of B1 < B2 < B3 in roots and leaves. The results showed that 80% was of total B was accumulated in the cell wall of ...
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... toxicity is one of the abiotic causes for crop development reduction. Previously studies showed that B toxicity severely affected the rice growth, causing growth and dry weight reduction (de Abreu Neto et al., 2017) and changes in cell wall components of citrus rootstock (Wu et al., 2019), however, understating B toxicity induced changes in the CW functional groups and attribution of B forms with the appearance of toxicity signs in rice seedlings are lacking. The results of the present study showed that the addition of high concentrations of B resulted in the inhibition of root and shoot growth and caused visible signs of B stress which appeared as chlorosis and necrosis starting from leaf tips. ...
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... the function of B in the cell wall. Previous research has shown that CW had 90% of B of the total B (O' Neill et al., 2001) indicating the role of B in the plants. It was reported that the cell wall has limited binding sites ( Dannel et al., 1999;Xia et al., 2020), when all sites were saturated by B, no more substantial adsorption was observed (Fig. Sup 1). It is, therefore, already uptaken B existed as free-B (Fig. ...
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Citations
... The effects of B toxicity on rice seedlings have been investigated by Riaz et al. (2021). The researchers reported that excessive B levels inhibited root and shoot growth and caused visible stress on leaves, evidenced by reduced chlorophyll content. ...
... In addition, we observed that the content of B is generally higher in soils with different altitude gradients, and a significant accumulation of B in the roots increases with altitude. B is related to enzyme synthesis and mainly affects physiological processes such as cell wall structure, carbohydrate metabolism, and sugar transport in plants [41]. However, high concentrations of B can cause toxicity in plants and inhibit plant growth, which may be one of the reasons for the inhibition of plant growth in high-altitude areas [42]. ...
Asarum (Asarum sieboldii Miq. f. seoulense (Nakai) C. Y. Cheng et C. S. Yang) is a medicinal plant that contains asarinin and sesamin, which possess extensive medicinal value. The adaptation and distribution of Asarum’s plant growth are significantly affected by altitude. Although most studies on Asarum have concentrated on its pharmacological activities, little is known about its growth and metabolites with respect to altitude. In this study, the physiology, ionomics, and metabolomics were investigated and conducted on the leaves and roots of Asarum along an altitude gradient, and the content of its medicinal components was determined. The results showed that soil pH and temperature both decreased along the altitude, which restricts the growth of Asarum. The accumulation of TOC, Cu, Mg, and other mineral elements enhanced the photosynthetic capacity and leaf plasticity of Asarum in high-altitude areas. A metabolomics analysis revealed that, at high altitude, nitrogen metabolism in leaves was enhanced, while carbon metabolism in roots was enhanced. Furthermore, the metabolic pathways of some phenolic substances, including syringic acid, vanillic acid, and ferulic acid, were altered to enhance the metabolism of organic acids. The study uncovered the growth and metabolic responses of Asarum to varying altitudes, providing a theoretical foundation for the utilization and cultivation of Asarum.
... bohydrate metabolism and translocation, whose effect is to provide a substrate for cell respiration and cell wall synthesis. It is also reported to play a role in processes such as the cell capture and transport, cell wall formation, cell membrane function and antioxidant defence system (Riaz et al. 2021). ...
Boric acid (BA) is commercially acceptable and economically feasible material to enhance the shelf life of pears, oranges and other horticultural plants. Here, we investigated the effect of BA on the shelf life and post-harvest quality of table grapes (cv. 'Kyoho'). The grapes were immersed in a BA solution with different concentrations [0 (as the control), 10, 30, 50 mM] for 10 min and stored at 25 ± 1 °C for 10 days. Compared to the control, the BA treatments maintained higher berry firmness by inhibiting the activity of polygalacturonase (PG) and cellulase. In addition, the BA-treated grapes maintained higher antioxidant enzyme activities, such as catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and lower metabolic toxic products, like the superoxide anion (O2-) production rate, malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content than the control. The experimental results showed that the post-harvest application of BA effectively delays the senescence of grapes compared with the control, and the 10 mM BA treatment had the most obvious effect.
