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Growth curves for head circumference of girls (a) and boys (b) with Down syndrome from birth to 3 years of age and girls (c) and boys (d) from 3 to 18 years of age.
Source publication
We present growth curves of 1,726 Turkish children with Down syndrome (DS) between 0 and 18 years of age and investigate the factors that affect growth including congenital heart disease (CHD) and hypothyroidism. Longitudinal measurements of height, weight, and head circumference (HC) were assessed and accompanying major malformations were recorded...
Citations
... Clinical data was obtained from patient records. Growth patterns were evaluated according to the National Down Syndrome-specific growth charts (13). Celiac disease patients with gastrointestinal (abdominal pain/distension, diarrhea, constipation) and/or extraintestinal symptoms were defined as symptomatic CD, and patients without symptoms were defined as asymptomatic CD. ...
... It is reported that weight decreased significantly in patients with severe CHD in the first months of life and continued until 4 years of age. 19 The gain of growth was observed in children who underwent cardiac surgery/intervention. 31 Concomitant with this data, we found that weight and height SD were improved significantly 1 year after surgery (Table 4). ...
Objective:
Congenital heart defects occur in approximately 50% of children with Down syndrome and they contribute considerably to morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence, classification, and survival of congenital heart defects in Down syndrome.
Materials and methods:
About 1731 Down syndrome patients who underwent echocardiography between 1986 and 2022 were evaluated. The median follow-up duration was 8.7 years (range 1-35.8 years). Congenital heart defect was grouped as cyanotic and acyanotic.
Results:
Among the 1731 patients, 52.1% had congenital heart defects. Congenital heart defect was significantly more common in females than males. The most common cardiac defect was ventricular septal defect (35%), followed by atrial septal defect (31.8%), atrioventricular septal defect (23.4%), tetralogy of Fallot (5%), and patent ductus arteriosus (3.6%). In the follow-up, 43.2% of atrial septal defect, 17.8% of ventricular septal defect, and a total of 20% of congenital heart defects were closed spontaneously. About 34.4% of congenital heart defect was corrected by cardiac surgery/intervention. Five-year survival rate was 97.4% in patients without congenital heart defects, whereas it was 95.6% in mild congenital heart defects and 86.1% in moderate to severe congenital heart defects. There was no relationship between consanguinity, parental age, maternal disease, folic acid supplementation before/during pregnancy, gestational age, birth weight, and congenital heart defects. Neuromotor development was similar in patients with and without congenital heart defects.
Conclusion:
We demonstrated that almost half of the patients had congenital heart defects; ventricular septal defect was the most common congenital heart defect type. This study is valuable in terms of the largest single-center study describing the classification, prognostic factors, and survival of Down syndrome patients with congenital heart defect from Turkey.
... Although overweight could be a concern for many children with Down syndrome after the age of 4 years (Nordstrøm et al., 2020;Osaili et al., 2019), lower height and weight of children with DS compared to healthy peers should not be underestimated. The study reported the growth charts of Turkish children with DS showed that growth velocity reduced especially between 6 months and 3 years (Tuysuz et al., 2012). Therefore, possible reasons including poor feeding ability, swallowing disorders or accompanying diseases such as heart defects or gastrointestinal problems related to lower growth parameters in this age group should be considered and handled to maintain appropriate growth. ...
The aim of this study was to define swallowing and feeding-related problems among typically developing children aged between 2 and 6 years. The presence of food selectivity, limited appetite, chewing dysfunction, and dysphagia signs was questioned and scored as “absent” or “present” according to parent report. Children were divided into 2 groups: children with swallowing and feeding disorders and children without swallowing and feeding disorders. The Turkish version of the Behavioral Pediatrics Feeding Assessment Scale (T-BPFAS) was used to evaluate feeding behaviors of children, and Turkish version of the Feeding/Swallowing Impact Survey (T-FS-IS) was used to measure the impact on caregivers. A total of 234 children were included. Food selectivity was defined in 62.4% (n = 146), limited appetite in 26.9% (n = 63), and chewing dysfunction in 7.3% (n = 17). The most common dysphagia-related sign was coughing. There were significant differences between groups in terms of both T-BPFAS and T-FS-IS (P < .001). In conclusion, children with typical development have experienced a wide range of swallowing and feeding-related problems, which have an impact on mothers’ perceptions regarding feeding and their quality of life.
... The available evidence indicates that overweight and obesity in individuals with DS begin in late infancy and remain evident over the years. It has also been reported that the degree of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents with DS varies according to the clinical characteristics specific to that individual (7)(8)(9). ...
... Using the data of these parameters, the researchers have obtained growth curves that are very helpful in the routine monitoring of growth in children. Growth curves were created not only for healthy children but also for children with DS (7,22,(27)(28)(29). Short height is the characteristic feature of DS, showing distinct individual differences depending on comorbidities and hereditary factors (7,28,29). ...
... Growth curves were created not only for healthy children but also for children with DS (7,22,(27)(28)(29). Short height is the characteristic feature of DS, showing distinct individual differences depending on comorbidities and hereditary factors (7,28,29). Body weight begins to increase in late infancy in DS children and evolves into overweight and obesity over time (8,9). Body weight, height and BMI values obtained in this study were compared with percentile values defined for healthy children (22). ...
