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![Stress-strain curves for the strip GP and G-ODA [28].](publication/334259170/figure/fig3/AS:1086410794766357@1636031926373/Stress-strain-curves-for-the-strip-GP-and-G-ODA-28_Q320.jpg)
![Stiffness vs stretch of GP and G-ODA strips [24].](publication/334259170/figure/fig4/AS:1086410794762301@1636031926405/Stiffness-vs-stretch-of-GP-and-G-ODA-strips-24_Q320.jpg)
Nowadays water bodies across the world are heavily polluted due to uncontrollable contamination of heavy metal particles, toxic dyes, and other harmful wastes discharged by emerging industries other than normal domestic wastages. This contamination needs sufficient control to protect the natural water bodies. There are various methodologies to be f...
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![Ionic radii and charge/radius ratio [42,43].](publication/347979363/figure/tbl4/AS:1023053899264000@1620926465220/Ionic-radii-and-charge-radius-ratio-42-43_Q320.jpg)
This work focuses on the investigation of the capability of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) filters to remove metals from various wastewater. The process to produce rGO membranes is reported and discussed, as well as their ability to capture ions in complex solutions, such as tap or industrial wastewater. Multi-ion solutions, containing Cu2+, Fe3+, Ni...
Citations
... This high surface area, combined with its exceptional mechanical strength and unparalleled electrical conductivity, makes graphene a prime candidate for adsorption. 95 When added to wastewater, graphene, a 2D material with a hexagonal structure made of sp 2 -hybridized carbon atoms, behaves like a flexible net cast into water sources, capturing pollutants through an array of interactions. 96 Like a net's fibers, graphene's carbon atoms extend outward, forming interactions with pollutants through forces such as van der Waals interactions and π−π interactions. ...
... Numerous heavy metal ions exhibit toxicity or carcinogenic properties. Even when present in extremely low quantities, these substances have the potential to cause harm to various organs, including the lungs, kidneys, liver, prostate, oesophagus, stomach, and skin (Jayakaran et al., 2019;Rani et al., 2022). Additionally, they have been linked to the development of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. ...
Water is a crucial natural resource for human and ecosystem health. However, rapid industrialization, urban expansion, and exploitation of natural resources have negatively impacted water quality. Effluents, containing various contaminants, negatively impact water quality. Various techniques have been used to treat effluents, but these methods have drawbacks such as incomplete removal, energy demands, and hazardous sludge generation. T Adsorption is an efficient method for wastewater treatment due to its abundant adsorbents, exceptional performance in pollutant removal, straightforward operational procedures, and cost-effectiveness. The reusability of adsorbents is crucial for financial feasibility. The sorption approach also offers advantages such as the proliferation of sorbents within the ecosystem, their capacity for sorption, remarkable recyclability, regeneration, cost-effectiveness, and the facile desorption of contaminants. This chapter aims to assess the efficacy of nanocomposites in remediating organic pollutants from aquatic ecosystems.
... The potential of GO and its nanocomposites as efficient nanosorbents in removing PPs in an aqueous environment has been broadly studied lately. This is due to its unique structural and internal properties [53]. Moreover, the presence of various oxygen-containing functional groups, including the hydroxyl, epoxide, carbonyl and carboxyl groups at the planes and edges of GO, also play major roles [53,54]. ...
... This is due to its unique structural and internal properties [53]. Moreover, the presence of various oxygen-containing functional groups, including the hydroxyl, epoxide, carbonyl and carboxyl groups at the planes and edges of GO, also play major roles [53,54]. The presence of these functional groups in GO has resulted in its excellent dispersion capabilities in several solvents, including ethanol, water, dimethyl formamide, tetrahydrofuran etc. [53]. ...
... Moreover, the presence of various oxygen-containing functional groups, including the hydroxyl, epoxide, carbonyl and carboxyl groups at the planes and edges of GO, also play major roles [53,54]. The presence of these functional groups in GO has resulted in its excellent dispersion capabilities in several solvents, including ethanol, water, dimethyl formamide, tetrahydrofuran etc. [53]. Hence, the hydrophilic property of GO has made it an efficient adsorbent in wastewater remediation, particularly in the elimination of pharmaceutical and organic pollutants (especially those with aromatic centers) [34,54]. ...
