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![Gravimetric energy density and volumetric energy density (based on lower heating values) of fuels [19]. JP-8: jet propellant 8; E-10: ethanol-blended fuel; liq: liquid. Credit: US Department of Energy Fuel Cell Technologies Office.](publication/344853363/figure/fig6/AS:974403630297088@1609327337162/Gravimetric-energy-density-and-volumetric-energy-density-based-on-lower-heating-values.png)
Gravimetric energy density and volumetric energy density (based on lower heating values) of fuels [19]. JP-8: jet propellant 8; E-10: ethanol-blended fuel; liq: liquid. Credit: US Department of Energy Fuel Cell Technologies Office.
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Power to hydrogen (P2H) provides a promising solution to the geographic mismatch between sources of renewable energy and the market, due to its technological maturity, flexibility, and the availability of technical and economic data from a range of active demonstration projects. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the status of P2H, an...
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Context 1
... has the highest gravimetric energy density (120 MJÁkg À1 ), even though it has a lower volumetric energy density (2.7 MJÁL À1 for 350 bar (1 bar = 10 5 Pa) compressed hydrogen, 4.7 MJÁL À1 for 700 bar compressed hydrogen, and 2.36 MJÁL À1 for liquid hydrogen), compared with other common liquid fuels such as ethanol, propane, and gasoline ( Fig. 6 [19]). Second, hydrogen can store energy almost permanently, if proper storage methods are provided [8], compared with energy storage by batteries. Finally, hydrogen can be used in various ...
Citations
... Renewable energy sources (RES), particularly solar and wind energy, have emerged as promising candidates for powering hydrogen production processes. The integration of these renewable resources with electrolysis technologies holds tremendous potential for enabling sustainable and environmentally friendly hydrogen production at scale [7]. Power converters play a vital role in all these modern power system technologies. ...
In this paper, the control of a PV-battery-based DC microgrid is studied for powering the electrolyzer. Three-phase interleaving topology is implemented for three different converters , boost, four switches single inductor buck-boost (FSIB), and buck respectively. The MPPT and droop-based control is advised for maximum power extraction and DC bus voltage regulation. Finally, a backstepping-based robust nonlinear controller is developed for current and voltage control. The proposed controller aims to provide a solution for two control problems of the interleaving converter, smooth power sharing between different phases of each power converter, and fine tracking of the desired reference. The systematic control design approach also prevents the use of multiple PI loops. Moreover, it provides a large signal stability analysis of the system using Lyapunov theory under different load scenarios. The proposed algorithm is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink to verify the results through numerical simulations. Finally, the results are validated with real-time CHIL tests performed using tyhoon setup.
... In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to decrease carbon emissions by focusing on renewable energy production and energy storage. One option of energy storage is the conversion of power to hydrogen for later use as a fuel source [3][4][5]. Hydrogen can then e.g., be converted back to power by using fuel cells. Generally, there are two types of solid-oxide fuel cells, oxygen conducting (SOFC) and protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs) [6,7]. ...
... The name-giving component of the PCFCs is the proton conducting ceramic electrolyte. Well-studied ceramic proton conductors include acceptor-doped BaZrO 3 and BaCeO 3 as well as solid solutions of both materials [11][12][13][14][15]. BaZrO 3 is chemically more stable, while BaCeO 3 has a higher conductivity [16]. This work analyzes two compositions. ...
... Currently, there are four different methods are used and/ or studied for electrolysis: Alkaline-based (AEL), which is the most mature technology; Proton exchange membrane (PEMEL), which is also mature and offers more flexibility; Solid oxide electrolyzers (SOEL), which is highly efficient but still in the early stages of development; Anion exchange membrane (AEM), which combines the advantages of AEL and PEMEL. Additionally, small-scale units for AEM electrolysis are commercially available [43,44]. ...
