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A novel approach to determine the size of samples of granular wastes is proposed, forwarding the concept of the “number of particles”, as previously introduced by the authors. To be representative with a minimum error, it was demonstrated that at least 100 particles showing the presence of the measurand, shall be collected in the sample. Waste part...
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Context 1
... the particle and bulk density together with granulometry were determined in lab by the authors on 4 additional waste samples: plastic shreds from waste of electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) generated at a treatment facility located in France (Hennebert, 2020); automotive shredder residue (ASR) produced by a private plant treating end-of-life vehicles for metal recovery located in central Italy and previously analysed (Pivato et al., 2019); 50mm undersieve bottom ashes (BA), collected after metal separation at the output from an incinerator located in France 7 G. Beggio, P. Hennebert / DETRITUS / Volume 18 -2022 / pages 3-11 recovering heat from the thermal treatment of municipal solid waste; recovered aggregate (RA), derived from the treatment of a mix of bottom ash from incinerated municipal waste, construction and demolition waste and foundry slags from a treatment plant located in the north-east part of Italy. ...
Context 2
... could be done by increasing the number of particles in the primary samples by particles size reduction (i.e., shredding, grinding, cutting or milling according to the physical features of the materials) and sub-sampling (e.g., by riffle splitters or quartering and coning). Ideally, this process allows to achieve a sample size suitable for a laboratory sample characterized by the same p c of the primary sample (Figure 2). Equivalently, particles size reduction allows to decrease D 95 together with the mean mass of particles as estimated in Equation 2. ...
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Citations
This paper is the third part of three papers on sampling by the number of particles, focusing on analytical variability. The objective is to propose a target variability of waste and contaminated soil analyses (extraction and quantification), that can be used for calculation of the size of a representative sample. Data of intra-and inter laboratory variability are presented. As the variability of the quantification step (after extraction) is limited in waste and soil analyses to about 0.01, the analytical variability stems from three main sources: (i) non-homogeneous test portions; (ii) for partial extraction methods, variable extraction rate, due to presence of options in the method or insufficient time for equilibrium (leaching or percolation test, bio-tests); and (iii) ill-defined solid/liquid separation (leaching or percolation tests), critical since there are colloids and nanoparticles in the leachates, representing from 0 to 100% of the element fraction in the leachate. Counter-intuitively, the centrifugation (annex E of EN 12457) series before the 450 nm-filtration delivers leachates more concentrated in particles (median size 150 nm, 1 sample) and statistically more concentrated in elements (+13%, 27 samples, 287 paired data). Without centrifugation, the filter cake that builds up on the membrane is an additional filter. A target intra-laboratory variability of CVr = 0.10 (10%) and inter-laboratory variability of CVR = 0.20 (20%) is proposed for all analytical methods. The methods with higher CVr and CVR should be revisited to not jeopardise the sampling and characterisation efforts of waste and soil, particularly for valorisation in the circular economy.
The classification of waste is complex. Once detailed chemical composition, and in some cases speciation testing has been completed, the chemicals present are checked either as hazardous chemicals or persistent organic pollutants (POPs). However, detailed waste characterisation data can be used to support onward management of wastes, including hazardous wastes. A process management flowchart has been compiled using data from twelve waste streams. Specifically, for hazardous waste, the proposed approach can be used to firstly identify how a potential hazard may be eliminated using specific treatment scenarios. Secondly risk mitigation strategies are provided to reduce risks during short-term management of transportation, preparation and processing of wastes. Finally, the approach highlights how waste characterisation data can be used to guide the long-term management of hazardous waste. For non-hazardous waste a risk approach generates case specific permissible concentration limits. Hazardous waste management by risk is proposed, either for short-term operations, or during the recycling loops. The wastes containing “legacy” banned substances must be phased out. But the wastes with hazardous compounds at hazardous concentration should be recycled in controlled recycling loop. They should be managed during the loop by a risk approach, like the products they were and the products that they will become, per risk according to REACH. A worked example of this approach to mercury containing waste by hazard and by risk is presented, using leaching data (risk) to prevent groundwater contamination by mine tailings using reverse modelling, proposed to the conference of the UN Minamata Convention.