... As a result, water contamination and wastewater treatment have become two of the most essential scientific and engineering concerns. Scientists have recently resorted to nanotechnology and the use of nanomaterials in order to get desirable answers to these difficulties in wastewater treatment systems [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Over the last decade, water filtration has focused on various processes or technologies. ...
This paper presents graphite recycling by doping nanosilver for water filtration because of the need for secure water for consumption. It has demonstrated the significance of looking for alternative materials that can filter water independently or in combination with other materials. Adsorbent nanomaterials have unique characteristics as compared to conventional ones due to their small size and significant surface area relative to volume ratio. In this study, an effort is made to test the usability of nanomaterials, such as graphite-doped nanosilver, as adsorbents for the elimination of different kinds of heavy metals from water. This study detects the elimination of metal ions from aqueous solutions by using modified graphite nanosheets. The shape of the synthesized graphite adsorbent nanosheet was characterized by spectroscopic analyses such as SEM and HR-TEM. The sizes of these nanocrystals are comparatively small, at about 38 nm for Ag and 56 nm for G–Ag samples, as shown by HR-TEM. The results showed that raising the duration of immersion and adsorbent quantity improved adsorption effectiveness. Chemical treatment frequently affects the surface characteristics of nanoadsorbents and considerably enhances their adsorption capacities. The metal-nanomaterial interactions, processes, and capacities of nanomaterial-based adsorption are analyzed and described in this work in a variety of experimental settings. The improved adsorbent graphite recycling showed a significant adsorption efficiency of 91.7% for heavy metals. It is vital to research ecologically friendly and sustainable applications that can lead to innovative and revolutionary water treatment systems.
... Also, the reduced elastic modulus of a material measures the resistance of that material to deformation. Jayakaran et al. (2019) stated that the modulus (120 MPa) and stiffness (1 TPa) of graphene are some of the factors that account for the effective removal of impurities from water. The reduced modulus of the synthesized CaONP is 101.77 ...
Nanoparticles are known for their outstanding properties such as particle size, surface area, optical and electrical
properties. These properties have significantly boasted their applications in various surface phenomena. In this work, calcium
oxide nanoparticles were synthesized from periwinkle shells as an approach towards waste management through resource
recovery. The sol gel method was used for the synthesis, the nanoparticles were characterized using X-Ray diffractometer
(XRD), Fourier Transformed Infra-Red Spectrophotometer (FTIR), Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET), scanning electron
microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and ultra violet visible spectrophotometer (UV-visible). while
DLS and SEM underestimate the particle diameter, the BET analysis reveals surface area of 138.998 m2
/g, pore volume = 0.167
m3
/g and pore diameter of 2.47 nm. The nanoparticles were also employed as an adsorbent for the purification of dye (methyl
orange) contaminated water. The adsorbent showed excellent removal efficiency (up to 97 %) for the dye through the
mechanism of physical adsorption. The adsorption of the dye fitted the Langmuir and Temkin models. Analysis of FTIR
spectrum after adsorption complemented with computational chemistry modelling to reveal the imine nitrogen group as the site
for the adsorption of the dye unto the nanomaterials. The synthesized nanomaterials have an average particle size of 24 nm,
showed a unique XRD peak and is thermally and mechanically stable within the investigated temperature range (30 to 70 °C).
... Also, the reduced elastic modulus of a material measures the resistance of that material to deformation. Jayakaran et al. (2019) stated that the modulus (120 MPa) and stiffness (1 TPa) of graphene are some of the factors that account for the effective removal of impurities from water. The reduced modulus of the synthesized CaONP is 101.77 ...
