Fig 1 - uploaded by Jang K. Kim
Content may be subject to copyright.
Growth rate of Porphyra leucosticta*, Porphyra linearis**, Porphyra umbilicalis** and Porphyra amplissima* grown at 10, 15 and 20°C and 25 and 250 μmoles L −1 ammonium. Error bars
Source publication
Porphyra is one of the world’s most valued maricultured seaweeds and has been cultivated for several hundred years in Asia. The objective
of this study was to produce critical information as a guide for the selection of an appropriate Porphyra species from coastal New England for the development of a land-based aquaculture system. Four Northwest At...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... significantly influenced the growth rate of all species. The growth rate of Porphyra leucosticta was higher at 10 and 15°C than at 20°C ( Fig. 1; p=0.01). Porphyra linearis and P. umbilicalis grew fastest at 10°C (Fig. 1). However, P. amplissima showed the higher growth rate at 20°C than that at the lower temperatures (Fig. 1). Nutrient availability also significantly influenced growth rate. The growth rates of Porphyra linearis and P. umbilicalis were significantly higher at 250 ...
Context 2
... significantly influenced the growth rate of all species. The growth rate of Porphyra leucosticta was higher at 10 and 15°C than at 20°C ( Fig. 1; p=0.01). Porphyra linearis and P. umbilicalis grew fastest at 10°C (Fig. 1). However, P. amplissima showed the higher growth rate at 20°C than that at the lower temperatures (Fig. 1). Nutrient availability also significantly influenced growth rate. The growth rates of Porphyra linearis and P. umbilicalis were significantly higher at 250 μmoles L −1 ammonium than that at 25 μmoles L −1 ammonium concen- tration ...
Context 3
... significantly influenced the growth rate of all species. The growth rate of Porphyra leucosticta was higher at 10 and 15°C than at 20°C ( Fig. 1; p=0.01). Porphyra linearis and P. umbilicalis grew fastest at 10°C (Fig. 1). However, P. amplissima showed the higher growth rate at 20°C than that at the lower temperatures (Fig. 1). Nutrient availability also significantly influenced growth rate. The growth rates of Porphyra linearis and P. umbilicalis were significantly higher at 250 μmoles L −1 ammonium than that at 25 μmoles L −1 ammonium concen- tration ( Fig. 1; p≤0.022). Of the four species studied, Porphyra linearis had the highest growth rate, increasing ...
Context 4
... (Fig. 1). However, P. amplissima showed the higher growth rate at 20°C than that at the lower temperatures (Fig. 1). Nutrient availability also significantly influenced growth rate. The growth rates of Porphyra linearis and P. umbilicalis were significantly higher at 250 μmoles L −1 ammonium than that at 25 μmoles L −1 ammonium concen- tration ( Fig. 1; p≤0.022). Of the four species studied, Porphyra linearis had the highest growth rate, increasing in biomass by about 16% day −1 over 14 days at 10°C, while other three species grew at about 10% day −1 at optimum ...
Similar publications
The leafy gametophytic phase of Porphyra torta Krishnamurthy(Rhodophyta), a candidate species for mariculture in Alaska, grows only inwinter and early spring and is restricted to the outer coast of southeastAlaska. To help determine specific environmental factors limiting theseasonal and geographic distribution of this species, culture experimentsw...
Citations
... Some wastewater reclamation methods are cost-prohibitive, ranging between US$248 to $494 per kg of nitrogen removed (De Beurs and Fahrner 2010). One 'end of pipe' solution could be to harvest drift algae as an alternative and more economical nitrogen removal strategy, given that drifting algae mats can act as a nitrogen reservoir due to their high growth rates (Kim et al. 2007). Harvesting would also facilitate nitrogen recycling. ...
Understanding spatio-temporal variability in the production of drift macroalgae is useful for monitoring and assessing the influence of local anthropogenic nutrient sources on coastal ecosystems. In this study we: (1) assessed how the drift macroalgal community composition and biomass have changed over a 22-year period in Port Phillip Bay (a large coastal embayment in Victoria, Australia); and (2) measured the amount of accumulated nitrogen in drift macroalgae and the contribution of anthropogenic nitrogen sources through isotopic analysis. The surveys revealed little overlap in species composition (<13%) and a significant decrease in standing stock biomass (from 631 to 49 g m⁻²) between surveys (1995/1996 and 2017/2018). This was associated with a high degree of turnover (β-diversity) at the genus level between surveys (mean – 0.53), resulting in distinct communities at all sites, particularly among red algal genera. In addition, the occurrence of ephemeral macroalgal blooms and a semi-perennial mat of the red macroalga Botryocladia sonderi at 10-15 m depth at locations close to nutrient sources indicate drift macroalgae are important nutrient accumulators in the bay. Isotopic analysis revealed a high contribution of anthropogenic-derived nitrogen (δ¹⁵N > 17‰ and ~ 3% N content) at depths and locations close to nutrient sources, particularly at times of the year when large wastewater discharges occur. Harvesting of drift macroalgae could be a cost-effective solution for offsetting nitrogen inputs from anthropogenic sources, but it will be important to first investigate whether harvesting results in negative impacts to associated fauna or nutrient cycling.
