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Graphene and carbon nanotubes as (A) single wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) and (B) multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) structures.
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Nanoscale structures have been at the core of research efforts dealing with integration of nanotechnology into novel electronic devices for the last decade. For instance, the unique electrical and optical properties of nanowires, nanotubes and nanocables with vertical orientation, assembled in nanoscale arrays, have been used in many device applica...
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... one or more graphene sheets generates CNTs with excellent chemical and ther- mal stability, extreme electronic properties, large surface area and high mechanical strength while carrying ultralight weight (Ajayan, 1999). Under well-defined conditions of synthesis, two forms of CNTs can efficiently be prepared: single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) or nested multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) (Figure 2). Being so close to graphene, CNTs are usually near to atomic-scale perfection making CNTs chemically inert ( Enachescu et al., 1999;Bota et al., 2014a,b). ...
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... junction (TJ) barriers pro- tect the CNS. These barriers are located in three main locations inside CNS: the brain endothelium, the arachnoid epithelium, and the choroid plexus epithelium (Figure 3, Abbott et al., 2006). BBB consists of endothelial cells connected by close fitting junc- tions that separate the flowing blood from the brain extracellular fluid. ...
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... example, SRG patterns can be used as a template for nanowire fabrication and colloid self-assembly. Titanium nanowires have been fabricated using a spin-on process on both flat substrates of epoxy-based azobenzene functionalized polymer (AFP) templates and on one-dimensional (1D) SRG patterns (Yi et al., 2002a,b,c). ...
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The current rapid development of nanotechnologies and engineered nanomaterials (ENM) will impact the society in a major fashion during the coming decades. This development also causes substantial safety concerns. Among the many promising applications of ENM, products that can be used for diagnosis and treatment of diseases, including conditions tha...
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... Cognitive enhancement has become an area of intense scientific, policy, and ethical interest [1][2][3]. Cognitive enhancement (or 'neuroenhancement' [3,4], 'cognitive augmentation' [1], and 'brain augmentation' [5]) has been variously defined as the "use of technology to augment normal cognition" [6], "improvement of the processes of acquiring/generating knowledge and understanding the world around us" [1], or as "the use of neuroscience-based techniques for enhancing cognition by acting directly on the human brain and nervous system, altering its properties to increase performance" [4]. In the most general terms, cognitive enhancement identifies a change to a human mental attribute, ability, or trait (structural or dispositional), along a relevant desired (e.g., "better" "augmented" "improved") dimension relative to some norm and via some method(s) (e.g., pharmaceuticals, brain stimulation, physical exercise, meditation). ...
Neurotechnological cognitive enhancement has become an area of intense scientific, policy, and ethical interest. However, while work has increasingly focused on ethical views of the general public, less studied are those with personal connections to cognitive impairment. Using a mixed-methods design, we surveyed attitudes regarding implantable neurotechnological cognitive enhancement in individuals who self-identified as having increased likelihood of developing dementia (n = 25; ‘Our Study’), compared to a nationally representative sample of Americans (n = 4726; ‘Pew Study’). Participants in Our Study were additionally shown four videos showcasing hypothetical neurotechnological devices designed to enhance different cognitive abilities and were interviewed for more in-depth responses. Both groups expressed comparable degrees of worry and acknowledgement of potential ethical ramifications (all ps > 0.05). Compared to the Pew Study, participants in Our Study expressed slightly higher desire (p < 0.01), as well as higher acknowledgment for potential impacts on productivity (p < 0.05). Ultimately, participants in Our Study were more likely to deem the device morally acceptable (56%; compared to Pew Study, 25.2%; p = 0.0001). Interviews conducted in Our Study allowed participants to supply additional nuance and reasoning to survey responses, such as giving examples for increased productivity, perceived downsides of memory enhancement, or concerns regarding potentially resulting inequality. This study builds upon and adds to the growing focus on potential ethical issues surrounding neurotechnological cognitive enhancement by centering stakeholder perspectives, highlighting the need for inclusive research and consideration of diverse perspectives and lived experiences to ensure inclusive dialogue that best informs ethical and policy discussions in this rapidly advancing field.
... In 1999, Lijima discovered the existence of carbon nanotubes. Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), such as layered rolled-up graphene, or multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), such as multi-layered rolled-up graphene, are two different types of carbon nanotubes (Lijima, 1999;Vidu et al., 2014). Due to their distinct physicochemical characteristics, CNTs have been the focus of nanotechnology research ever since they were discovered. ...
