Figure 3 - uploaded by Fabio Palumbo
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Graphical representation of the genetic similarity (Sim) calculated within the CMS (blue bar), H (gray bar) and P (orange bar) lines of each population (vertical scale on the left) as well as the H line heterozygosity (yellow area), genetic similarity among the CMS and P lines (green dashed line) and their average homozygosity (red dashed line) (vertical scale on the right).
Source publication
Fennel, or Foeniculum vulgare Mill., is an important horticultural crop belonging to the
Apiaceae family that is cultivated worldwide and used in the agri-food sector and for pharmaceutical
preparations. Breeding strategies in this species usually involve three parental lines, including two
maternal lines (one cytoplasmic male-sterile line and an i...
Citations
... In most cases, no strong correlation was observed between molecular distance and specific phenotypic traits, although the use of molecular markers was demonstrated to be useful in the determination of suitable parental genotypes for breeding purposes and heterosis exploitation. Supporting this, higher heterozygosity and uniformity, computed using molecular information, were observed in hybrid progenies obtained by crossing strongly homozygous and dissimilar lines than in those obtained by crossing highly similar and heterozygous parents (Reif et al., 2003;Jagosz, 2011;Scariolo et al., 2022). ...
Heterosis in plants has been among the challenging topics for plant scientists worldwide. The production of F1 hybrid varieties of seed-propagated horticultural species is one of the most successful applications of plant breeding techniques. The exploitation of the heterosis phenomenon promotes homogeneity and maximizes crop yields and is a way for breeders to legally control and protect their commercial products. In the past heterosis has been largely studied and explored in cereal crop systems, considering maize as a model for understanding the genetic bases of this phenomenon. To date, crossbreeding in horticultural vegetables has also rapidly progressed. F1 hybrid varieties are available for many horticultural crops, including both allogamous and autogamous species. Several genetic and nongenetic mechanisms have been applied to facilitate the large-scale production of F1 hybrid seeds in vegetable crops to prevent undesirable selfing. Although the development and commercialization of F1 hybrids is currently common in agriculture, this phenomenon is still being investigated at different levels. With the rapid accumulation of knowledge on plant genome structures and gene activities and the advancement of new genomics platforms and methodologies, significant progress has been achieved in recent years in the study of the genetic and molecular bases of heterosis. This paper provides a brief overview of current theoretical advances and practical predictions of the molecular mechanisms underlying heterosis in plants. The aim is to carefully summarize the fundamental mechanisms of heterosis in plants, focusing on horticultural plant breeding, to improve the existing knowledge in this research area. We describe the quantitative genetic model of phenotypic variation and combine evolutionary, phenotypic and molecular genetic views to explain the origin and manifestation of heterosis and its significance for breeding F1 hybrid varieties in horticultural crops. The principles of genomic prediction and its applications in genomic selection are then covered.
... One of the main goals in chicory breeding programs is to achieve the best selections with valuable agronomic potential, such as yield, reduced bitter taste, increased inulin production, and resistance to both biotic and abiotic stressors. Molecular markers are fully addressed to assess genetic information on parental genotypes, heterozygosity evaluation and prediction, population uniformity and distinctiveness [13,14]. Moreover, these tools are employed not only in phylogenetic studies and genetic linkage map construction but also for the genetic traceability of the final commercial product [15,16]. ...
Cichorium intybus L. is the most economically important species of its genus and among the most important of the Asteraceae family. In chicory, many linkage maps have been produced, several sets of mapped and unmapped markers have been developed, and dozens of genes linked to traits of agronomic interest have been investigated. This treasure trove of information, properly cataloged and organized, is of pivotal importance for the development of superior commercial products with valuable agronomic potential in terms of yield and quality, including reduced bitter taste and increased inulin production, as well as resistance or tolerance to pathogens and resilience to environmental stresses. For this reason, a systematic review was conducted based on the scientific literature published in chicory during 1980-2023. Based on the results obtained from the meta-analysis, we created two consensus maps capable of supporting marker-assisted breeding (MAB) and marker-assisted selection (MAS) programs. By taking advantage of the recently released genome of C. intybus, we built a 639 molecular marker-based consensus map collecting all the available mapped and unmapped SNP and SSR loci available for this species. In the following section, after summarizing and discussing all the genes investigated in chicory and related to traits of interest such as reproductive barriers, sesquiterpene lactone biosynthesis, inulin metabolism and stress response, we produced a second map encompassing 64 loci that could be useful for MAS purposes. With the advent of omics technologies, molecular data chaos (namely, the situation where the amount of molecular data is so complex and unmanageable that their use becomes challenging) is becoming far from a negligible issue. In this review, we have therefore tried to contribute by standardizing and organizing the molecular data produced thus far in chicory to facilitate the work of breeders.
... The oven temperature initially was kept at 40 °C for 4 min after injection and then increased to 250 °C with a rate of 8 °C/min heating ramp and kept constant at 250 °C for 5 min. The percentage of the compounds was obtained by calculating GC peak area without using any correction factor [15]. ...
... The 280 • C and 250 • C temperatures used as anion source and interface temperature, respectively. Constituents of the callus extracts were recognized by matching of their retention times, retention indices and mass spectra pattern with related available data [15] or with Wiley and NIST libraries and literature. ...
... The first known paper (on fennel molecular genetics was published by Bennici et al. [21], wherein genetic variability of in vitro regenerated plants was studied, and a high genetic stability was reported. Only in the last decade or so, the molecular genetic aspects of fennel gained interest [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. There was even an attempt to draft the fennel genome [31]. ...
Wild Foeniculum vulgare populations from the region of Istria have been subjected to a genetic and chemical study. Headspace-gas chromatography analysis of volatile secondary metabolites and PCR-RFLP analysis of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region has been chosen to analyze the chemical and genetic traits of single plants, respectively. Large intrapopulation and interpopulation differences have been observed in both chemical profiles and restriction patterns of PCR products. The data from chemical and genetic analyses were pooled and used to assess allele frequencies of three putative genetic loci on individual populations. The pooled allele frequencies were used to determine interpopulation distances for phenogram reconstruction. The combined use of chemical and genetic datasets for genetic variation analysis proved to be a more comprehensive approach for such a study, compared to the use of single datasets, even using such relatively simple analytical tools.
