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Background:
This study developed age- and sex-specific normative-referenced percentile values for five physical fitness tests across a wide age range of Canadians, using a nationally representative sample.
Data and methods:
The data are from 5,188 Canadians (50.1% female) and were collected as part of cycle 5 of the Canadian Health Measures Surv...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... age groups were collapsed by calculating the mean score across percentiles by five-year age groups between ages 20 and 69 for the mCAFT, sit-and-reach flexibility test, jumping height test and jumping power test, and between ages 20 and 79 for handgrip strength. Tables 1 to 5 show the sex-and age-specific percentile values (P 5 , P 10 , P 20 , P 30 , P 40 , P 50 , P 60 , P 70 , P 80 , P 90 and P 95 ) for the five fitness measures. Figure 2 shows the percentile curves for the 10th, 50th and 90th percentiles for each of the five fitness measures across different age and sex groups. ...Context 2
... was followed by incremental increases until roughly age 18, and then performance declined with age. For grip strength, females displayed pronounced increases between ages 6 and 19 (P 10 : 235%, P 50 : 193%, P 90 : 168%), followed by incremental increases until approximately age 35, and then a gradual decline with age (table 1). ...Similar publications
Introduction
The use of normative values and/or standards of functional fitness in adults is relevant to overall health and well-being. The objectives of the study were: to identify the physical tests of the senior fitness test (SFT) that have been applied since its proposal and to describe the proposed percentiles according to age, sex and country...
Citations
... These low levels of PA in both groups prior to the intervention may have had an impact on children's baseline VO2max values (group 1: 43.8 ± 0.6 mlO2/kg/min vs. group 2: 47.8 ± 0.6 mlO2/kg/min). These baseline values even fell below the established Canadian norms (48.0 to 51.0 mlO2/kg/min) for the same age group (Hoffmann et al., 2019) [69]. ...
Cette thèse aborde deux enjeux susceptibles d’entraver le développement global des enfants d’âge scolaire : le manque d’activité physique et la présence d’un trouble déficitaire de l’attention avec ou sans hyperactivité (TDAH). Ces problématiques sont majeures en raison de leur forte prévalence et de leur influence négative sur la trajectoire du développement cognitif, physique et moteur, affectif, social et langagier des enfants, augmentant ainsi leur risque de présenter des vulnérabilités dans un ou plusieurs de ces domaines. Face à ces défis, l’intégration de l’activité physique en milieu scolaire, et plus spécifiquement l’apprentissage physiquement actif en classe, est une approche prometteuse. Cependant, peu d’études ont documenté les effets de cette approche sur le développement global de l’enfant. De plus, il existe peu de ressources pour les enseignantes et les enseignants leur permettant d’intégrer facilement cette approche en classe, notamment dans les milieux francophones. Cette thèse vise donc à concevoir un outil d’apprentissage physiquement actif adapté au contexte scolaire, en collaboration avec des enseignantes et enseignants, et à évaluer son efficacité sur le développement global des enfants avec ou sans TDAH. Le premier article de la thèse est une revue systématique de la littérature qui récence les bénéfices de l’activité physique sur le développement global des enfants ayant un TDAH. Il démontre une influence positive sur les cinq domaines du développement global de l’enfant, avec un effet marqué sur le développement des fonctions cognitives et de la motricité, en plus d’atténuer les symptômes d’inattention et d’hyperactivité. Le deuxième article décrit et analyse le processus de cocréation de l’outil d’apprentissage physiquement actif et de sa mise en place dans quatre classes de 4e année (N = 7 enseignants et 82 élèves). Les résultats soulignent le potentiel de l’outil d’apprentissage physiquement actif et l’importance des enseignantes et des enseignants dans le processus de co-construction. Le troisième article se concentre sur l’évaluation de l’efficacité de l’outil d’apprentissage physiquement actif, en analysant l’influence du niveau d’activité physique et d’un diagnostic de TDAH sur l’efficacité de l’outil. En somme, la thèse met en lumière l’importance de l’activité physique pour le développement global des enfants, en particulier ceux atteints de TDAH, et propose une solution concrète pour intégrer l’activité physique dans le milieu scolaire à travers l’apprentissage physiquement actif.