The advent of nanotechnology has enabled scientists to devise strategies for the preparation of smart fertilizers that can not only improve the growth and productivity of plants, but also protect the plants from the adverse effects of abiotic and biotic stresses. Development of nanocomposites have been attempted to ensure the supply of essential nutrients to the plants by improving the soil fertility. This has been attempted through the deployment of nanoparticle-based smart delivery systems. Among the abiotic stresses, heavy metal stress has been known to significantly effect plant performance, thereby impacting the yield. In this connection, carbon-based nano-adsorbents (carbon nanotubes, carbon nanoparticles and graphene) and metal-based nano-adsorbents (magnetic nanoparticles) are the two primary categories of nano-adsorbents that can be used for nullifying the effect of heavy metals present in soil. Therefore, these nano-adsorbents can be used to treat polluted soils under in-situ or ex-situ conditions, thereby improving soil health and fertility. This chapter presents the application of environment-friendly nanomaterials to reduce heavy metal toxicity in the soil.
... Neurons will begin to malfunction at lower levels (below 15 cc/100 grams of tissue/minute), resulting in death quite rapidly. (iv) The blood brain barrier (BBB) plays a key role in the selective transport of substances into the brain (Chen andLiu 2012 andVidu et al. 2014). Smaller molecules are more likely to cross the barrier. ...
Nutrition and reward are two important functions of the brain. To understand their underpinnings we look into the neural processing underlying the mechanisms of reward and nutrition at the interface with cognition. The common denominator of nutrition and reward functions is "food" intake that represents the energy source for all vital functions of an organism. In this chapter, we briefly discuss these two neural systems involving the sensory encoding of taste, the digestive system for nutrition, the reward mechanisms for food and drug addiction, together with its implications on cognition, as well as the neural substrate of human obesity and addiction. Finally, we touch on the idea that some nutrients and rewards require attention in order to prevent obesity and addiction.
... Nanotubo de carbono de capa simple (SWCNT) (A) y de capa múltiple (MWCNT) (B)(Vidu et al., 2014). ...
La quiralidad es una propiedad muy importante en los nanomateriales debido a las posibles implicaciones que tiene en los procesos de catálisis asimétrica y fenómenos quirópticos. Los nanotubos de carbono pueden clasificarse de acuerdo con su vector quiral y algunas de sus propiedades cambian con respecto a este. En este trabajo utilizamos la medida de la quiralidad de Hausdorff (HCM) para cuantificar geométricamente la quiralidad de nanotubos de carbono con distintos vectores quirales. Los valores del HCM calculados se usan para predecir de manera preliminar la respuesta óptica de los nanotubos de carbono.
... Researchers have explored the potential of employing nanotechnology to create innovative minuscule structures endowed with molecular, cellular or atomic abilities. This rapidly increasing domain, known as neuronanotechnology, entails manipulating materials at a level extremely close to that of individual atoms, opening new possibilities for brainrelated advancements [4]. ...
Nanomedicines are promising for delivering drugs to the central nervous system, though their precision is still being improved. Fortifying nanoparticles with vital molecules can interact with the blood–brain barrier, enabling access to brain tissue. This study summarizes recent advances in nanomedicine to treat neurological complications. The integration of nanotechnology into cell biology aids in the study of brain cells' interactions. Magnetic microhydrogels have exhibited superior neuron activation compared with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and hold promise for neuropsychiatric disorders. Nanomaterials have shown notable results, such as tackling neurodegenerative diseases by hindering harmful protein buildup and regulating cellular processes. However, further studies of the safety and effectiveness of nanoparticles in managing neurological diseases and disorders are still required.
... More specifically, the clinical trials consisted of the use of gallium nitrate intravenously, exhibiting great results versus lymphomas and bladder cancer and milder results versus prostate, cervix and ovarian tumours (Collery et al. 2002). Gallium Phosphide (GaP) nanowires have been found to display improved results in terms of cell adhesion and survivability (Vidu et al. 2014). Past research suggested that gallium may predict AD due to its similar binding tendency with transferrin as iron (Wang and Luo 2020). ...