The paper provides an overview of Power-to-Gas (P2G) technology using biomethanation and a proprietary biocatalyst. It addresses the issue of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuel combustion and proposes the integration of Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) technologies with P2G processes. Currently, the integration of CCUS and P2G is in conceptual stage. The paper emphasizes the sensitivity of biocatalysts to contamination in feed gases, particularly the negative impact of oxygen on methanation processes. Findings from measurements conducted in 2022 using a lab-scale prototype approve that post-combustion technologies can be successfully integrated into P2G technologies through the utilization of biomethanation processes. Various parameters, such as Carbon Dioxide Conversion (CDC), Volumetric Methane Production (VVD), and Higher Heating Value (HHV), were calculated based on the measured datasets. The high CDC value of 96.65%(V/V) and 68.03%(V/V) of methane content indicates successful integration of the two technologies, while increasing the CO2 source and applying higher pressure in the biomethanation reactor can further enhance VVD. In conclusion, the paper highlights the potential of P2G technology based on biomethanation and its integration with CCUS processes. The results obtained from the lab-scale prototype demonstrate promising conversion rates and suggest avenues for improving VVD.
... ; WILL HALL, 2020;Dolci, 2019;Debasish Mishra, 2020; Medisetty V. M., 2020;Xu, 2020;Sontakke, 2021;Ajanovic, 2018;Blazquez-Diaz, 2019;Glenk, 2019;Gökçek, 2018; Balat, 2010a,b; Medisetty V. M., 2020) MarketLimited fuel stations MA1(Tseng, 2005;Hu et al., 2020; Garcia D. A., 2017; Castillo, 2020a,b;Engineering, 2004;WILL HALL, 2020;Debasish Mishra, 2020; Medisetty V. M., 2020;Xu, 2020;Sontakke, 2021) Absence of localization of relevant material components and source technology MA2(Lee, 2021;Castillo, 2020a,b; Medisetty V. M., XuM. o, 2007; Lee, 2021; Debasish Mishra, 2020; Medisetty V. M., 2020; Xu, 2020; Gye, 2019; Stehlík, 2019) Supply of water for electrolysis TE4 (Energy M. o, 2007; Technology, 2010; Medisetty V. M., 2020; Moradi, 2019; Hu et al., 2020) Lack of hydrogen storage capacity TE5 (Lee, 2021; Engineering, 2004; Debasish Mishra, 2020; Medisetty V. M., 2020; Sontakke, 2021; Gye, 2019; Stehlík, 2019) Consumer Behaviour High ownership cost of hydrogen vehicles CB1 (Energy M. o, 2007; Garcia D. A., 2017; Lee, 2021; Xu, 2020; Chang, 2019; Tsunemi, 2019; Al-Amin, 2016) Safety issues for hydrogen transport and delivery CB2 (Energy M. o, 2007; Garcia D. A., 2017; Lee, 2021; Medisetty, 2020a,b; Gye, 2019; Stehlík, 2019; Al-Amin, 2016) Lack of awareness about hydrogen as fuel CB3 (Blazquez-Diaz, 2019; Glenk, 2019; Gökçek, 2018; Xu, 2020; Al-Amin, 2016) RegulatoryComplex and lengthy government approval process RE1(Hart, 2009; Garcia, 2017a,b;Lee, 2021;Engineering, 2004;Debasish Mishra, 2020; Medisetty, 2020a,b;Sontakke, 2021;Xu, 2020) Lack of supporting policy & regulations RE2(Tseng, 2005;Lee, 2021;Sontakke, 2021;Hart, 2009; Garcia, 2017a,b;Dolci, 2019;Debasish Mishra, 2020; Medisetty, 2020a,b;Xu, 2020) Absence of codes and standards RE3(Hart, 2009;Energy M. o, 2007;Lee, 2021;Debasish Mishra, 2020; Medisetty, 2020a,b;Xu, 2020;Sontakke, 2021) Absence of hydrogen pricing mechanism RE4(Tseng, 2005;WILL HALL, 2020;Xu, 2020;Blazquez-Diaz, 2019;Glenk, 2019;Gökçek, 2018) Flowchart of research methodology. ...