... kg −1. min −1 ) would rank these participants at the lower percentiles for fitness; specifically in the 10th and 5th percentiles, respectively, for age-matched Canadians aged ~ 70 years (Lewthwaite et al. 2020;Hoffmann et al. 2019). Whilst the 33% lower V O 2 peak in the AF compared with CHD participants agrees with a number of existing reports (Reed et al. 2018;Elliott et al. 2021;Atwood et al. 2007;Ueshima et al. 1993), there are two strong confounding contributing factors that warrant mentioning: i. the AF participants were on average 14 years older and ii. ...
Purpose
Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise is safe and beneficial in atrial fibrillation (AF) and coronary heart disease (CHD). Irregular or rapid heart rates (HR) in AF and other heart conditions create a challenge to using HR to monitor exercise intensity. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential of breathing frequency (BF) to monitor exercise intensity in people with AF and CHD without AF.
Methods
This observational study included 30 AF participants (19 Male, 70.7 ± 8.7 yrs) and 67 non-AF CHD participants (38 Male, 56.9 ± 11.4 yrs). All performed an incremental maximal exercise test with pulmonary gas exchange.
Results
Peak aerobic power in AF (V˙\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\dot{\text{V}}}$$\end{document}O2peak; 17.8 ± 5.0 ml.kg⁻¹.min⁻¹) was lower than in CHD (26.7 ml.kg⁻¹.min⁻¹) (p < .001). BF responses in AF and CHD were similar (BF peak: AF 34.6 ± 5.4 and CHD 36.5 ± 5.0 breaths.min⁻¹; p = .106); at the 1st ventilatory threshold (BF@VT-1: AF 23.2 ± 4.6; CHD 22.4 ± 4.6 breaths.min⁻¹; p = .240). %V˙\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\dot{\text{V}}}$$\end{document}O2peak at VT-1 were similar in AF and CHD (AF: 59%; CHD: 57%; p = .656).
Conclusion
With the use of wearable technologies on the rise, that now include BF, this first study provides an encouraging potential for BF to be used in AF and CHD. As the supporting data are based on incremental ramp protocol results, further research is required to assess BF validity to manage exercise intensity during longer bouts of exercise.
... The test to measure leg power uses a vertical jump (Figueiredo et al., 2020;Krishnan et al., 2017). The test to measure leg flexibility uses a sit-and-reach (flexometer) device in centimeters (cm) (Hoffmann et al., 2019;Norambuena et al., 2020). A test to measure butterfly swimming starts with a meter and a whistle. ...
This study aims to explore the relationship between leg muscle strength, leg power, and leg flexibility with the butterfly swimming start ability. A descriptive method with correlational study technique was used with a population consisting of Swimming Association athletes, and a sample of 12 male athletes who met the age and swimming ability criteria set. Data were collected through surveys, tests, and measurements, then analyzed using the product moment correlation technique and test-retest for validity and reliability. The results showed a significant relationship between leg muscle strength, leg power, and leg flexibility with the butterfly swimming start ability, with leg power showing the strongest relationship. Specifically, leg muscle strength had a correlation of 66.67%, leg power had a correlation of 83.33%, and leg flexibility had a correlation of 50.00% with the butterfly swimming start ability. These findings provide valuable insights for coaches and athletes in designing more effective training programs to enhance butterfly swimming start ability. Keywords: strength, power, flexibility, swimming start
... Average percentile values achieved on certain physical fitness indicators based on the normative published by Hoffmann et al. [15]. ...
This protocol was developed to allow evaluators to collect up-to-date data and produce a comprehensive annual assessment through several specific indicators and ensure the outcomes that include the most relevant evidence about physical activity/exercise for esports players from each country and recognition of particular barriers for physical activity/exercise. For this reason, this manuscript aims to create a methodology that will provide a better basis for establishing a standardized monitoring system on physical exercise and performance in esports players at national and regional levels as well as globally. This study protocol proposed 20 sociodemographic indicators that are available online and it will be compiled to identify the characteristics of the participating countries and describe country's demographic profile. On the other hand, this protocol proposed nine content indicators that were singled out for the assessment of physical exercise and performance in esports players. To evaluate each of the content indicators, a separate analysis has to be conducted, and a ten-point grading scale will be employed. This study protocol will initiate the national evaluators (researchers) to meet annually to produce national reports (the Country Factsheets) that will ensure effective and dynamic linkages between research and practice.
... apparently healthy vs condition/ disease population), CRF outcome measurement method (i.e. direct vs indirect method), average CRF levels at baseline (age-specific and sex-specific low CRF: ≤ 50th percentile vs high CRF > 50th percentile [59]; female percentiles were used if the sample included both male and female individuals), degree of intervention effectiveness for sedentary behaviour (e.g. intervention had a statistically significant effect on overall sedentary time in hour/day), intervention duration (e.g. ...