Objective: To investigate the effects of body mass index (BMI), quadriceps angle (Q0) and pes planus on walking age in children with Down syndrome (DS) and typically developing peers.
Methods: Bodyweight, height and Q0 were measured and footprints were obtained in 50 children with DS and 50 typically developing children (control), ages between 2-6 years. BMI and Staheli index (SI) were calculated.
Results: The mean walking age was 26±8 months in the DS group and 12±2 months in the control group (p
... Although overweight could be a concern for many children with Down syndrome after the age of 4 years (Nordstrøm et al., 2020;Osaili et al., 2019), lower height and weight of children with DS compared to healthy peers should not be underestimated. The study reported the growth charts of Turkish children with DS showed that growth velocity reduced especially between 6 months and 3 years (Tuysuz et al., 2012). Therefore, possible reasons including poor feeding ability, swallowing disorders or accompanying diseases such as heart defects or gastrointestinal problems related to lower growth parameters in this age group should be considered and handled to maintain appropriate growth. ...
The study was aimed to define swallowing related problems of toddlers with Down syndrome (DS) by comparing toddlers with typically developing children (TDC). A total of 127 children (96 DS, 31 TDC), and their mothers included in the study. The presence of chewing disorders, food selectivity, drooling, coughing during swallowing was scored as ‘absent’ or ‘present’. The Pediatric version of the Eating Assessment Tool-10 (PEDI EAT-10) was used to determine dysphagia symptom severity, and the Turkish version of the Feeding/Swallowing Impact Survey (T-FS-IS) was used to measure the impact of swallowing disorders on caregivers. Mothers of DS reported higher rates of chewing disorders (n = 39, 40.6%), drooling (n = 30, 31.3%) and coughing during swallowing (n = 50, 41.7%) than mothers of TDC (p < 0.01). The mean PEDI-EAT-10 score of children with DS was higher than TDC (p = 0.006). There were significant differences between groups in terms of T-FS-IS. Moderate to strong correlations were detected between PEDI-EAT-10 and total and subscale scores from T-FS-IS (p < 0.001). This prospective study defines swallowing related problems of toddlers with DS. The study results highlight the importance of early investigation of (i) swallowing concerns in children with DS, and (ii) caregivers’ quality of life to define swallowing problems and plan an appropriate swallowing related management program.
... Demographic data (age and sex), month of presentation, presentation symptoms to the pediatric emergency department, weight, height and head circumference measurements were recorded for patients in group 1 and 2. Laboratory tests (complete blood count, blood gas analysis, biochemical parameters, and C-reactive protein), imaging methods (direct X-ray, computed tomography, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging), and outcomes (discharge, or admission to the ward or intensive care) were recorded for group 1. Reference ranges for Turkish children with DS were used in the interpretation of anthropometric measurements (13). ...
Objective:The purpose of this study was to evaluate Down syndrome (DS) cases presenting to the pediatric emergency department and to compare them with DS cases with clinical presentations for routine check-ups. Method: DSMethod:DS patients presenting to the pediatric emergency department of a tertiary hospital between 01.10.2018 and 31.03.2019 (group 1) and DS patients presenting for routine clinical check-ups (group 2) were included in the study. Patients’ demographic data (age and gender), weight, height ad head circumference measurements, and data for general health were examined.Results:Forty-one patients (13 girls, 28 boys) with a mean age of 50.24±48.4 (1-163) months were enrolled in group 1, and 49 cases (17 girls, 32 boys) with a mean age of 52.94±50.1 (1-168) months in group 2. Cases in group 1 had higher rates of heart disease (p=0.004), drug use for heart disease (p=0.038), thyroid disease (0.001), and drug use for thyroid disease (p=0.001) compared to group 2, while engagement in sporting activity was significantly higher among cases in group 2 (p=0.32) than in group 1. There was no difference between the groups in terms of anthropometric measurements.Conclusion:DS cases presenting to the pediatric emergency department differ from DS cases presenting for routine check-ups in terms of general health status and accompanying diseases. Pediatric practitioners can be more knowledgeable about cases with DS who are admitted to the emergency department.
... Meanwhile, DS children without CHD had a better nutritional status which was 64.5%. 15 Meguid et al 16 , involving children with DS aged 0-18 years in Turkey, found that children with CHD had lower body weight compared to children without CHD. However, height and head circumference showed no differences. ...
... Parameters such as TSH, T4, and the size of heart defects were considered, and the measurements were also made periodically. 16 The frequency of hospitalizations in a month was significantly different in both groups, with the most common cause was bronchopneumonia. This finding is in concordance with the previous study in Florida that determines the frequency, duration, and cost of hospitalization for 2,552 DS children without, mild, and severe CHD. ...
