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Graphical representation of resource allocation in the proposed conceptual update to the LC4MP. Note separate, but interacting cognitive and perceptual resource pools.
Source publication
In a companion piece (Fisher, Keene, Huskey, & Weber, 2018), we reviewed the foundations and current state of the Limited Capacity Model of Motivated Mediated Message Processing (LC4MP). In this manuscript we return to the three areas investigated in our review: cognitive load, motivation, and memory. In each domain, we: (a) outline areas in which...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... process has been described as reactive control -in which perceptual systems signal to other brain regions that infor- mation is worthy of conscious attention or action (Braver, 2012;Braver et al., 2007). Thus, it is pro- posed that perceptual resources are allocated to and consumed by two primary subprocesses: encoding and reactive control (See Figure 2). ...
Context 2
... summarize, our updated model proposes two key delineations: between cognitive and percep- tual processing, and between visual and audio processing (See Figure 2). Importantly, our model pro- poses that cognitive and perceptual processes are meaningfully -but not completely -separable. ...
Context 3
... pattern, though, is far from consistent. For example, Lang, Kurita, and colleagues ((Lang, Kurita, et al., 2013) found that STRT's remain short even as memory drops, up until all but the most complex messages are presented (Fox et al., 2007)., using signal detection measures, found that the shifting of cognitive resources away from a primary task seems to be reflected in an increasingly liberal criterion bias, fol- lowed by shortening STRTs and reduced memory. In addition, ( Lang et al., 2006) demonstrated that memory increases as messages require more resources, with highly complex messages recalled better than simpler ones (when messages inducing cognitive overload are removed). ...
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In the 15 years since its inception, the Limited Capacity Model of Motivated Mediated Message Processing (LC4MP) has contributed to understanding regarding the dynamics of message processing in a variety of domains. In this manuscript we outline the foundations and assumptions of the LC4MP, discussing salient research from biology, cognitive psycho...
Citations
... When cognitive load is induced and these resources are depleted, there are a range of consequences. Secondary task reaction times increase (Lang and Basil 1998), capacity to deal with distractors decreases (Fitousi and Wenger 2011), and memory/ recall is inhibited (Fisher et al. 2018). This is because of a combination of fewer resources to allocate to deal with distractions and diminished ability to allocate those resources (Fitousi and Wenger 2011). ...
... In general, LC4MP proposes that message context interacts with message complexity and individual characteristics such as involvement (Fisher et al. 2018), so social media as a context might provide unique opportunities to advance the theoretical framework. Social media posts also vary in terms of function, interactivity, and ratio of cognitive/emotional engagement (Haley and Pittman 2022), and they will only increase in sensory richness in the future. ...
... LC4MP proposes that message context interacts with message complexity and individual characteristics such as involvement (Fisher et al. 2018). Consumers in low product-involvement situations usually draw on peripheral cues in evaluating social ads/sponsored posts, while those in high-involvement situations are more likely to be swayed by the actual arguments (Petty, Cacioppo, and Schumann 1983). ...
Social media engagement requires cognitive resources, which subsequently impact the advertisements consumers see while browsing. For the most part, however, advertising practitioners and scholars still study social media ads and messages as if they will receive users’ full attention and cognition. This study has two main contributions. First, we demonstrate that the use of social media induces a measurable degree of cognitive load, presumably because the variety of networking and media components requires users to hold multiple evaluation schemas in working memory. Second, we show that while under cognitive load, participants rely on cues (e.g., number of likes and comments) that trigger heuristics to influence purchase intentions. However, product involvement was found to serve as a boundary condition wherein those under cognitive load did not rely on cues when they had higher involvement with the advertised product. Drawing on the limited capacity model of motivated mediated message processing (LC4MP), this research tests the proposed hypotheses using a pilot study and three experimental studies to provide converging evidence for the influence of social media use on heuristics and subsequent purchase intentions. Analysis of thought elicitation further supports our proposed effect of cognitive load on consumer decision making. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
... Simply put, more demanding games require more of a player's limited attentional resources (cognitive and physical resources). As argued by Bowman (2018Bowman ( , p. 2021) and based on logic from the limited capacity model for message processing (Fisher et al., 2018), potential attentional competition between these two sources of demand is likely to result in a more difficult gaming experience. This effect is even represented in discussions of Beat Saber's playable angles, with the review by Born et al. (2019) making a similar observation: ...