Nanoparticles are known for their outstanding properties such as particle size, surface area, optical and electrical properties. These properties have significantly boasted their applications in various surface phenomena. In this work, calcium oxide nanoparticles were synthesized from periwinkle shells as an approach towards waste management through resource recovery. The sol gel method was used for the synthesis. The nanoparticles were characterized using X-Ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier Transformed Infra-Red Spectrophotometer (FTIR), Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and ultra violet visible spectrophotometer (UV-visible). while DLS and SEM underestimate the particle diameter, the BET analysis reveals surface area of 138.998 m2/g, pore volume = 0.167 m3/g and pore diameter of 2.47 nm. The nanoparticles were also employed as an adsorbent for the purification of dye (methyl orange) contaminated water. The adsorbent showed excellent removal efficiency (up to 97 %) for the dye through the mechanism of physical adsorption. The adsorption of the dye fitted the Langmuir and Temkin models. Analysis of FTIR spectrum after adsorption complemented with computational chemistry modelling to reveal the imine nitrogen group as the site for the adsorption of the dye unto the nanomaterials. The synthesized nanomaterials have an average particle size of 24 nm, showed a unique XRD peak and is thermally and mechanically stable within the investigated temperature range (30 to 70 °C)
... In general, sustainable monomers and polymers with good pore-forming ability are considered promising materials exhibiting efficient chemical and thermal stability for the porous bulk structure [270][271][272]. For example, currently, the use of Graphene-based composite materials has attracted remarkable research interest in the formulation of nano-adsorbents owing to their higher porosity and large surface area have exhibited enhanced performance for the separation of organic and inorganic pollutants under the condition of stable chemical and thermal stability [273]. Graphene-based composites can also be engineered into sieve membranes for water filtration treatment. ...
The everlasting need for safe drinking water, increasing maintenance costs, consumption of
energy, and depletion of natural reserves have forced environmentalists and technologists to
develop efficient techniques and suitable devices, which help in meeting global challenges.
Therefore, the development of cost-effective sustainable porous polymer composite-based
adsorbent and membrane sieves, and their use in wastewater treatment and other applications,
have enormously attracted the interest of industrialists and researchers. The scalability, porosity,
tunable surface chemistry, low environmental footprints, and functionalization of porous
structures of composite adsorbent and membrane sieves have further enhanced the scope of their
potential application in the field of wastewater and other environmental remediation. However,
to achieve a deep understanding of their properties, processing, and applications a
comprehensive exhaustive literature survey was conducted to report their brief history, classifications, bulk structural characteristics, designing strategies, and principles. The literature
related to the construction of various advanced polymer sieves and other aspects of
nanocomposite porous adsorbents and membrane sieves has also been discussed. In addition, the
chemistry and mechanism involved in molecular separation through various polymer sieves are
further reported. The strength of the present review is an attempt to cover the deep insights on
sustainable porous adsorbent and membrane sieves, which has not been discussed earlier. The
future scopes in relevance of the adsorbent and membrane sieves have also been covered.
... The amount of CO 2 adsorbed by MWCNTs was found to be 0.4 mg g −1 , and it was increased after impregnation with chitosan as it achieved 3 mg g −1 at 45 • C and 1.1 bar. Moreover, Krishnamurthy et al. [109] found a high percentage of selectivity (more than 95%) to CO 2 , using a 3D printed sorbent containing polyethyleneimine (PEI) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). ...
... The amount of CO2 adsorbed by MWCNTs was found to be 0.4 mg g −1 , and it was increased after impregnation with chitosan as it achieved 3 mg g −1 at 45 °C and 1.1 bar. Moreover, Krishnamurthy et al. [109] found a high percentage of selectivity (more than 95%) to CO2, using a 3D printed sorbent containing polyethyleneimine (PEI) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). Graphene is a carbon-allotrope in a two-dimensional honeycomb-shape lattice nanostructure. ...
... Rehman et al. [156], synthesized an amine-functionalized organic metal framework (MOF) that followed a pseudo-second-order reaction and proposed the rate-determining step to be the chemical adsorption step. Moreover, Nagarajan et al. [109] proposed solar-reduced graphene oxide to follow pseudo-second-order kinetics for the physical adsorption of carbon dioxide. Table 6. ...