... The several applications of B in the industry are a concern, particularly regarding its untreated wastewater due to the environmental phytotoxicity, teratogenic reproduction, and growth effects (Landauer, 1952;Butterwick et al., 1989;Smith and Anders, 1989;Davis et al., 2003;Camachocristobal et al., 2008). Besides that, B availability may affect several metabolic pathways in plants, which leads to changes in physiological and morphological features involving cell wall synthesis and structure maintenance (cell size, rigidity, expandability, porosity, and tension strength) (Matoh, 1997;Blevins and Lukaszewski, 1998;Camacho-cristobal et al., 2008;Riaz et al., 2021). This metal toxicity may reduce cell division, as well as lower lignin, suberin, chlorophyll contents, and photosynthetic activity (Camacho-cristobal et al., 2008). ...
... The content of uronic acids and total pectin is reduced along with changes in crosslinks and alteration of pectin methylesterase activity (Wu et al., 2018;Yan et al., 2021). There are also alterations in hemicellulose and cellulose architecture (Liu et al., 2014;Wu et al., 2018;Riaz et al., 2021). Evidence by FTIR suggests that boron toxicity cleavage hydrogen bonds between protein, cellulose, and hemicellulose and that the cellulose levels are reduced in rice seedlings and navel oranges (Liu et al., 2014;Riaz et al., 2021). ...
... There are also alterations in hemicellulose and cellulose architecture (Liu et al., 2014;Wu et al., 2018;Riaz et al., 2021). Evidence by FTIR suggests that boron toxicity cleavage hydrogen bonds between protein, cellulose, and hemicellulose and that the cellulose levels are reduced in rice seedlings and navel oranges (Liu et al., 2014;Riaz et al., 2021). The evaluation of boron toxicity in a transcriptome of Arabidopsis thaliana shoots shows differently expressed transcripts related to pectin synthesis and NDP-sugars together with an increase of arabinose, galactose, rhamnose, xylose, mannose, fructose, and glucose, suggesting the capture of excess boron by the cell wall carbohydrates . ...
Pectic polysaccharides containing apiose, xylose, and uronic acids are excellent candidates for boron fixation. Duckweeds are the fastest-growing angiosperms that can absorb diverse metals and contaminants from water and have high pectin content in their cell walls. Therefore, these plants can be considered excellent boron (B) accumulators. This work aimed to investigate the relationship between B assimilation capacity with apiose content in the cell wall of Spirodela polyrhiza subjected to different boric acid concentrations. Plants were grown for 7 and 10 days in ½ Schenck-Hildebrandt media supplemented with 0 to 56 mg B.L⁻¹, the non-structural and structural carbohydrates, and related genes were evaluated. The results showed that B altered the morphology and carbohydrate composition of this species during plant development. The optimum B concentration (1.8 mg B.L⁻¹) led to the highest relative growth and biomass accumulation, reduced starch, and high pectin and apiose contents, together with increased expression of UDP-apiose/UDP-xylose synthase (AXS) and 1,4-α-galacturonosyltransferase (GAUT). The toxic state (28 and 56 mg B.L⁻¹) increased the hexose contents in the cell wall with a concomitant reduction of pectins, apiose, and growth. The pectin content of S. polyrhiza was strongly associated with its growth capacity and regulation of B content within the cells, which have AXS as an important regulator. These findings suggest that duckweeds are suitable for B remediation, and their biomass can be used for bioenergy production.
... The lack of B similarly leads to a decrease in yield in lentilgrowing areas (Oktem, 2022). However, excessive intake of B results in B toxicity that restricts plant growth and damages the photosynthetic system (Riaz et al., 2021). Ardıc et al. (2009) showed the effects of B toxicity on the activities of antioxidant enzymes in chickpea. ...