... However, these findings and those of our review suggest that SB interventions, which likely have less of an effect on MVPA [110], can maintain and in some cases improve CRF. This is an important finding given the known age-related declines in adult CRF [59,111,112], suggesting that incidental/lower intensity physical activity may be sufficient to maintain, but not improve, CRF. This has implications for populations in whom increasing MVPA may be a challenge, but reducing or interrupting SB may be more feasible. ...
Background
Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is an important indicator of current and future health. While the impact of habitual physical activity on CRF is well established, the role of sedentary behaviour (SB) remains less understood.
Objective
We aimed to determine the effect of SB on CRF.
Methods
Searches were conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL and SPORTDiscus from inception to August 2022. Randomised controlled trials, quasi-experimental studies and cohort studies that assessed the relationship between SB and CRF were eligible. Narrative syntheses and meta-analyses summarised the evidence, and Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) certainty was based on evidence from randomised controlled trials.
Results
This review included 18 studies that focused on youth (four randomised controlled trials, three quasi-experimental studies, 11 cohort studies) and 24 on adult populations (15 randomised controlled trials, five quasi-experimental studies, four cohort studies). In youth and adults, evidence from randomised controlled trials suggests mixed effects of SB on CRF, but with the potential for interventions to improve CRF. Quasi-experimental and cohort studies also support similar conclusions. Certainty of evidence was very low for both age groups. A meta-analysis of adult randomised controlled trials found that interventions targeting reducing SB, or increasing physical activity and reducing SB, had a significant effect on post-peak oxygen consumption (mean difference = 3.16 mL.kg–1.min–1, 95% confidence interval: 1.76, 4.57).
Conclusions
Evidence from randomised controlled trials indicates mixed associations between SB and CRF, with the potential for SB to influence CRF, as supported by meta-analytical findings. Further well-designed trials are warranted to confirm the relationship between SB and CRF, explore the effects of SB independent from higher intensity activity, and investigate the existence of such relationships in paediatric populations.
Clinical Trial Registration
PROSPERO CRD42022356218.
... The study established normative functional fitness scores for 3332 older adults aged 55 to 90 or older. The most significant finding of this study is the consistent and progressive age-specific decline in performance on all functional fitness test variables for both men and women, which aligns with the previous literature demonstrating that functional fitness indicators of the elderly decline with age for both genders [12,[22][23][24][25][26][27]. Demura et al. [28] conducted a study on 75-year-olds and confirmed that physical fitness declines with age. ...
... The normative values for all functional fitness measurements differ between women and men, with men exhibiting better muscle strength parameters, including grip strength, upper-and lower-body strength, and upper-and lower-body flexibility. This finding is consistent with previous evidence regarding the decline in functional fitness with advancing age [24,25]. Aging data in terms of gender show that the decrease in muscle mass with age, along with a decrease in muscle density and an increase in inter-muscular fat mass, is most prominent in women [32]. ...
Background: Physical activity (PA) and functional fitness (FF) are crucial for promoting independent living and healthy aging in older adults. However, there is a lack of normative values for the Senior Fitness Test (SFT) among older adults (aged 55–90) living in southern rural Taiwan, particularly in the Chiayi region, which has been relatively underserved in terms of health-related resources compared to northern Taiwan. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the age- and gender-specific normative fitness scores for a large representative population of community-dwelling older adults in southern rural Taiwan. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted to obtain normative FF scores for 3332 community-dwelling elderly people (1057 men and 2275 women) in Chiayi, through the implementation of functional fitness tests across 72 Chiayi communities. The developed normative data served as a reference for exercise prescription for the elderly in southern Taiwan. Results: The study showed that the average normative values of all functional fitness tests declined significantly with increasing age (p < 0.05). Sex differences were also found in all measures of FF tests, with elderly women scoring significantly better than men on flexibility (scratch back: −1.34 ± 9.03 vs. −6.54 ± 11.07; chair sit and reach: 6.56 ± 9.44 vs. 0.56 ± 10.40) (p < 0.05), while men scored significantly higher than women on strength (grip strength: 30.83 ± 8.06 vs. 21.82 ± 5.32; bicep curl: 19.25 ± 5.44 vs. 17.64 ± 4.98) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, four FF normative scores in southern rural Taiwan were found to be significantly higher than their counterparts living in northern Taiwan. Conclusion: These findings contribute positively to the evaluation of fitness levels among older adults in southern rural Taiwan and provide a concrete reference for developing sound PA programs for this population. The results suggest that strategies aimed at promoting increased participation in PA among older adults need to consider age-, sex-, and region-specific factors.