Physical inactivity is a global problem, and active video games (AVGs) have been demonstrated as effective at motivating players to be more physically active. Virtual-reality AVGs (VRAVGs) further encourage engagement with exerting gameplay by challenging players to move in a full 360-degree range of motion. As a unique feature of VRAVGs, we examined the influence of using multiple playable angles in Beat Saber on players’ physical activity and psychological outcomes. A between-subjects experiment randomly assigned participants (N = 240) to one of the three playable angles (single fixed angle, 90-degree, and 360-degree modes). Informed by the interactivity-as-demand model, a moderated mediation model of playable angles on enjoyment was supported. Players perceive higher cognitive and exertional demands in both multi-angle modes than those in single-angle mode, which leads to greater perceived difficulty and further enhances the enjoyment for players with a higher need for cognition, but negatively affects the enjoyment for players with a lower need for cognition. Multi-angle modes also led to greater motivation for future play and subjective vitality through greater cognitive demands, and more physical activity via higher exertional demands. We conclude that, in VR exercise, multiple playable angles are a unique feature that positively influences physical activity outcomes.
... In contrast, Lang (2000) proposed a limited capacity model, suggesting that when individuals decide to attend to an engaging stimulus (i.e., a sexual advertisement), they allocate numerous cognitive resources to information processing that, in turn, elicit message processing. Lang's (2000) work has recently been extended by Fisher et al. (2018) who proposed the Limited Capacity Model of Motivated Mediated Message Processing as an attempt to justify individuals' motivation to attend to and remember sexual content. ...
Does increasing the sexual content of advertisements lead, though memory processes, to greater sales? By employing a between-participants design, we aimed to explore how sexual advertising affects explicit and implicit memory, and whether it impairs memory for information preceding the commercials (retroactive interference) or following the commercials (proactive interference). We randomly assigned 182 young participants in the UK to one of two groups who watched the same TV program containing an advertisement break during which either sexual or nonsexual advertisements were shown, while brands were held constant across conditions. Participants were then tested on their explicit and implicit memory for both the advertising content and program information. Results revealed that implicit memory was better for nonsexual than for sexual advertisements. Unexpectedly, there was no group difference in participants’ explicit memory for the advertisements. Further, sexual advertising resulted in retroactive interference with program information, whereas proactive memory for program information was not impaired. We acknowledge various study limitations and discuss proposals for future research.
... Hence, people decide to intentionally avoid the news because they experience a cognitive load they perceive as too high. When cognitive load is higher, the higher the engagement with input is, both when exposing to content, but also when processing it (Fisher et al. 2018;Lang 2000). A reason to lower such overload is a shallower engagement with content. ...
Low levels of news seeking can be problematic for an informed citizenry. Previous research has discussed different types of news non-attendance but conceptual ambiguities between low news usage, general news avoidance, and news topic avoidance still exist. By using a longitudinal design conducted with a chatbot survey among Dutch users (n = 189), this study provides first empirical evidence that helps clarify conceptual differences. First, it estimates the prevalence of these different types of news non-attendance. Second, it tests to what extend cognitive restrictions, quality assessments, and personal relevance are relevant predictors in explaining engagement in three types of non-attendance to news. Third, the study investigates how news usage behaviors (e.g., news curation, news snacking, and verification engagement) may serve as potential user-driven counter strategies against news avoidance. We find evidence for the conceptual differences. Only small shares of news non-attendance are explained by avoidance motivations. Especially news curation and verification engagement can mitigate common drivers of news avoidance, while news snacking reinforces them.
... First, to model real-world misinformation scenarios, our inoculation message presented multiple rumors and addressed why those rumors were wrong. This design may have added to the complexity of the stimuli, which could have created difficulties for participants' message processing (Fisher et al., 2018) and weakened the induction. Given that existing inoculation interventions vary greatly in their message complexity (Pfau et al., 2000), it is worthwhile for future research to consider message complexity as a moderator for the effect of inoculation. ...
This study examines the effects of self-generated and other-generated electronic word-of-mouth communication (eWOM) in inoculating individuals against potential misinformation. A three-phase between-subject experiment (N = 543) was conducted to compare the persuasive effects of inoculation messages combined with different eWOM content (self-generated, other-generated, and inoculation only) over two health topics (Covid-19 vaccine and e-cigarette). The results show that exposure to inoculation messages did not significantly increase resistance to misinformation. But inoculation messages combined with other-generated eWOM helped the participants develop more negative attitudes toward alternative smoking immediately after exposure to the inoculation stimuli. The participants who wrote eWOM after exposure to inoculation messages were more resistant to the attack of misinformation in Phase 3. Self-generated and other-generated eWOM did not significantly differ in their persuasive effects in any phases. The findings extend the literature on the effects of WOM in the inoculation process and offer theoretical implications over inoculation theory in online contexts. The study offers empirical practices on using inoculation messages to combat misinformation in social media.