The environmental impact of the transport sector has a significant contribution in the carbon emissions. To reduce fossil fuel consumption and promote clean fuel, many countries are considering hydrogen as an alternative fuel and a bridge to sustainable development and achieve net zero target. Indian government has taken multiple policy initiatives to promote hydrogen fuel adoption in India. But nevertheless, the major presence of the multiple barriers limits the mass adoption of hydrogen as a preferred fuel. Therefore, identification and assessment of the key internal and external barriers of the hydrogen fuel vehicles adoption is required to mitigate the climate change issues. This study has identified and analyzed the barriers. The criticality assessment of the barriers is done by fuzzy based hybrid approach analytic hierarchy process. Later, sensitivity experiments are conducted to verify the robustness of the model. The findings of the study show that technical barriers are most critical barriers in the adoption of hydrogen fuel vehicles in India. The result of the study also indicates that India would require to build the hydrogen supply network and infrastructure, improve consumer awareness, favourable policies and develop efficient production technology for the mass adoption of hydrogen as a fuel.
... As one of the leading countries in hydrogen production and storage technologies, Germany is engaged in extensive R&D activities [6,113,114], shows a high technology readiness level, especially in industrial processes [113,115], and aims to become a technology-leading country along the whole value chain [52,79]. However, the interviewees revealed the potential for technology optimization toward reduced design variation. ...
... As one of the leading countries in hydrogen production and storage technologies, Germany is engaged in extensive R&D activities [6,113,114], shows a high technology readiness level, especially in industrial processes [113,115], and aims to become a technology-leading country along the whole value chain [52,79]. However, the interviewees revealed the potential for technology optimization toward reduced design variation. ...
The global trend towards decarbonization and the demand for energy security have put hydrogen energy into the spotlight of industry, politics, and societies. Numerous governments worldwide are adopting policies and strategies to facilitate the transition towards hydrogen-based economies. To assess the determinants of such transition, this study presents a comparative analysis of the technological innovation systems (TISs) for hydrogen technologies in Germany and South Korea, both recognized as global front-runners in advancing and implementing hydrogen-based solutions. By providing a multi-dimensional assessment of pathways to the hydrogen economy, our analysis introduces two novel and crucial elements to the TIS analysis: (i) We integrate the concept of ‘quality infrastructure’ given the relevance of safety and quality assurance for technology adoption and social acceptance, and (ii) we emphasize the social perspective within the hydrogen. To this end, we conducted 24 semi-structured expert interviews, applying qualitative open coding to analyze the data. Our results indicate that the hydrogen TISs in both countries have undergone significant developments across various dimensions. However, several barriers still hinder the further realization of a hydrogen economy. Based on our findings, we propose policy implications that can facilitate informed policy decisions for a successful hydrogen transition.
... Therefore, according to the hourly wave hindcast data from WCM and WM for 2020, the H s − T e bins with the most abundant wave energy in the three target regions and the difference of wave energy reserves in the H s − T e bins of the two models caused by WCI was analyzed. Since the voltage value in the circuit of the state power grid must be strictly limited within an undulation ±10% of the nominal value, it is required that wave-generated electricity be as stable and continuous as possible, otherwise it will increase the difficulty of its connection to the power grid [1,43,44]. Considering the stability of WEC power output, it is better to let a WEC have a high conversion efficiency under the sea state with the highest frequency of occurrence. Therefore, we analyzed the H s − T e bins with the highest frequency of occurrences in the three target regions and the difference of the H s − T e bins with the highest frequency of the two models caused by WCI. ...