Global warming and climate changes are among the biggest modern-day environmental problems, the main factor causing these problems is the greenhouse gas effect. The increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere resulted in capturing increased amounts of reflected sunlight, causing serious acute and chronic environmental problems. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reached 421 ppm in 2022 as compared to 280 in the 1800s, this increase is attributed to the increased carbon dioxide emissions from the industrial revolution. The release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere can be minimized by practicing carbon capture utilization and storage methods. Carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) has four major methods, namely, pre-combustion, post-combustion, oxyfuel combustion, and direct air capture. It has been reported that applying CCUS can capture up to 95% of the produced carbon dioxide in running power plants. However, a reported cost penalty and efficiency decrease hinder the wide applicability of CCUS. Advancements in the CCSU were made in increasing the efficiency and decreasing the cost of the sorbents. In this review, we highlight the recent developments in utilizing both physical and chemical sorbents to capture carbon. This includes amine-based sorbents, blended absorbents, ionic liquids, metal-organic framework (MOF) adsorbents, zeolites, mesoporous silica materials, alkali-metal adsorbents, carbonaceous materials, and metal oxide/metal oxide-based materials. In addition, a comparison between recently proposed kinetic and thermodynamic models was also introduced. It was concluded from the published studies that amine-based sorbents are considered assuperior carbon-capturing materials, which is attributed to their high stability, multifunctionality, rapid capture, and ability to achieve large sorption capacities. However, more work must be done to reduce their cost as it can be regarded as their main drawback.
... Monolayer graphene is very popular because of its high thermal conductivity, high electrical conductivity, flexibility and high resistance. Liquid exfoliation is another method used to produce graphene, and this method can produce it on a large scale but yields a less pure form than chemical exfoliation [62]. GO can be manufactured by fuming different chemicals as oxidizing agents. ...
... Structure of graphene, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide[62]. ...
Freshwater is in limited supply, and the growing population further contributes to its scarcity. The effective treatment of wastewater is essential now more than ever, because waterborne infections significantly contribute to global deaths, and millions of people are deprived of safe drinking water. Current wastewater treatment technologies include preliminary, primary, secondary, and tertiary treatments, which are effective in removing several contaminants; however, contaminants in the nanoscale range are often difficult to eliminate using these steps. Some of these include organic and inorganic pollutants, pharmaceuticals, pathogens and contaminants of emerging concern. The use of nanomaterials is a promising solution to this problem. Nanoparticles have unique properties allowing them to efficiently remove residual contaminants while being cost-effective and environmentally friendly. In this review, the need for novel developments in nanotechnology for wastewater treatment is discussed, as well as key nanomaterials and their corresponding target contaminants, which they are effective against. The nanomaterials of focus in this review are carbon nanotubes, graphene-based nanosheets, fullerenes, silver nanoparticles, copper nanoparticles and iron nanoparticles. Finally, the challenges and prospects of nanoparticle utilisation in the context of wastewater treatment are presented.
... Graphene oxide is a single monomolecular layer of graphite having hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl, and epoxide capabilities for retaining oxygen. Because of its simple design, less sensitivity, low cost, and simplicity of operation towards harmful contaminants, graphene oxide along with magnetic particles has attracted substantial attention as an adsorbent for wastewater treatment [101]. ...
The tremendous expansion in industrial operations has resulted in an extravagant increase in industrial effluent. Many poisonous substances, heavy metals, dangerous organic materials, suspended particles, etc., can be found in industrial effluent. The dumping of this effluent into rivers pollutes the water and causes considerable harm to humans and other species. In this approach, wastewater treatment becomes a basic requirement before it is discharged into natural water sources. The primary goal of wastewater treatment is to remove various toxins from the water to protect human health and the environment. Several standards and non-conventional wastewater treatment processes are briefly addressed in this review, followed by the use of treated water in various applications, including agriculture and horticulture. For many of the approaches investigated, micropollutant removal appears to be difficult and process-dependent. The effects of major physiological and chemical parameters, as well as the removal effectiveness of various microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and algae, and even the role of their specific enzymes, are studied. Nanomaterials are crucially important in the elimination of impurities, particularly in the case of clean drinking water. Even if some hybrid approaches appear to be promising in terms of removing micropollutants, further research is needed to develop more efficient water treatment methods. The goal of this paper is to look at recent and relevant research on biological treatment methods to give researchers and scientists in the field ready-to-use references.