... Consequently, under high processing load, the information value of the stimulus decreases when the quality processing is low due to insufficient resources (Fitousi & Wenger, 2011). Given recent conceptualizations of information processing that posit interactions between perceptual and cognitive systems (Fisher, Huskey, Keene, & Weber, 2018), high spatial presence in VR is likely to negatively impact the both the perceptual and cognitive processing of information by placing constraints on the available resources but also by diminishing the information value of the stimulus that is insufficiently processed. ...
... The conceptualization of spatial presence as people's perceptual and cognitive systems being engaged by mediated cues is consistent with how scholars have conceptualized processing capacity, resource allocation, and processing load (Fisher, Huskey, et al., 2018;Mayer & Moreno, 2003). Spatial presence involves the allocation of mental resources to process media content as the user creates a mental representation of the mediated space based on the digital information provided (Hofer, Wirth, Kuehne, Schramm, & Sacau, 2012;Schubert, Friedmann, & Regenbrecht, 2001;Wirth et al., 2007). ...
... Earlier conceptualizations of spatial presence involve a combination of perception (e.g., visual, auditory signals) and cognition (e.g., information). The exact nature of how resources are allocated or shared in the processing system is still being debated, but the LC4MP literature indicates that perceptual and cognitive processing can be meaningfully, but not completely, separated (Fisher, Huskey, et al., 2018). Future research can shed insight into how resources are allocated amidst competing processing needs to process perceptual and cognitive signals that lead to spatial presence. ...
Research on virtual reality (VR) in education and training has found that spatial presence, the perception that the body is inside a mediated environment, increases engagement. However, experiencing spatial presence requires the allocation of limited processing resources, potentially inhibiting the processing of other information. Guided by the frameworks of Limited Capacity Model of Motivated Mediated Message Processing (LC4MP), and the cognitive theory of multimedia learning, two experiments examined the effects of different modalities on spatial presence to test the prediction that spatial presence negatively impacts recall. Study 1 (N = 100) found that VR elicited higher spatial presence than video, but that high spatial presence reduced recall. Individual differences (technology apprehension) moderated spatial presence. Study 2 (N = 260) found that pre-existing interest in the learning content and aversive responses elicited by the learning content increased spatial presence. However, segmenting the VR content to reduce processing load for participants had little effect on spatial presence or information recall. In sum, modality features and individual differences drove user experiences of spatial presence, which negatively impacted recall, but segmentation of VR content had no effect on learning outcomes.
... This is because appetitive motivation recruits cognitive resources, including sensory and attention resources, to better store information about where potential rewards exist. This idea is further elaborated on by Fisher et al. (2018). They suggest that reward motivation (in absence of a threat) can lead to biased allocation of cognitive resources that prioritizes some tasks over others. ...
... Therefore, conclusions drawn in this study may only be generalizable to these games in particular, and may be explained (or partially explained) by other variables that were not included in this study. Some research suggests that effects of media on excitation transfer should be further isolated by arousal and emotional affect (Wang & Lang, 2012;Yegiyan, 2015), and reward motivation (see Fisher et al., 2018). While this study cannot differentiate between these effects, this is an exciting potential area for future research. ...
The purpose of this study was to better understand effects of video game rewards on information processing using neuroimaging techniques. Excitation transfer theory, with the limited capacity model of motivated mediated messages, was used to predict that game rewards (administered through goal-directed spatial decision-making demands) will increase hippocampal activity. Activity will remain heightened in a subsequent declarative memory task. It was also predicted that heightened hippocampal activity during encoding will result in better recall after a 25-min delay. Both hypotheses were supported. Participants who played the goal-directed spatial decision-making game experienced greater hippocampal activation during the encoding phase of the memory task. And they demonstrated better recall for the encoded information after the delay. There was also a negative correlation between hippocampal activation and a primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid. These results suggest that goal-directed spatial decision-making mechanics can be important for facilitating hippocampal activation and declarative memory. They stress the need for future research to consider how these mechanics could be implemented in games for learning or as a potential intervention technique for those with memory impairments.