... Because normative-referenced values are time dependent and often outdated, such data need to be updated to best reflect the fitness levels of contemporary youth (18). While international (19), regional (20), and country-specific (21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29) fitness normative values are available for a range of fitness tests and age groups, only outdated normative values (pre-2000) exist for Czech youth (30)(31)(32)(33). Furthermore, existing Czech normative-referenced values were developed using fitness tests that are no longer used in schools or not considered health-related, and often, these normative values were not developed using modern rigorous statistical methods (such as the widely used Lambda Mu Sigma (LMS) method (34). ...
... Our results are broadly consistent with other studies that have presented health-related fitness normative values for youth (21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29). Typically, boys have higher cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness performance compared to girls, with age-related improvements larger for boys, resulting in a widening sex gap with age (20). ...
Objectives: The aim of this study was to developed sex- and age-specific normative-referenced percentile values for health-related fitness among 12 to 18 years old Czech youth.
Methods: This study included cross-sectional data from 1,173 participants (50.7% boys) collected between 2013 and 2016. Participants were recruited from 32 elementary or secondary schools across eight cities located in the Czech Republic. Health-related fitness was objectively measured using both anthropometric (height, body mass, and sum of skinfolds) and performance (20-m shuttle run for cardiorespiratory endurance, modified push-ups for muscular strength/endurance, and V sit-and-reach for flexibility) tests. Sex- and age-specific normative values were calculated using the Lambda Mu Sigma method. Sex- and age-related differences in means were expressed as standardized effect sizes.
Results: Normative percentiles were tabulated and displayed as smoothed curves. Among boys, measures of health-related fitness generally increased with age, except for an age-related decline in the sum of skinfolds and a plateau in V sit-and-reach. Among girls, most measures of health-related fitness increased from age 12 to 16 years before stabilizing, except for the sum of skinfolds, which remained stable from age 12 to 18 years. The sex-related differences were large with boys having higher cardiorespiratory endurance and muscular strength/endurance than girls. Girls compared to boys had higher flexibility.
Conclusions: This study presents the most up-to-date sex- and age-specific normative-referenced percentile values for health-related fitness among Czech youth. Normative values may be useful for fitness and public health screening and surveillance, for example, by helping to identify youth with low fitness who might benefit from a fitness-enhancing intervention.
... In the CFP, flexibility is assessed using a standard sit-and-reach (SaR) box, an indirect measurement of low back and hamstring flexibility. While there are significant limitations to the SaR test, it is low cost, portable, reproducible, simple to perform, and has available normative reference data for a wide range of ages [22] and thus is a widely used standard. ...
... Since the participants were enrolled between 1 and 4 months depending on individual circumstances, a standard time point of 60 days was utilized for comparison and thus patients who were missing 60-day assessment flexibility data were excluded. Participants' SaR were compared to populations' norms [22], analyzed as a group and stratified by sex and sternotomy history. Specifically, each participant's SaR was compared to the 50th percentile for their age and sex at the time of the assessment and the difference was calculated. ...
... Physical activity and exercise are associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes [39] and flexibility is an important component of exercise. Flexibility is known to be greater in females than males [22,40] and differences in flexibility between sexes persists with age [22]. Differences in SaR flexibility between males and females is linked to greater hip flexibility as well as differences in spine, pelvic, and thoracic angles between males and females [41] and in post-pubertal females is, in part, attributed to the effect of estrogen on increasing ligamentous laxity [42]. ...
Flexibility is important for range of motion, muscular performance, and injury prevention with exercise. Promoting exercise is important for patients with congenital and pediatric acquired heart disease (CHD), yet there are a paucity of data addressing flexibility in this population. We hypothesized that flexibility was worse in pediatric patients with CHD than the general population but could be improved with directed training. Patients at Boston Children’s Hospital who participated in the pediatric Cardiac Fitness Program between 09/2016 and 11/2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Flexibility was assessed via sit-and-reach (SaR) box. Data from baseline and 60 days into the fitness program intervention were compared to age-matched population norms, and changes over time were assessed. Analyses were also stratified by sex and history of sternotomy. Patients with paired baseline and 60-day data were analyzed (n = 46, age 8–23 years old, 52% male). The mean SaR at baseline for CHD patients was 24.3 cm, significantly lower than the population norm (p = 0.002). The mean for male (n = 24, 21.2 cm) and female (n = 22, 27.2 cm) CHD patients was significantly lower than their respective population norms (p = 0.017 and p = 0.026, respectively). After the fitness intervention, flexibility in CHD patients significantly improved to normal, including patients with a history of sternotomy. Flexibility was significantly lower in CHD patients than the general population, but normalized with training. Further research is warranted to investigate associations of flexibility with other measures of fitness, cardiovascular status, and quality of life, as well as benefits gained with training.