... As nuclear energy-related projects usually belong to state-owned initiatives, R&I directions of private energy companies might be focused on the second stage of the hydrogen value chain, such as developing different water electrolysis technologies to produce pink hydrogen or integrating decentralized renewable electricity and green hydrogen production. Currently, four different methods for electrolysis are used and/or studied: (1) alkaline-based (AEL), which is the most mature technology; (2) proton exchange membrane (PEMEL), which is also mature and more flexible technology; (3) solid oxide electrolysers (SOEL), which is highly efficient but not mature; and (4) anion exchange membrane (AEM), which combines the advantages of AEL and PEMEL and small-scale units are commercially available (Hu et al. 2020;Fasihi et al. 2016). Regarding the technology readiness levels (TRL), AEL and PEMEL with TRL8-9 are close to widespread application in a commercial scale, while SOEL and AEM with TRL5-6 need further research and validation in an industrial environment (Varela et al. 2021;Ferreira et al. 2023). ...
While decarbonization and hydrogen energy are at the top of European policymakers' agenda, research and innovation (R&I) management of energy companies must focus on clean technologies (cleantech) which could decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the sector. The Central European energy sector, however, might face a decarbonization challenge because of the specific geopolitical situation, so aligning R&I directions with regional policy and conditions seem to be crucial to accelerate sectoral and corporate adaptation. This study focuses on the decarbonization progress and strategies of the Visegrád 4 (V4) countries, concerning some of the most promising hydrogen-driven cleantech R&I directions which might induce strategic changes in Central European energy companies. Besides promoting renewable energy sources, results show that V4 strategies usually include the development of nuclear energy capacities to reduce GHG emissions and using the extended natural gas infrastructure for renewable energy storage. The analysed cleantech innovations are included but usually not central in these strategies. Strategic changes in energy companies, however, could be driven by these promising R&I directions, e.g., the hydrogen economy development by power-to-X (P2X) technologies, industrial decarbonization by carbon capture, utilization or storage (CCUS) technologies in the mid-term, and cross-sectoral integration and optimization by smart energy system (SES) development in the long-term.
... For instance, in 2016, the global hydrogen transport pipeline network was around 4500 km (~36 % in the EU region and ~ 58 % in the US) [33]. Another possibility that has been receiving increasing attention in recent times is the scenario of injecting hydrogen into natural gas grids either to supply a new energy mix (natural gas and hydrogen) or to separate the hydrogen in the destination and deliver pure gas to the final users' markets [33][34][35]. However, exporting large quantities of renewable energy, through the hydrogen vector, over long distances (especially cross-ocean) is a complex multi-criteria decisionmaking problem. ...
Over the last five decades, there have been several phases of interest in the so-called hydrogen economy,
stemming from the need for either energy security enhancement or climate change mitigation. None of these
phases has been successful in terms of a major market development, mainly due to the lack of cost competitiveness
and partially due to technology readiness challenges. Nevertheless, a new phase has begun very recently,
which despite holding original objectives has the new motivation to be fully green, i.e. based on renewable
energy. This new movement has already initiated bipartisan cooperation of some energy importing countries and
those with abundant renewable energy resources and supporting infrastructure. One key challenge in this context
is the diversity of pathways for the (national and international) export of non-electricity renewable energy. This
poses another challenge, that is the need for an agnostic tool for comparing various supply chain pathways fairly
while considering various techno-economic factors such as renewable energy sources, hydrogen production and
conversion technologies, transport, and destination markets, along with all associated uncertainties.
This paper addresses the above challenge by introducing a probabilistic decision analysis cycle methodology
for evaluating various renewable energy supply chain pathways based on the hydrogen vector. The decision
support tool is generic and can accommodate any kind of renewable chemical and fuel supply chain option. As a
case study, we have investigated eight supply chain options composed of two electrolysers (alkaline and
membrane) and four carrier options (compressed hydrogen, liquefied hydrogen, methanol, and ammonia) for
export from Australian ports to three destinations in Singapore, Japan, and Germany. The results clearly show
the complexity of decision making induced by multiple factors, and that the preferred supply chain combination
(electrolyser technology, green energy carrier) in terms of least cost strongly depends on whether the expected
levelized cost of hydrogen (ELCOH) or the expected levelized cost of energy (ELCOE) is used as a decision criterion.
