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Graphs of expression levels of SLGR1, SLGPX, SLCu/Zn-SOD, SLGST genes in L. esculentum leaf, root and stem tissue as a result of qPCR analysis.
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Expression analysis of antioxidant related genes may provide key information to develop plants more tolerant to abiotic and biotic stress. For this purpose, in this study, proteosome was inhibited by using MG132 proteosome inhibitor in Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) tissues with high antioxidant content. We aimed to explain the response of gene i...
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Context 1
... µM MG132 proteasome inhibitor treated L. esculentum root, stem and leaf tissues expression analysis results of SLGR1, SLPhGPX, SLCAT1, SLFe-SOD, SLGPX, SLCu/Zn-SOD, SLcAPX and SLGST genes are given in Figures 2 and 3. The bars in the graphs show the standard error (± SH) in 3 replicate experiments. ...
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Citations
... Since 4-NQO also induces oxidative stress [61], it is possible that the reduction in Rnr2p is a compensatory mechanism to reduce oxidative stress. Yeast strains with impaired proteasome function are apparently incapable of the negative regulation of Rnr2p, while they, like other organisms, are super-resistant to oxidative stress, which is associated with the overexpression of components of antioxidant systems [62][63][64][65]. ...
Proteasome inhibitors are used in the therapy of several cancers, and clinical trials are underway for their use in the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM). However, GBM becomes resistant to chemotherapy relatively rapidly. Recently, the overexpression of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) genes was found to mediate therapy resistance in GBM. The use of combinations of chemotherapeutic agents is considered a promising direction in cancer therapy. The present work aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the combination of proteasome and RNR inhibitors in yeast and GBM cell models. We have shown that impaired proteasome function results in increased levels of RNR subunits and increased enzyme activity in yeast. Co-administration of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib and the RNR inhibitor hydroxyurea was found to significantly reduce the growth rate of S. cerevisiae yeast. Accordingly, the combination of bortezomib and another RNR inhibitor gemcitabine reduced the survival of DBTRG-05MG compared to the HEK293 cell line. Thus, yeast can be used as a simple model to evaluate the efficacy of combinations of proteasome and RNR inhibitors.
... In tomato plants, GPXle-1 is an isoform of GPX located in mitochondria and cytoplasm. This isoenzyme is associated with oxidative stress response [65]. However, Sharma et al. [66] pointed out that SlPRX25, SlPRX75, SlPRX81, and SlPRX95 were upregulated in tomato plants infected with the tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus. ...
Tomato is one of the most important fruits worldwide. It is widely consumed due to its sensory and nutritional attributes. However, like many other industrial crops, it is affected by biotic and abiotic stress factors, reducing its metabolic and physiological processes. Tomato plants possess different mechanisms of stress responses in which hormones have a pivotal role. They are responsible for a complex signaling network, where the antioxidant system (enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants) is crucial for avoiding the excessive damage caused by stress factors. In this sense, it seems that hormones such as ethylene, auxins, brassinosteroids, and salicylic, jasmonic, abscisic, and gibberellic acids, play important roles in increasing antioxidant system and reducing oxidative damage caused by different stressors. Although several studies have been conducted on the stress factors, hormones, and primary metabolites of tomato plants, the effect of endogenous and/or exogenous hormones on the secondary metabolism is still poorly studied, which is paramount for tomato growing management and secondary metabolites production. Thus, this review offers an updated overview of both endogenous biosynthesis and exogenous hormone application in the antioxidant system of tomato plants as a response to biotic and abiotic stress factors.
... We used the online database UbiBrowser to predict the proteins interacting with TLR2, and E3 ubiquitin ligase NEDD4L was one of them ( Figure 5A), and the Co-IP experiment verified the binding of TLR2 and NEDD4L ( Figure 5B). Proteasome inhibitors have always been the main means to determine the role of ubiquitin in different biological processes of the proteasome system, and MG132 is a potent and reversible synthetic peptide aldehyde proteasome inhibitor (Karpuz & Çakir, 2021). In this study, we found that baicalein reduced the level of TLR2 protein in H37Rv-infected RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and MG132 reversed this effect ( Figure 5C-E). ...
Abstract Baicalein has strong anti-inflammatory activity, but its efficacy and mechanism in pneumonia of mice is still unclear. Herein, RAW264.7 cells were infected with M. tuberculosis H37Rv (MOI 1:10) after pre-incubation with 50 μM baicalein, and the result found that baicalein incubation ameliorated the increase of bacterial load, and reduced the levels of ROS, IL-12p40, TLR2 protein, phosphorylated JNK protein and M1 polarization markers (iNOS and CD11c), and increased the levels of IL-10, M2 polarization markers (Arg1, Mrc1 and CD206) and NEDD4L protein in H37Rv infected-RAW264.7 cells. And lentivirus-mediated NEDD4L overexpression vector (LV-NEDD4L) transfection had the same effect as baicalein, while small interfering RNA target NEDD4L (si-NEDD4L) transfection or JNK pathway inhibitor IQ 3 treatment reversed the effects of baicalein, and ubiquitin inhibitor MG132 treatment reversed the effects of LV-NEDD4L. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and TLR2 ubiquitination assays found that the binding of NEDD4L and TLR2 promoted the ubiquitination of TLR2. In vivo, C57BL/6 mice were nasal infected with H37Rv (1000 ± 150 CFU/mouse) to establish a mouse pneumonia model, and then administered with baicalein. The result found that baicalein improved H37Rv-induced pneumonia in mice. In conclusion, baicalein increased NEDD4L-mediated ubiquitination of TLR2, promoting macrophage M2 polarization and alleviating H37Rv-induced pneumonia.
... Although GR and APX enzymes are key enzymes related to each other, some studies have revealed that increases in glutathione pool and GR activity do not cause any increase in ascorbate levels under stress conditions. As the increase in ascorbate level is related to APX activity, this situation is also seen in our study (Karpuz and Çakır, 2021). In A. platensis cultures, the activity of APX decreased at 400 and 600 mg mL À1 concentrations. ...
The aim of the study is to determine the effects of Bentagran on growth and oxidative effects to Chlorella vulgaris and Arthrospira platensis and to evaluate the herbicide toxicity on primary producers of aquatic ecosystems. The decrease in both biomass accumulation and chlorophyll- a content in a dose-dependent manner were observed in both organisms exposed to different Bentagran concentrations (for C. vulgaris 60–960 µg mL ⁻¹ ; for A. platensis 100–800 µg mL ⁻¹ ) during 7 days. SOD activity increases significantly in Chlorella vulgaris and Arthrospira platensis at concentrations of 480 and 200 ug mL ⁻¹ , respectively. Although there was no significant change in APX (ascorbate peroxidase) activity in C. vulgaris , the APX activity decreased at 400 and 600 µg mL ⁻¹ concentrations in A. platensis . While the GR (glutathione reductase) activity increased at 960 µg mL ⁻¹ concentration in C. vulgaris, it also showed increases at 100, 200 and 400 μg mL ⁻¹ concentrations, but it decreased at 600 µg mL ⁻¹ concentration in A. platensis . MDA (malondialdehyde) and proline amounts decreased only at the concentration of 960 µg mL ⁻¹ , while H 2 O 2 didn't change compared to control. Total MDA, H 2 O 2 (hydrogen peroxide) and proline amounts did not show significant change compared to control. It is found that the effects of Bentagran on growth and antioxidant parameters are diverse at different concentrations and species, and this can be attributed to the different reactive oxygen species (ROS) production ability in these species.