... The model can account for our experiences with interactive media (often focused on video games) but has been expanded to other media including streaming [7] [12]. This approach suggests that interactive media trigger various demands of the users' limited capacity to process information [13] [14], and that these demands cluster around five stable sources: cognitive demands, emotional demands, physical demands (divided further into interface and exertional demands), and social demands. The presence of these demands has been replicated across different cultures and languages including German [15] and Mandarin Chinese [16] and are used to understand how perception of interactive media influences entertainment outcomes. ...
... Smaller screens, ubiquitous news access, and the physical proximity of usage on smartphones may be responsible for different cognitive processing of and ultimately learning from news (Ohme, 2020). This study addresses recent calls for testing modality differences of perceptual load for message processing in a political communication context (Fisher et al., 2018). Building on the Cognitive Mediation Model of Learning (Eveland, 2001) and the Limited Capacity Model of Mediated Message Processing (Lang, 2000), we investigate whether smaller screens, use proximity, and habitualized usage patterns can affect visual attention paid to news on a smartphone and thereby drive political learning outcomes. ...
... We argue that news posts with an episodic frame may be perceived as less complex because they present an issue with a focus on specific events and individuals. Episodic posts would then "load the cognitive control system less strongly" (Fisher et al., 2018) than thematic political posts which, by definition (Iyengar, 1990), put events into context and provide indepth information that are often more complex. An episodic focus on political events is more attractive than news with a thematic focus, especially among those who feel knowledgeable about politics (Mothes et al., 2019). ...
... It is important for the encoding of a message, but also relates to message storage. We argue that smartphone usage increases the perceptual load of exposure, with implications for the cognitive performance of information storing (Fisher et al., 2018). Measuring visual attention does not fully allow to dissect perceptual and cognitive load but in a newsfeed environment that misses importance cues like placement and size, greater visual attention can indicate greater chances of message encoding and storage (see Bol et al., 2016;Kruikemeier et al., 2018). ...
This study investigates whether knowledge gains from news post exposure are different when scrolling through a social media newsfeed on a smartphone compared to a desktop PC. While prior research has mostly focused on new platforms people receive news on (e.g., social media) for political learning, first indications exist that device modality (i.e. exposure on smartphone vs. desktop PC) itself alters news exposure patterns. With the help of mobile eye-tracking, this study investigates cognitive processes that enable learning from exposure among a student sample (n = 122). We extend prior research on the mediating role of attention for learning by investigating whether different frames of political news posts can attenuate this indirect relationship. The study uses a 2 × 2 mixed-subjects design, with the device being a between-subjects condition and news frames (episodic vs thematic) being a within-subjects condition. We find smaller knowledge gains from smartphone news exposure, which cannot be explained by differences in visual attention.
... In most cases, search result titles contain broader information than snippets, and URLs are considered to be clickable shortcuts that direct people to relevant results (Zhang and Jansen 2009). Also, according to arousal-biased competition theory (Fisher et al. 2018;Mather and Sutherland 2011), a high level of arousal exerts action-biased effects that urge the cognitive system to process information and make decisions more quickly, leading to a shift from analytical to more intuitive thinking (Raue et al. 2017). In this way, people also focus more on general information. ...
... This is because high arousal curtails analytical processing and enhances the use of heuristics (Rydell et al. 2008), whereas low arousal facilitates depth of cognitive processing (Shapiro, MacInnis, and Whan Park 2002). As previously mentioned, research has shown that arousal may bias information processing by pushing the cognitive system to make decisions more quickly, resulting in more intuitive thinking (Fisher et al. 2018;Mather and Sutherland 2011). ...
... Future studies should further consider using this music manipulation without as much of a demand component (such as having participants listen to the music before and during the searching task with no mood-related explanations). Moreover, to build on this study, future research could integrate the limited capacity model (Fisher et al., 2018;Lang 2000) and consider measuring or manipulating cognitive resources under different mood and arousal states (Lang, Dhillon, and Dong 1995). The effects of mood and arousal on cognitive capacity and resource allocation may complement the current study findings and validate the relationship among these two affective variables, information processing, and search ad evaluations. ...
An experiment was conducted with the goal of determining how mood and arousal influence the way consumers process ad information in a search engine result page (SERP) environment. By focusing on the relationships among mood, arousal, and search ad snippet length, the study shows that mood and arousal states influence information processing (heuristic vs. systematic) on search pages both independently and jointly. Using the heuristic-systematic model, the present research explains how information processing modes triggered by mood and amplified by arousal shape the processing and evaluations of search ads with different snippet lengths. Both theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