In the present study, drought tolerance potential of chickpea and lentil seeds under different boron levels were assessed. One chickpea (Azkan) and one lentil cultivar (Sahan) were selected for the genetic material. To provide drought condition, different level of polyethylene glycol solution (PEG 6000) was applied to seeds. Germination experiments were performed under PEG-induced stress to create water potentials of 0 (control), -2, and -4 MPa. Boron was applied as H3BO3 at 0 (control), 5 and 10 mM. Effects of these abiotic stresses were determined with the measurement parameters of germination rate and root traits. Drought stress adversely affected to germination rate and seedling growth characteristics in chickpea and lentil. Especially, seed germination rate extremely reduced by increased level of drought stress. An increase in PEG levels from 0 to -4 MPa drastically decreased root and shoot width, shoot length in chickpea whereas they did not generate a significant difference in seedling growth traits except for root width in lentil. Additionally, the results showed that increasing boron treatments decreased germination rate in both chickpea and lentil. The low concentration of boron (5 mM) increased root and shoot length; however, a remarkable decrease was observed in root and shoot growth traits at the highest concentration of boron (10 mM). The overall findings show that germination and seedling growth parameters were greatly inhibited by different concentrations of PEG and > 10 mM boron levels for chickpea and lentil production.
... As a consequence, plants develop specific visual symptoms that denote toxicity (Huang et al. 2019;Hua et al. 2021). Boron toxicity symptoms and adverse effects include leaf chlorosis and necrosis (Landi et al. 2019;Hrmova, Gilliham, and Tyerman 2020;R ıaz et al. 2021), stem and foliar lesions (Brdar-Jokanovic 2020), and a decrease in the following variables: germination percentages (Zimicz and Moretto 2019; Al-Tabbal and Al-Zboon 2021), germination rates (Ashagre et al. 2014), root and shoot length (Choudhary et al. 2020;Al-Tabbal and Al-Zboon 2021), number of lateral roots (Lovatt and Bates 1984;Albarrac ın Franco and de Viana 2009;Rehman et al. 2012), height, fresh and dry weight (Chatzistathis et al. 2021;R ıaz et al. 2021), leaf area (Cervilla et al. 2012;Chatzistathis et al. 2021), photosynthetic pigment concentrations (Kaya et al. 2019(Kaya et al. , 2020Choudhary et al. 2020), and the number of nodes (Hobson et al. 2006). At the microscopic level, modifications in lignification patterns, presence and abundance of amyloplasts, number of xylem arms, epidermic cell death, and middle lamella degradation have been reported (Aquea et al. 2012;Demiray and Dereboylu 2013;Huang et al. 2014). ...
... As a consequence, plants develop specific visual symptoms that denote toxicity (Huang et al. 2019;Hua et al. 2021). Boron toxicity symptoms and adverse effects include leaf chlorosis and necrosis (Landi et al. 2019;Hrmova, Gilliham, and Tyerman 2020;R ıaz et al. 2021), stem and foliar lesions (Brdar-Jokanovic 2020), and a decrease in the following variables: germination percentages (Zimicz and Moretto 2019; Al-Tabbal and Al-Zboon 2021), germination rates (Ashagre et al. 2014), root and shoot length (Choudhary et al. 2020;Al-Tabbal and Al-Zboon 2021), number of lateral roots (Lovatt and Bates 1984;Albarrac ın Franco and de Viana 2009;Rehman et al. 2012), height, fresh and dry weight (Chatzistathis et al. 2021;R ıaz et al. 2021), leaf area (Cervilla et al. 2012;Chatzistathis et al. 2021), photosynthetic pigment concentrations (Kaya et al. 2019(Kaya et al. , 2020Choudhary et al. 2020), and the number of nodes (Hobson et al. 2006). At the microscopic level, modifications in lignification patterns, presence and abundance of amyloplasts, number of xylem arms, epidermic cell death, and middle lamella degradation have been reported (Aquea et al. 2012;Demiray and Dereboylu 2013;Huang et al. 2014). ...
... In our study, the boron concentration above which both cultivars began to show boron toxicity symptoms was 1.0 mg L À1 . Leaf chlorosis and necrosis, leaf cupping, smaller leaves, and height decrease, were previously reported by different authors as boron toxicity symptoms (Princi et al. 2016;Brdar-Jokanovic 2020;R ıaz et al. 2021). The evolution patterns of chlorosis and necrosis (initially on leaf margins and tips and then toward the center) proved that in these cultivars, boron is transported through the transpiration stream and not through the phloem (Brdar-Jokanovic 2020). ...