... Several publications have provided reference values for health-related fitness components among healthy youths from different countries. Normative values for a number of fitness reference values in children and adolescents are available from different countries and/or regions such as Asia (Zhang et al., 2020), Australia (Catley & Tomkinson, 2013), Europe (De Miguel-Etayo et al., 2014;Kolimechkov et al., 2019;Ortega et al., 2011a;Tomkinson et al., 2018), North America (Carrel et al., 2012;Hoffmann et al., 2019;Pate et al., 2006), South America (Garcia-Hermoso et al., 2021a; Ramírez-Vélez et al., 2019), or worldwide (Olds et al., 2006;). In preschoolers (3-6 years old), to date, three national studies from Chile (Godoy-Cumillaf et al., 2020), Poland (Przednowek et al., 2021), and Spain (Cadenas-Sanchez et al., 2019) report normative values in several physical fitness components. ...
Physical fitness is a key marker of health, not only in adulthood but also in childhood and adolescence. Ensuring and monitoring physical fitness during the first years of life should be regarded as one aspect of primary prevention and health promotion. It is considered one of the foundations of an active lifestyle later in life and its levels will have direct and indirect effects on health status and the prevention of disease in adulthood. This chapter is designed to provide an updated understanding of (1) the components of health-related physical fitness (cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, and body composition); (2) how measures of health-related fitness are influenced by growth and maturation; (3) the available laboratory and field-based health-related fitness tests from a health perspective, mainly centered on cardiorespiratory endurance and muscular fitness; (4) the tracking of health-related fitness from childhood and adolescence to adulthood; (5) the secular trends of health-related fitness components; (6) the health-related fitness components and their relationship with physical and mental health; and (7) the effects of physical training on health-related fitness.KeywordsBody compositionCardiorespiratory enduranceFlexibilityHealthMaximal oxygen intakeMotor fitnessMuscular enduranceMuscular strengthMuscular powerTraining
... Apart from grip strength [25,26], there are limited agespecific normative values for strength and physical function. The objective of this study is to provide normative values for grip strength and common performance-based tests of physical function and mobility including gait speed, TUG, single leg balance and five-repetition chair rise using a large population-based sample of community-dwelling adults aged 45-85 years from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Ageing (CLSA). ...
... Apart from grip strength [25,26], there are limited normative values for these measures that are both age-specific and include values other than the mean/median in mid to late-life adults [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. However, our results are in line with previous work showing that strength and mobility decline with age [11,14,25,40,41], higher grip strength in males compared to females [42], but similar performance in males and females for gait speed [43], TUG [11,44,45], single leg balance test [41,46,47] and five-repetition chair rise test [14]. ...
Background:
decreased muscle strength and physical function often precede disability, nursing home admission, home care use and mortality in older adults. Normative values for commonly used physical performance-based tests are not widely available for older adults but are required for clinicians and researchers to easily identify individuals with low performance.
Objective:
to develop normative values for grip strength, gait speed, timed up and go, single-leg balance and five-repetition chair rise tests in a large population-based sample of Canadians aged 45-85 years.
Methods:
baseline data (2011-2015) from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Ageing was used to estimate age- and sex-specific normative values for each of the physical tests. Participants were without disability or mobility limitation (no assistance with activities of daily living or use of mobility devices).
Results:
of the 25,470 participants eligible for the analyses 48.6% (n = 12,369) were female with a mean age of 58.6 ± 9.5 years. Sex-specific 5th, 10th, 20th, 50th, 80th, 90th and 95th percentile values for each physical performance-based test were estimated. Cross-validation (n = 100 repetitions) with a 30% holdout sample was used to evaluate model fit.
Conclusions:
the normative values developed in this paper can be used in clinical and research settings to identify individuals with low performance relative to their peers of the same age and sex. Interventions targeting these at-risk individuals including physical activity can prevent or delay mobility disability and the resulting cascade of increasing care requirements, health care costs and mortality.