... From our results, it cannot be asserted that algae can remove ammonium to supply their nitrogen needs, however, the literature states that this is the preferred chemical form of nitrogen for algae (Kim et al. 2007). Although Hayashi et al. (2008) reported an ammonium removal rate of 70% in integrated algae/ sh farming, in our work this evaluation would be conjectural because oxidation due to aeration and bacterial nitri cation/denitri cation were not accountable (Kuenen and Robertson 1994). ...
The commercial alga Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) L.M.Liao 1996 may constitute a good bioremediator for eutrophicated coastal environments. In the present research, the ability of K. alvarezii to remove nutrients from the water was tested via in vitro experiments under various conditions. Cultivated K. alvarezii samples were obtained from commercial aquaculture in Angra dos Reis, Brazil, together with large volumes of water from the same area and Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Eight experimental sets were prepared with variable concentrations of nutrients, and pre-weighed pieces of algae, subjected to artificial illumination. The physical-chemical parameters were continuously monitored. Water samples were periodically analyzed for ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate. Algal samples were collected at the end of the experiment to quantify biomass growth/decay, nitrogen and phosphorus tissue contents. The ammonium concentration in the water decreased due to preferential consumption of this nutrient by the algae, as well as oxidation. The algae were able to incorporate nutrients in their tissues; however, they were not able to promote a reduction in dissolved concentrations. Nutrient removal rates were elevated and seemed to occur in microcosms at the very beginning of the experiments, but release was observed in the end. However, phosphorus removal was attained in the microcosms that did not receive artificial fertilizers. It was concluded that the use of K. alvarezii as a bioremediator in coastal lagoons is possible, but more complex in vitro and in situ experiments are still necessary for a better understanding of removal processes.
... Growth rates in different Porphyra species exposed to various nitrate concentrations range from 5 to 10% per day (Carmona et al. 2000(Carmona et al. , 2006, whereas the growth rate in the current study was around 2% per day. The light intensity used in the experiment (120 µmol photons m − 2 s − 1 ) is the same as that employed in controlled laboratory experiments for Porphyra (Blouin et al. 2007; Kim et al. 2007). However, a higher intensity and/or quality of cultivation light to achieve a higher photosynthetic ETR could have favored absorption and consequently growth in P. linearis, especially since growth rates and photosynthesis are signi cantly in uenced by the light source's wavelength. ...
Fertilizer use in agriculture and aquaculture significantly contributes to nitrate-rich effluent discharge into aquatic environments. Porphyra 's high surface area/volume enables efficient nutrient assimilation. This study aimed to identify a cost-effective, efficient artificial seawater medium for Porphyra linearis cultivation and determine the optimal nitrate concentration to enhance photosynthetic activity. P. linearis was grown in three different salt media, with photosynthetic and biochemical parameters assessed, showing no differences. The nitrate experiment (7 days) using low-cost salt and varied concentration (0 to 6.5 mM) revealed optimal nitrate uptake at 3 and 5 mM, while 6.5 mM indicated saturation/toxicity. The phycobiliproteins contents did not increase compared to the 0 mM, but exhibited greater functionality, as evidenced by the enhanced photosynthetic parameters. Chlorophyll a peaked in 3 mM, whereas lutein and β-carotene in 0 and 3 mM. The thalli turned greenish and appeared to have degraded branches under 0 mM. Growth rate was the same under all nitrate concentration and higher than under 0 mM. The presence of nitrate increased ETR in situ and ETR max, whereas the absence decreased the range between optimal irradiance for photoinhibition (Eopt ETR ) and saturated irradiance for photosynthesis (Ek ETR ) and between saturated irradiance for non-photochemical quenching (Ek NPQ ) and Ek ETR , suggesting that under more nitrate available the algae dissipate less energy. P. linea ris showed a wide range of nitrate use without variation in pigment composition in contrast to photosynthetic capacity. The 1.5 and 3 mM in cultivation significantly enhance the photosynthetic response of P. linearis , supporting their potential application in IMTA and bioremediation.