Down syndrome (DS) or trisomy 21, causes overexpression of genes in most affected organs, including congenital heart disease (CHD). CHD is found in 40-60% of people with DS, with a high mortality rate in early life.Clinical signs and symptoms often found are essential indicators of early diagnosis of CHD. This study aimed todetermine the clinical characteristics of DS children with and without CHD. This study was a retrospective study.The study was conducted on August until October 2019. We took data from the inpatient and outpatient medicalrecords database for the years 2017-2019 in Dr. Kariadi Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia. Some informationincludes clinical signs and symptoms, nutritional status, comorbidities, and frequency of hospitalization in amonth were collected. A total of 66 patients were diagnosed with DS, consisting of 44 DS patients with CHDand 22 DS patients without CHD. There were no differences in nutritional status, interrupted breastfeeding, chestretraction, respiratory rate, thyroid disorder, hearing abnormalities, acute otitis media, and obstructive sleepapnea in both groups (p> 0.05). There were significant differences in the clinical characteristics of cyanosis(p=0.005), heart murmur (p=<0.001), and frequency of acute respiratory tract infection in a year (p=<0.001), andfrequency of hospitalization per month (p=0.039) in DS children with and without CHD. In conclusion, we foundsignificant difference in clinical characteristic in DS children with and without CHD.
... Several countries have produced their specific centile growth chart, for example, Dutch, United Arab Emirates, and Turkish. 21,28, 29 There are several controversial about the association of maternal conditions and risk of DS. In this study, DS was commonly found among mothers between 31-35 years of age. ...
Introduction: Down syndrome (DS) is the most common chromosomal disorder. DS characterized by multiple congenital anomaly caused by trisomy 21This study was designed to evaluate the karyotype pattern, clinical features and risk factors of patients with Down syndrome. Method: Data were obtained from a retrospective analysis of a questionnaire from Down syndrome patients. Result: A total of 34 patients were studied, with 67,6% of males. Out of 34 patients, there were 25 children (73,5%) with no cytogenetic test, 4 children (11,7%) with lost cytogenetic test, 3 children (8,82%) with free trisomy (non-disjunction), 1 (2,9%) with translocation, and 1 (2,9%) with mosaics. Maternal age categories showed one mother less than 20 years, two mothers between 21-25 years, four mothers were between 25 and 30 years, 12 mothers were between 31 and 35 years, ten mothers were between 31 and 40 years, and five mothers were over 41 years of age. The most common clinical features in this study are Congenital Heart Disease (CHD), which was recognized in 9 (26,4%) patients with five patients had Atrial Septal Defect (ASD), two patients had ASD and Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD), two patients had Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA). All of them followed by dental problems in 8 (23,5%) patients, ophthalmology problems in 6 (17,6%) patients, digestive problems in 4 (11,7%) patients, seizure in 1 (2,9%) patient, hormonal problems in 1 (2,9%) patient, and hearing problem in 1 (2,9%) patient. There is no significant difference in CHD prevalence between each maternal age group (p = 0776, p>0.05). Conclusion: Down syndrome has a higher prevalence in males and is frequently seen among mothers between 31 -35 years of age, yet maternal age did not seem to influence CHD prevalence significantly. Early diagnosis and proper screening should be undertaken among these patients.
... 5 Down syndrome causes widespread growth retardation, which is approximately -2 SD in the growth chart compared with the normal population. 12 The annual growth rate is lower and final lengths are shorter than those of the healthy population even after a normal puberty period. 12 Owing to the low growth rate and total growth retardation, auricles of patients with Down syndrome might reach the final auricle size later and are small than those of the normal population. ...
... 12 The annual growth rate is lower and final lengths are shorter than those of the healthy population even after a normal puberty period. 12 Owing to the low growth rate and total growth retardation, auricles of patients with Down syndrome might reach the final auricle size later and are small than those of the normal population. However, to our knowledge, no systematic study has focused on this issue in children with Down syndrome in general and no study has compared differences between female and male patients. ...
In this study, we aimed to measure the auricle dimensions of individuals with Down syndrome, which are known to have different anomalies, and to evaluate the auricle development from birth. 18 groups were formed, consisting of individuals from the neonatal period to age 18 years. Additionally, individuals older than 18 years old were added as an adult group (19 groups in total). Each group has 20 individuals. Measurements were taken in six dimensions. These measurements included the distance from the suprahelix to infralobule (A), helix to tragus (B), antihelix to tragus (C), concha attachment point to tragus (D), suprahelix to the mastoid, (E), and helix to mastoid at the tragus level (F). It was found that the A value reached adult size at the age of 13 in both boys and girls. For the B, D, and E values, it was found that sizes reach the adult size at the ages of 5, 8, and 7 for both genders, respectively. The C value reached adult size in boys by age 1, but there was no significant difference for girls between the adult and any age value. It was found that the F value reached the adult size at age of 4 for boys and 5 for girls. These results may be a guide for individuals with Down syndrome in terms of the surgical timing of the auricle if necessary.
... This finding is in keeping with several previous studies e.g., Crounk et al. [13], Meguid et al. [14], Tüysüz et al. [22] and Bravo-Valenzuela et al. [23]. All of these studies found that CHD has a detrimental factor in the growth of DS children and the growth impairment tend to affect mainly DS children below the age of three years. ...