For instance, with ELCOH for the case study, under the given input parameters, the Ammonia combination
with alkaline electrolysers (AE-NH3) becomes the least-cost supply chain option for Singapore, Japan, and
Germany with values of 8.60, 8.78 and 9.63 $/kgH2, respectively. This leaves liquid hydrogen (with alkaline
electrolysers) as the second-best supply chain route, with ELCOH values of 9.05, 9.39 and 10.70 $/kgH2,
respectively. However, with ELCOE, methanol (with alkaline electrolysers) becomes the preferred supply chain
path for all destinations, and liquid hydrogen (with alkaline electrolysers) keeps its place as the second-best
alternative.
... There are various technical options for this with varying degrees of technical maturity, including the membrane process, pressure swing adsorption and electrochemical separation. Separation of hydrogen from hydrogenmethane mixtures with a lower hydrogen content (10%) is technically feasible [68]. In this case, high overall yields can be achieved as well as the fuel cell quality required with a hydrogen content of 99.97% [69]. ...
... The main advantage of using the gas infrastructure simultaneously is the reduced need for modification of the existing infrastructure. The main disadvantages are the additional cost of separation and the resulting loss of efficiency [68,71]. In addition, the proportion of hydrogen in the mixture cannot be increased arbitrarily. ...
Due to the decarbonization of the energy system, natural gas will only play a minor role as an energy source after 2045. To decarbonize the gas supply in the future, there are two options for green gases: hydrogen or biomethane. The injection of green gases into the existing gas infrastructure leads to changes in the gas composition, requiring a consideration of the framework conditions for distribution. Adjustments to the grid for transport may be required. Consequently, this paper presents the main characteristics of hydrogen and biomethane and examines the suitability of the gas infrastructure for their transportation. A case study for the development of gas infrastructure in Germany is presented. The focus is on the further development of biogas, concentrating on the question of which biogas should optimally be upgraded in the future to enable its be distribution in the long term.
... Furthermore, some have operated for over 60 years (Edwards et al., 2021). However, as (Hu et al., 2020) and (Edwards et al., 2021) point out, building H 2 pipes is more costly than building methane pipelines. Indeed, the average cost of constructing a 30 cm diameter H 2 pipeline is around 854 USD per meter (van der Zwaan et al., 2011), which is roughly 10%-20% more expensive than methane pipelines . ...
Hydrogen (H2) is a possible energy transporter and feedstock for energy decarbonization, transportation, and chemical sectors while reducing global warming's consequences. The predominant commercial method for producing H2 today is steam methane reforming (SMR). However, there is still room for development in process intensification, energy optimization, and environmental concerns related to CO2 emissions. Reactors using metallic membranes (MRs) can handle both problems. Compared to traditional reactors, MRs operates at substantially lower pressures and temperatures. As a result, capital and operational costs may be significantly cheaper than traditional reactors. Furthermore, metallic membranes (MMs), particularly Pd and its alloys, naturally permit only H2 permeability, enabling the production of a stream with a purity of up to 99.999%. This review describes several methods for H2 production based on the energy sources utilized. SRM with CO2 capture and storage (CCUS), pyrolysis of methane, and water electrolysis are all investigated as process technologies. A debate based on a color code was also created to classify the purity of H2 generation. Although producing H2 using fossil fuels is presently the least expensive method, green H2 generation has the potential to become an affordable alternative in the future. From 2030 onward, green H2 is anticipated to be less costly than blue hydrogen. Green H2 is more expensive than fossil-based H2 since it uses more energy. Blue H2 has several tempting qualities, but the CCUS technology is pricey, and blue H2 contains carbon. At this time, almost 80–95% of CO2 can be stored and captured by the CCUS technology. Nanomaterials are becoming more significant in solving problems with H2 generation and storage. Sustainable nanoparticles, such as photocatalysts and bio-derived particles, have been emphasized for H2 synthesis. New directions in H2 synthesis and nanomaterials for H2 storage have also been discussed. Further, an overview of the H2 value chain is provided at the end, emphasizing the financial implications and outlook for 2050, i.e., carbon-free H2 and zero-emission H2.