... Pyropia is one of the most cultivated species in the world, especially in Korea, Japan, and China (Kim et al. 2017, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2023). Pyropia yezoensis grows well at 5-18°C (Kim et al. 2007), and therefore this alga is cultivated in the open water farms from December to March. Since climate change will continuously affect the Pyropia farming, technology development is critical to enhance thermal tolerance in Pyropia (Kim et al. 2022, Umanzor et al. 2022a. ...
... Weight of each condition was restored to the initial stocking density after the measurement. The specific growth rate (SGR) was calculated by the following formula (Kim et al. 2007): ...
Acadian marine plant extract powder (AMPEP) and Kelpak are commercial biostimulants derived from brown algae Ascophyllum nodosum . This study was to determine if AMPEP and Kelpak can induce thermal resistance in Pyropia yezoensis . P. yezoensis blades were exposed to different concentrations (control: 0, low: 0.001, high: 1 ppm) of AMPEP and Kelpak at 10°C for 6 and 7 days, respectively. Those blades were then cultivated in von Stosch enriched seawater medium at different temperatures (10, 15, 20, and 25°C) with 12 : 12 L : D photoperiod and 100 μmol m<sup>-2</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> of photosynthetically active radiation for additional 15 days. Results showed that P. yezoensis reproduced archeospores at 20 and 25°C at all biostimulant conditions within 15 days. At lower temperatures (10 and 15°C), only AMPEP-treated P. yezoensis reproduced archeospores. P. yezoensis exposed to 1 ppm Kelpak exhibited higher phycoerythrin and phycocyanin contents than control and 0.001 ppm conditions at 15°C. AMPEP-treated conditions showed higher phycoerythrin and phycocyanin contents than control at 10°C. These results suggest that AMPEP and Kelpak may not enhance the thermal resistance of P. yezoensis . However, AMPEP stimulated archeospores release at lower temperatures. The treatment of AMPEP and Kelpak also increased the pigment contents in P. yezoensis . These results suggest that the use of seaweed-derived biostimulants can provide some economic benefits in P. yezoensis aquaculture. The enhancement of archeospores formation by AMPEP at lower temperature may also increase the productivity since Pyropia farming relies on the accumulation of secondary seedings via asexual reproduction.
... Lee and Kang (2020) reported that elevated nutrients and higher temperatures enhanced the nutrient uptake and increased photosynthesis in Ulva. Nitrogen enrichment likely influences biosynthesis of pigments (Figueroa et al. 2009), protein (Kim et al. 2007;Ribeiro et al. 2013), and N uptake (Corey et al. 2013;Hurd et al. 2014). Similarly, the higher temperature and/or nutrients increased pigments contents in all three strains, especially the Chinese strain. ...
Different populations of the same species may have different physiological responses to environmental factors due to the adaptation to their environment. We tested interactive effects of temperatures (10,15, 20, 25, and 30 ℃) and nutrients (low nutrients: 5 μM NO3− and 0.5 μM PO4− (LN); medium nutrients: 50 μM NO3− and 5 μM PO4− (MN); high nutrients: 500 μM NO3− and 50 μM PO4− (HN)) in three different Ulva prolifera strains (one Chinese and two Korean strains). The results showed that all three strains of Ulva survived within the temperature range of 10 to 30 ℃. The photosynthetic rates of all strains increased with increasing temperature from 10 to 30 ℃ under MN. However, at the higher temperature (30 ℃) there was a significant reduction in the photosynthetic rate under HN in all three strains. A positive relationships between tissue nitrogen (N) and chlorophyll or soluble protein were observed in all three strains. The Chinese strain showed the lowest C:N ratio but the highest photosynthetic rate and tissue N contents. Our results show that the bloom forming Chinese strain may have higher nutrient uptake and assimilation ability, leading to higher photosynthetic activity. The Ulva strains may have lower tolerance to higher temperature at high nutrients conditions. These results suggest that the physiological responses of U. prolifera to different temperature and nutrients conditions can be population-specific.
... Specific growth rate (SGR) was calculated at different periods during the growth trials using the following formula, from Kim et al. (2007) and Yong et al. (2013). ...
