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I describe a new species of a small-sized frog of the genus Pristimantis found in the paramo ecosystem (3700 masl) on the northern slope of Los Nevados National Park, Cordillera Central, department of Caldas, Colombia. This new species is assigned to the Pristimantis leptolophus species-group, given that Toe V is much longer than Toe III and extend...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... 21 p <0.00). Such variation allowed the recognition of three distinct groups corresponding to the target species (Table 3 and Figure 7). Pristimantis stictus differs from P. leptolophus in a higher snout-vent length, tibia length, eye-diameter, eye-to- nostril distance, Toe III length, and Toe IV length (Table 4). ...
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Citations
... The Pristimantis leptolophus group was proposed by Lynch (1991) as an explicitly phenetic assemblage lacking known synapomorphies. The group currently comprises eight species distributed in the Cordillera Central and northern Cordillera Occidental of Colombia: P. leptolophus (Lynch, 1980), P. peraticus (Lynch, 1980), P. maculosus (Lynch, 1991), P. parectatus (Lynch and Rueda-Almonacid, 1997), P. scoloblepharus (Lynch, 1991), P. uranobates (Lynch, 1991), P. lasalleorum (Lynch, 1995), and P. stictus (González-Durán, 2016). As noted by Lynch (1991), species of the P. leptolophus group resemble the species of the P. myersi group. ...
... All illustrations were made using a camera lucida coupled to a Wild Heerbrugg stereomicroscope. Osteological terminology is that of Duellman and Trueb (1986), Trueb (1973), Guayasamin (2004), Lehr (2009), andGonzález-Durán (2016). Fingers are numbered preaxially to postaxially from I to IV. ...
... The shape of the vomer is distinctive in some Pristimantis species groups because the dentigerous processes may be absent or present, more or less developed, and with different numbers of teeth. Some species of the P. leptolophus group have an elongation of the dentigerous process leading to the formation of a keel embedded in the mucosa of the mouth and lack odontophores, including P. stictus, P. leptolophus, and P. lasalleorum (González-Durán, 2016). This keel and absent odontophores were also observed in the P. boulengeri species group (P. ...
We evaluate the monophyly and phylogenetic relationships of the Pristimantis leptolophus species group and describe its external morphology, osteology, and some myological characteristics. We also compare the P. leptolophus species group to other related species groups. The P. leptolophus group is not monophyletic due to the inclusion of P. acatallelus, formerly believed to be part of the P. devillei group. The revised P. leptolophus group is composed of nine named species and six unnamed species. Based on our results, we recognize a new species group, the P. boulengeri species group, composed of eight species, many of which were previously assigned to the P. lacrimosus species group.
... Siguiendo las propuestas de Hedges et al. (2008) y Padial et al. (2014a), se observa que los caracteres externos que definen estos grupos de especies son problemáticos y no funcionales, esto ha hecho que la localización taxonómica de la mayoría de las nuevas especies sea arbitraria y frecuentemente errónea sin datos genéticos (Padial et al. 2014a;González-Durán, 2016). A pesar de esto para todo el género Pristimantis solo existe la revisión osteológica para el grupo Pristimantis orcesi, en la que se proponen sinapomorfías (Guayasamin 2004), sin embargo este grupo ha resultado como parafilético en diferentes análisis filogenéticos (Padial et al. 2014a). ...
... Aunque no existen sinapomorfías morfologícas probadas para los grupos y el género, si existen sinapomorfías moleculares, pero estas generalmente no son reportadas para los nodos de los análisis filogenéticos que han sido propuestos (Hedges et al. 2008;Padial et al. 2014), y solo han sido reportadas por Crawford et al. (2010). A pesar de esto aún existe gran dificultad en la definición del género y grupos propuestos, ya que sus diagnosis morfológicas no son funcionales y esto impide la correcta identificación o asignación de especies en el género o en los grupos (González-Durán, 2016). ...
... scoloblepharus (Lynch, 1991), P. uranobates (Lynch, 1991), and P. lasalleorum (Lynch, 1995), P. stictus (González-Durán, 2016). Lynch (1991), anota que las especies del grupo P. leptolophus se asemejan a las especies del grupo P. myersi. ...
El presente estudio aborda la taxonomía y filogenia del género Pristimantis, perteneciente a la familia Craugastoridae, enfocándose en el grupo Pristimantis leptolophus. Este grupo, inicialmente esta compuesto por ocho especies endémicas de las Cordilleras Central y Occidental de Colombia, sin embargo, estos grupos presentan una notable diversidad específica que ha complicado los análisis morfológicos a gran escala. Tradicionalmente, la ausencia de sinapomorfías morfológicas ha dificultado la delimitación de grupos fenéticos dentro del género.
Implementamos metodologías como la transparentación y doble tinción de huesos y cartílagos, así como un análisis filogenético con la secuenciación de cuatro genes de 19 terminales. Estas técnicas permitieron una evaluación detallada de la monofilia del grupo Pristimantis leptolophus y de sus relaciones filogenéticas.
Los resultados obtenidos indican la parafilia del grupo en la filogenia molecular, contrastando con la monofilia observada en los análisis morfológicos y de evidencia total. Este hallazgo condujo a una reestructuración del grupo, incorporando diez especies descritas y cinco no descritas, y se identificaron dos sinapomorfías morfológicas que respaldan la agrupación en el análisis de evidencia total. Adicionalmente, se identificó un clado hermano, compuesto por especies del parafilético grupo P. lacrimosus. Este clado fue nombrado como grupo Pristimantis boulengeri, caracterizado por seis sinapomorfías distintivas. Este estudio proporcionó también descripciones exhaustivas de la morfología externa, osteología y caracteres miológicos para el grupo P. leptolophus, y efectuó comparaciones morfológicas con los grupos de especies myersi y devillei. Por último, se realizó una diagnosis del grupo de especies de P. boulengeri, compuesto por siete especies.