... More specifically, the clinical trials consisted of the use of gallium nitrate intravenously, exhibiting great results versus lymphomas and bladder cancer and milder results versus prostate, cervix and ovarian tumours (Collery et al. 2002). Gallium Phosphide (GaP) nanowires have been found to display improved results in terms of cell adhesion and survivability (Vidu et al. 2014). Past research suggested that gallium may predict AD due to its similar binding tendency with transferrin as iron (Wang and Luo 2020). ...
Anthropogenic activity and the gradual enhancement in environmental contamination have been notably and recently developed. Bioremediation is a revolutionary innovation that can be used with existing physical and chemical treatment methods to handle various environmental contaminants, including using organisms to remove or neutralize pollutants. It provides the benefit of cleaning contaminated places utilizing natural processes and is less expensive since it does not require as much equipment, workforce, or energy as other cleanup procedures. The current chapter discusses various bioremediation types, techniques, and microorganisms.KeywordsBioremediationMicroorganismsMethods
EnvironmentEco-friendly
... More specifically, the clinical trials consisted of the use of gallium nitrate intravenously, exhibiting great results versus lymphomas and bladder cancer and milder results versus prostate, cervix and ovarian tumours (Collery et al. 2002). Gallium Phosphide (GaP) nanowires have been found to display improved results in terms of cell adhesion and survivability (Vidu et al. 2014). Past research suggested that gallium may predict AD due to its similar binding tendency with transferrin as iron (Wang and Luo 2020). ...
Industrial waste is an umbrella term that encompasses all undesirable by-products arising from manufacturing processes or derived from industrial operations. It comprises an array of solid, liquid, or gaseous wastes produced due to industrial activities which can be hazardous or non-hazardous and are modulated by distinct bodies of law and regulation. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) controls all forms of waste at the federal level, providing guidelines for abidance and enforcing a sturdy fine for violation of the same. In recent times, considering the stringency in regulations and environmental concerns, industrial waste disposal and remediation adopt sustainably efficient solutions to reduce the toxicological effects and volume of the waste generated. Consequently, the high workload on the industrial sector is the high production of industrial effluents. Unfortunately, the primary objective of traditional treatment methods was to minimize the volume of industrial waste at a cheaper rate without considering sustainable alternatives and detrimental impacts on the environment. Understanding and establishing an equilibrium between cost-effectiveness and efficiency is the key to undertaking an adequate treatment method for industrial by-products. Environmental responsibility and stewardship are crucial for the sustainable protection of the planet against global trash without slowing down business. This chapter will discuss the various conventional methodologies adapted to treat waste from industries and industrial sectors.KeywordsWasteWastewaterIndustrial wastewaterBioremediationWastewater treatment
... The device was made use in deep-brain stimulation in the sub thalamic nucleus barring manipulation of the neighboring cells or tissues. Such stimulations with nano-devices have a great scope in the therapy of degenerative disorders like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and spinal injuries (Szarowski et al., 2003;Vidu et al., 2014). An overview of the applications of nanoparticles in the various fields of biomedical science is depicted in Figure 2. ...
... Importantly, diverse nanomaterial dimensionality can elicit distinct responses in brain cells and circuits [7,8]. In this framework, particular attention must be given to nanowires (NWs) as a permissive substrate for neural growth [9,10]. NWs' nano-size enables their crossing of the plasma membrane without the emergence of significant cell damage [11]. ...
Nanomaterials design, synthesis, and characterization are ever-expanding approaches toward developing biodevices or neural interfaces to treat neurological diseases. The ability of nanomaterials features to tune neuronal networks’ morphology or functionality is still under study. In this work, we unveil how interfacing mammalian brain cultured neurons and iron oxide nanowires’ (NWs) orientation affect neuronal and glial densities and network activity. Iron oxide NWs were synthesized by electrodeposition, fixing the diameter to 100 nm and the length to 1 µm. Scanning electron microscopy, Raman, and contact angle measurements were performed to characterize the NWs’ morphology, chemical composition, and hydrophilicity. Hippocampal cultures were seeded on NWs devices, and after 14 days, the cell morphology was studied by immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy. Live calcium imaging was performed to study neuronal activity. Using random nanowires (R-NWs), higher neuronal and glial cell densities were obtained compared with the control and vertical nanowires (V-NWs), while using V-NWs, more stellate glial cells were found. R-NWs produced a reduction in neuronal activity, while V-NWs increased the neuronal network activity, possibly due to a higher neuronal maturity and a lower number of GABAergic neurons, respectively. These results highlight the potential of NWs manipulations to design ad hoc regenerative interfaces.