Argentina is one of the five leading exporters of common bean (Phaseolus
vulgaris L.) worldwide. Although common bean has been characterized as
sensitive to boron toxicity, its production is often subjected to high boron
concentrations. The aim of this study was to provide detailed information
on the impact of increasing boron concentrations (0.5–8.0mg L�1) on germination,
growth, and root anatomy of two black bean cultivars (Leales 24
and Uirapur�u) frequently produced in Argentina. Standard germination
assays and pot greenhouse experiments were conducted. Radicles
obtained in germination assays were used to make cross sections, which
were analyzed under the microscope to identify anatomical alterations.
Increasing boron concentrations had no effect on germination variables. In
contrast, most of the growth variables analyzed (height, leaf area, fresh
and dry weight, and water content) showed a steady decrease for boron
concentrations above 1.0mg L�1. Tissue boron concentrations showed an
increase when boron concentrations increased. At the microscopic level,
there seemed to be a decreasing trend in xylem vessel diameter. Our
results suggest that boron concentrations above 1.0 and 2.0mg L�1 may
cause considerable growth and yield decreases in Uirapur�u and Leales 24,
respectively, thus affecting Argentinian bean production. Additionally, our
results suggest that Leales 24 is moderately sensitive to boron toxicity and
is best adapted for production in areas with higher boron concentrations.
These findings highlight the importance of evaluating boron concentrations
in soils and irrigation water in agricultural areas, and selecting cultivars
best adapted to local conditions as tools for obtaining higher yields.
... However, the required quantities of B are small, and soils with excessive B levels cause obvious damage in plants. Many studies exposed seedlings to different B concentrations, and higher concentrations had toxic effects, leading to symptoms such as inhibition of metabolic processes; decreased root growth, plant height, and biomass; and leaf chlorosis and/or necrosis (Ou et al. 2019;Reid et al. 2004;Riaz et al. 2021;Yıldırım and Uylaş 2016). A number of review articles demonstrated the important effects of B on plant growth (Brdar-Jokanović 2020; Camacho-Cristóbal et al. 2008;García-Sánchez et al. 2020;Shireen et al. 2018). ...
Boron (B) is a well-known essential element for plant growth, but B supplementation is not widely considered for broad-leaved seedlings because of the lack of B deficiency symptoms. The effects of B on various broad-leaved seedlings in tree nurseries need to be discovered and studied. We selected five native hardwood species commonly used in plantation forestry in Taiwan. Moreover, five concentrations of B supplementation were designed to determine the growth response and nutrient uptake of these seedlings. Supplementation with 10 mg L−1 B nutrient solution, corresponding to 2 kg ha−1 B, in the growing season significantly increased the growth of most species. Excluding Zelkova serrata, which was confirmed as a B-sensitive species in our study, the seedling height, dry weight, and total leaf area of the other species were increased by 21.2–30.3%, 23.2–41.3%, and 14.2–37.9%, respectively, by B supplementation versus the control, suggesting the existence of a hidden hunger effect. Additionally, moderate B supplementation increased the levels of other nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, and potassium, whereas decreases of calcium levels were observed under the highest B supplementation. Moreover, visible toxic symptoms such as chlorosis and necrosis of leaves and growth inhibition were observed and enhanced by increasing the concentration of B. Our results demonstrated that the B management in the tree nurseries of broad-leaved species is a key factor for obtaining high-quality seedlings, as optimum B supplementation helps improve their growth and nutrient uptake.
... In the treatment with a toxic dose of B, which resulted in visible symptoms, the weight of white roots and stems was significantly lower than that of the plants with an adequate and deficient dose, which agrees with the findings of Hua et al. [15], Johnson and Mirza [25], and Riaz et al. [26]. In contrast, Brdar-Jokanović [14] assigned this symptom to B-deficient plants. ...