Since the systematics of Terrarana frogs was overhauled in 2008, five new genera have been named, including Tachiramantis from the Venezuelan Coastal Range and adjacent parts of the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia and the Sierra de Perijá along the Venezuela–Colombia border. The discovery of Tachiramantis raises questions about the relationships of several species of Pristimantis in the nearby Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta previously hypothesized to be closely related to species now referred to Tachiramantis. To test the monophyly of Tachiramantis and the relationships among its species, we generated DNA sequences for 42 individuals, and, given the variable placement of Tachiramantis in previous studies, analysed them with DNA sequences from GenBank representing 25 genera of terraranas. In total, the final matrix included DNA sequences from 414 terminals, which we analysed using tree-alignment under the parsimony optimality criterion. To identify morphological synapomorphies and diagnostic characters, we also examined cranial osteology and axial skeleton morphology. Our analyses corroborated both the placement of Tachiramantis far from Pristimantis in Craugastoridae and the monophyly of Tachiramantis. We also found that six species currently referred to Pristimantis, all endemic to the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, comprise the sister clade of Tachiramantis. This highly endemic clade is both well-supported by molecular data and diagnosed from Tachiramantis by seven morphological synapomorphies, leading us to recognize it as a new genus.
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0036039F-F400-4CD4-A6AD-D3DD2B34BA4E
Aim
The diversity of brood size across animal species exceeds the diversity of most other life‐history traits. In some environments, reproductive success increases with brood size, whereas in others it increases with smaller broods. The dominant hypothesis explaining such diversity predicts that selection on brood size varies along climatic gradients, creating latitudinal fecundity patterns. Another hypothesis predicts that diversity in fecundity arises among species adapted to different microhabitats within assemblages. A more recent hypothesis concerned with the consequences of these evolutionary processes in the era of anthropogenic environmental change predicts that low‐fecundity species might fail to recover from demographic collapses caused by rapid environmental alterations, making them more susceptible to extinctions. These hypotheses have been addressed predominantly in endotherms and only rarely in other taxa. Here, we address all three hypotheses in amphibians globally.
Location
Global.
Time period
Present.
Major taxa studied
Class Amphibia.
Methods
Using a dataset spanning 2,045 species from all three amphibian orders, we adopt multiple phylogenetic approaches to investigate the association between brood size and climatic, ecological and phenotypic predictors, and according to species conservation status.
Results
Brood size increases with latitude. This tendency is much stronger in frogs, where temperature seasonality is the dominant driver, whereas salamander fecundity increases towards regions with more constant rainfall. These relationships vary across continents but confirm seasonality as the key driver of fecundity. Ecologically, nesting sites predict brood size in frogs, but not in salamanders. Finally, we show that extinction risk increases consistently with decreasing fecundity across amphibians, whereas body size is a “by‐product” correlate of extinction, given its relationship with fecundity.
Main conclusions
Climatic seasonality and microhabitats are primary drivers of fecundity evolution. Our finding that low fecundity increases extinction risk reinforces the need to refocus extinction hypotheses based on a suggested role for body size.
Neotropical páramos as biogeographic units.
Páramo has been defined from various points of view, which take into account different factors that are easy to recognize or measure, nevertheless at the biogeographic level it has been evaluated with criticized methods used to identify historical units. The analysis of endemicity, despite its importance and wide recognition, has not been used as a tool to evaluate Páramo. Objective: Determine whether the neotropical Páramo is one or several biogeographic units. Methods: We included distributional records from Aves, Amphibia, Mammalia, Reptilia, Marchantiophyta, and Spermatophyta. We found 7 025 species with 193 250 suitable occurrences obtained from the GBIF. We used each taxonomic group as an independent partition or as a component of a larger partition, such as total plants (Plants-T: Marchantiophyta + Spermatophyta), or total animals (Animals-T: Aves + Amphibia + Mammalia + Reptilia), or total evidence (Plants-T + Animals-T). In order to identify areas of endemism, we used the opti-mality criterion (NDM/VNDM) with grids of 0.5° or 0.25°. We calculated the intersection among polygons of previous definitions and the areas recovered in our analyses. Results: Both grid sizes, 0.25° and 0.5°, identified areas of endemism in different sectors along the Andean and Central American cordilleras, but only the 0.25° size allowed us to recognize areas/sectors with a higher resolution. We recovered eight areas, which were considered as subprovinces (Santa Marta-Perijá, Mérida, Santanderes-Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Central-Western Cordillera, Northern Ecuador, Central-South Ecuador, and Talamanca). These areas were between 4 and 66 % consistent with previous definitions. Conclusions: Páramo has been considered a single biogeographic unit, however, given our analyses we identified it as a unit composed of eight biogeographic subprovinces, which is consistent with some published studies.
Pristimantis, distributed throughout the New World tropics, is the most speciose vertebrate genus. Pristimantis presents an enormous morphological diversity and is currently divided into several demonstrably non-monophyletic phenetic species groups. With the purpose of increasing our understanding of Pristimantis systematics, we present the first phylogenetic analysis using molecular evidence to test the monophyly and infer evolutionary relationships within the Pristimantis leptolophus group, an endemic group of frogs from the highlands of the Colombian Andes. Our phylogenetic reconstruction recovers the group as monophyletic with high support, indicating general concordance between molecular data and morphological data. In addition, we describe a new polymorphic species lacking conspicuous tubercles, a regular attribute among species of the P. leptolophus species group and endemic from the Páramo de Sonsón complex (Antioquia, Colombia). The phylogenetic position of the new species is inferred and other systematic implications in the light of our results are discussed.