Successful bottom planting of indigenous macroalgae Saccharina latissima aimed at coastal restoration purposes require the mass production in controlled conditions of strongly fixed, healthy sporophytes followed by optimal transfer techniques in order to ensure viability and vigor of the young seedlings about to be directly introduced in the coastal environment. Early development of S. latissima submitted to different combinations of substrate type (natural vs artificial brick-shaped substrate), gametophyte spraying method (water-based vs binder-based) and water velocity (0.1 vs 0.2 m s⁻¹) was evaluated during a growth trial that lasted 42 days. Overall, all experimental groups (8 in triplicate) reached the targeted length of 15 mm between 35-42 days post-seeding. No strong indications that the proposed 2×2×2 factorial design generated long lasting effects on growth and development indicators were observed (thallus length, SGR and % coverage). The observation of no persistent difference in the growth response of S. latissima under all experimental conditions, demonstrates that it is well suited for mass production of seedlings. Our results and evidenced-based practices led us to conclude that the use of an artificial substrate in combination with a binder-based gametophyte pulverization and the application of a velocity 0.2 m s⁻¹ during early-growth could be adopted in a standardized protocol. We argue that 1) artificial substrates (uniform shape, stackable and rough surface) will most likely allow better use of a vessel’s open deck space and adherence of the developing holdfast; 2) the use of a binder may slow down the dehydration of the propagules and promote adhesiveness to the substrate during rearing, handling and transfer operations and under varying flow rates or wave actions respectively and 3) highest velocity should promote the selection of propagules with strongest attachment and thus possibly limit post-transfer dislodgement. We suggest further studies should 1) focus on identifying optimal gametophyte concentration at the spraying step, in order to reduce production costs and maximise productivity of seedling operations and 2) include biomass determination (g of tissue per cm²) in combination to the semi-quantitative density evaluation (% coverage) based on image-analysis, in order to improve our global assessment of growth.
... In the past few centuries, there has been much progress to maximize production in N. yezoensis aquaculture, such as the improvement of cultivation methods and selective breeding of high production strains (Hwang and Park, 2020). However, seaweed aquaculture is being threatened by increases in ocean temperature due to global warming (Kim et al., 2007;Tang et al., 2011;Duarte et al., 2017). According to the prediction of IPCC, the direct CO2 emission from human activities will double or even triple by 2050, resulting in global mean surface temperature increases in 2100 from 3.7°C to 4.8°C compared to preindustrial levels (Grubb et al., 2022). ...
... Increasing temperatures can reduce the production and quality of seaweed. For instance, elevating temperature from 10°C to 20°C has decreased growth rates, phycoerythrin content and nitrogen removal rates in the species, Neopyropia leucosticta, Porphyra linearis and Porphyra umbilicalis (Kim et al., 2007). In the past decade, several heat-tolerant strains of N. yezoensis have been developed for the Neopyropia aquaculture (Ding et al., 2016;Shin et al., 2018). ...
Introduction
Heat stress is one of the main threats for the seaweed aquaculture, leading to the decay of the blades and causing serious economic losses. A newly developed biostimulant, Sargassum horneri extract (SHE), can enhance the heat-tolerance in Neopyropia yezoensis, which can be applied in the seaweed aquaculture. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this acquired heat-tolerance is still unclear.
Method
In this study, we examined the transcriptional regulation of N. yezoensis under heat stress after the SHE pre-treatment by performing the RNA-Seq on illumina Novaseq platform and differentially expressed gene analysis.
Result and discussion
Our results show that, under heat stress, the SHE pre-treatment can alleviate the suppression of genes involved in normal cell activities, such as ribosome biogenesis, photosynthesis, respiration and cell cycle. On the other hand, SHE pre-treatment can also induce some key genes involved in the heat-tolerance. We also found that the combination of SHE pre-treatment and heat stress can induce some genes related to epigenetic modification, suggesting that SHE may facilitate the formation of heat stress memory in N. yezoensis. Our study provides information for understanding the molecular mechanism of heat-tolerance in N. yezoensis and for promoting the application of seaweed-derived biostimulants in the seaweed aquaculture.
... These results suggest that the salinity tolerance in Ulva prolifera can be enhanced by high nitrogen levels. Tissue C and N contents reflects the nutritional state of macroalgae (Hwang et al., 1987;Kim et al., 2007;Polo et al., 2015), and C: N ratio indicates the nutrient availability for macroalgae (Kim et al., 2008;Corey et al., 2012;Mawi et al., 2020). In the present study, both strains showed the C:N ratio of >20 under low nutrient levels, but the C: N ratio decreased to 8 at high nutrient levels. ...