Boron (B) is an essential element for plants. B availability depends on the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil and the quality of irrigation water. Under natural conditions, both toxic and deficit concentrations can occur and should be managed for crop production. However, the range between deficiency and toxicity is narrow. The objective of this study was to determine the response of cherry trees to deficient (0.04 mg kg−1), adequate (1.1 mg kg−1), and toxic (3.75 mg kg−1) B concentrations in the soil by measuring growth, biomass, photosynthetic parameters, visual symptoms, and morphological changes. Plants treated with a toxic dose had more spurs and shorter internodes than those treated with adequate and deficient doses. The white root weight (50.5 g) at low B concentrations had the most roots compared with the adequate (33.0 g) and toxic (22.0 g) concentrations. The stem weight and biomass partitioning were higher for white roots and stems at B-deficient and -adequate doses than at toxic doses. The net photosynthesis (Pn) and transpiration rate (E) were significantly higher in plants with adequate concentrations of B. Stomatal conductance (Gs) was higher in B-deficient plants. Morphological and visual differences were observed between treatments. The results showed that it is essential to adequately manage B in cherry crops to avoid the adverse effects of both low and toxic concentrations.
... B is related to synthesis of enzymes, being an enzymatic activator and present in plant physiological processes, such as: sugar transport, cell wall synthesis, lignification, cell wall structuring, respiration, metabolism of carbohydrates, RNA and nitrogen fixation (Marschner 2012). In spite of that, high concentrations of B can cause toxicity in plants (Nable et al. 1997;Huang et al. 2014;Riaz et al. 2019Riaz et al. , 2021Brdar-Jokanović 2020), and levels above 3.0 mg dm −3 already indicate toxic effects in many species (Abreu et al. 2005). ...
Soil contamination by toxic elements due to anthropic impacts negatively affects biodiversity. Some of these elements in low concentrations are micronutrients for plants, such as boron (B). This element plays a key role in various plant functions, including cell wall formation, maintenance of the structural and functional integrity of biological membranes. Calopogonium mucunoides is a herbaceous legume found in the Cerrado that is used for green manure and tolerates high concentrations of several metals. The morphophysiological and anatomical responses of this species have not yet been evaluated. The objective of this work was to characterize the anatomical alterations in leaves and roots of C. mucunoides caused under varying but high concentrations of B in the soil. The following concentrations of B: 0 (control), 30, 120 and 480 mg dm−3 were used. Anatomical changes were observed in the abaxial epidermis of leaves when exposed to a concentration of 30 mg dm−3. The roots showed changes in the primary xylem also at the concentration of 30 and the concentration of 480 mg dm−3 affects the development of secondary tissue growth. Starch grains were detected in the parenchyma in leaves and roots, demonstrating cell wall protection by pectic substances and lipids at the base of the trichome. The defense mechanisms that the species uses to confer tolerance are not yet known and the present results may help provide an anatomical basis to corroborate other sources of evidence and biomarkers that this species can use for phytoremediation processes.
... The chlorophyll content is widely used to assess abiotic tolerance levels (Quan et al., 2021). Numerous studies have proven that B stress induces chloroplast degradation and prevents chlorophyll synthesis (Riaz et al., 2021). Moustafa-Farag et al. reported that excess B in watermelon causes a deficiency in chlorophyll (Moustafa-Farag et al., 2020). ...
Boron (B) is essential for normal and healthy plant growth. Therefore, Boron stress is a common abiotic stress that limits plant growth and productivity. However, how mulberry copes with boron stress remains unclear. In this study, seedlings of the Morus alba cultivar, Yu-711, were treated with five different concentrations of boric acid (H 3 BO 3), including deficient (0 and 0.02 mM), sufficient (0.1 mM) and toxic (0.5 and 1 mM) levels. Physiological parameters, enzymatic activities and non-targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technique were employed to evaluate the effects of boron stress on the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), intercellular CO 2 concentration (Ci) and metabolome signatures. Physiological analysis revealed that Boron deficiency and toxicity induced a decline in P n , C i , G s , T r , and chlorophyll content. Also, enzymatic activities, including catalase (CAT) and superoxide dis-mutase (SOD), decreased, while POD activity increased in response to Boron stress. Osmotic substances such as soluble sugars, soluble proteins, and proline (PRO) presented elevated levels under all Boron concentrations. Metabolome analysis indicated that differential metabolites, including amino acids, secondary metabolites, carbohydrates, and lipids, played a key role in Yu-711's response to Boron stress. These metabolites were mainly involved in amino acid metabolism, biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites, lipid metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and metabolism of other amino acids pathways. Our findings reveal the various metabolites pathways in mulberry response to boron nutrient supply and may serve as fundamental knowledge in breeding resistance mulberry plants, so that it can cope with climate changes.