The response of seaweeds to environmental stressors can be population-specific, and be related to the regime of their habitats. To explore the growth and physiological responses of Ulva prolifera, two strains of this alga (Korean and Chinese strains) were studied under an interaction of temperature (20 and 25 • C), nutrients (low nutrients: 50 μM of nitrate and 5 μM of phosphate; high nutrients: 500 μM of nitrate and 50 μM of phosphate) and salinity (20, 30 and 40 psu). The lowest growth rates of both strains were observed at 40 psu of salinity, independent of temperature and nutrient levels. At 20 • C and low nutrients condition, the carbon: nitrogen (C: N) ratio and growth rate in the Chinese strain were increased by 31.1% and 21.1% at a salinity of 20 psu in comparison to the salinity of 30 psu, respectively. High nutrients decreased the ratio of C:N in both strains with increasing tissue N content. At the same time, high nutrients also increased soluble protein and pigments contents , as well as photosynthetic and growth rates in both strains at the same salinity levels at 20 • C. Under 20 • C and high nutrients conditions, the growth rates and C:N ratio of both strains were significantly decreased with increasing salinity. The pigment, soluble protein and tissue N showed an inverse trend with the growth rate at all conditions. Moreover, the higher temperature of 25 • C inhibited the growth in both strains regardless of nutrients levels. The temperature of 25 • C enhanced the contents of tissue N and pigments in the Chinese strain only at the low nutrients level. The interaction of high nutrients and 25 • C led to the accumulation of tissue N and pigment contents in both strains under all salinity conditions compared to the 20 • C and high nutrients level. The temperature of 25 • C and high nutrients decreased the growth rate in the Chinese strain at both salinities of 30 and 40 psu more than the 20 • C, and low nutrients level at the same salinity. These results suggest that the Ulva blooms caused by the Chinese strain were more impacted at hypo-salinity levels compared to the Korean strain. Eutrophic or high nutrients level enhanced the salinity tolerance in both strains of U. prolifera. There will be a decline of U. prolifera blooms of the Chinese strain at hyper-salinity levels.
... Chl a and phycobiliproteins, as the main antenna pigments in red algae, are considered as important nitrogen reserves, and their contents are generally assumed to be strongly related to environmental nitrogen concentrations, reflected by the increase in pigments upon the enrichment of nutrients [78,79]. Our results for the pigment contents support the above assumption. ...
Seaweeds, as biofilters that remediate seawater eutrophication, have been widely applied in integrated cultivations for both ecological and economic benefits. Although Grateloupia turuturu (Rhodophyta) is considered as a qualified species in integrated maricultivation, its growth and biochemical performance under different nitrogen conditions are still unknown. Here, we cultured G. turuturu under two nitrogen sources (nitrate and ammonium) at six concentrations (0, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 µM) to investigate its growth and nitrogenous compounds (total and inorganic nitrogen, soluble protein, amino acids, and pigments) as well as the allocation pattern of nitrogen storage pools. Our results showed that G. turuturu was well acclimated to high concentrations of both nitrogen sources, and algal age played an important role in the preference of nitrogen sources. Most of the biochemical compositions in G. turuturu increased significantly with the increased concentrations of nitrogen, except for the protein and nitrate contents. Protein and residual organic nitrogen (RON, mainly amino acids) were found to be the two main nitrogen storage pools in G. turuturu. Our study revealed that G. turuturu can produce more profitable compositions at high nitrogen concentrations, making it a profitably promising biofilter to remediate eutrophication.
... The speci c growth rate (as % FW d − 1 , SGR) was calculated using the biomass (weight in grams, g) measurements of each fragment at the beginning (W 0 ) and the end (W 1 ) of the experiments and the time interval between the measurements (in days, t, approximately 45 days), according to the following equation, as described by Kim et al. (2007): ...
Vertebrata lanosa is an intertidal red algal species that grows epiphytically on Ascophyllum nodosum, a brown fucoid alga. V. lanosa received culinary interest in the recent years due to its truffle-like taste and it is currently only harvested from natural populations. This study has focused on the growth of the species in lab cultures and investigated the temperature and salinity leading to higher specific growth rate. V. lanosa showed higher growth rate in 10 oC and 30‰. Overall, the study identified optimal temperature and salinity conditions for indoor controlled cultivation of the species and proved that Vertebrata lanosa can be cultivated in absence of its host, A. nodosum. Furthermore, a complete life cycle of V. lanosa has been carried out in culture where all life history phases and stages were observed. Though, to move from experimental culture to a larger scale production, further research is needed both on the cultivation of the species and the biochemical interactions with its host.
Acknowledgements
