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Graph showing the age-related change (mean value (line) and standard deviation (shadow)) in the thickness of retinal outer nuclear layer (ONL), ellipsoid zone (EZ), and photoreceptor outer segment band (POS).
Source publication
Abstract The study aims to assess the thickness of the retinal outer nuclear layer (ONL), ellipsoid zone (EZ) and photoreceptor outer segment (POS) band in various macular regions and its associations with axial length and other parameters. Participants of the Beijing Eye Study 2011 underwent a series of examinations including spectral-domain optic...
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Background
Antisocial personality disorder is a frequently studied personality disorder, and its etiopathogenesis is still investigated. Neuroimaging demonstrated that certain regions of the brain could be associated with this disorder, and in the present study, we aimed to investigate the changes in retina, which could be considered an extension o...
To evaluate the distribution of choroidal thickness (CT) and its trend with age in healthy people using 120° ultra-wide field swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (UWF SS-OCTA). In this cross-sectional observational study, healthy volunteers underwent single imaging of the fundus with UWF SS-OCTA at a field of view (FOV) of 120° (2...
Using laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG), we investigated the time course of changes in choroidal circulation hemodynamics after a cold pressor test in healthy eyes. This prospective study included the right eye of 19 young healthy participants. The macular mean blur rate (MBR) was measured with LSFG. The MBR, intraocular pressure (IOP), systolic bloo...
Objective:
To evaluate the macula, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), retinal layers, and choroidal thickness (CT) using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in patients with alopecia areata (AA).
Methods:
The right eyes of 42 AA patients (17 women, 25 men) and 42 controls (18 women, 24 men) were included in the study. Each subje...
Purpose
To investigate variation in reflectivity of choroidal layers in normal eyes.
Methods
From the swept-source optical coherence tomography database, we retrospectively included eyes with a normal fundus. Choroidal reflectivity was measured on the horizontal and vertical B-scan optical coherence tomography images. The optical barrier of the ch...
Citations
... Further analysis using an insulin microarray resulted that the levels of insulin and those related factors including IGF2, IGF-2R, IGF binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1), IGFBP-2, IGFBP-3, IGFBP-4 and IGFBP-6 were markedly increased in patients with pathogenic myopia as compared with the controls [59]. Alternatively, the multivariable analysis using 2213 participants without retinal or optic nerve diseases underwent a series of measurements including spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, which indicated that a thicker retinal outer nuclear layer was associated (correlation coefficient r: 0.40) with shorter axial length and shorter disc-fovea distance after adjusting for younger age, male sex (beta: 0.24; p < 0.001), lower serum cholesterol concentration (beta: −0.05; p = 0.04) and thicker subfoveal choroidal thickness [60]. Therefore, this collective evidence rationally supported not only that systemic glycemic regulation factors were indeed involved in the pathogenesis of myopia but also the current investigation suggesting that SREBP-related regulation of FA, TG and cholesterol synthesis may be one of the critical factors to induce AL elongation via HSSFs in myopic eyes. ...
The purpose of the current investigation was to elucidate what kinds of responsible mechanisms induce elongation of the sclera in myopic eyes. To do this, two-dimensional (2D) cultures of human scleral stromal fibroblasts (HSSFs) obtained from eyes with two different axial length (AL) groups, <26 mm (low AL group, n = 2) and >27 mm (high AL group, n = 3), were subjected to (1) measurements of Seahorse mitochondrial and glycolytic indices to evaluate biological aspects and (2) analysis by RNA sequencing. Extracellular flux analysis revealed that metabolic indices related to mitochondrial and glycolytic functions were higher in the low AL group than in the high AL group, suggesting that metabolic activities of HSSF cells are different depending the degree of AL. Based upon RNA sequencing of these low and high AL groups, the bioinformatic analyses using gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified that sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 2 (SREBF2) is both a possible upstream regulator and a causal network regulator. Furthermore, SREBF1, insulin-induced gene 1 (INSIG1), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) were detected as upstream regulators, and protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type O (PTPRO) was detected as a causal network regulator. Since those possible regulators were all pivotally involved in lipid metabolisms including fatty acid (FA), triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol (Chol) biosynthesis, the findings reported here indicate that FA, TG and Chol biosynthesis regulation may be responsible mechanisms inducing AL elongation via HSSF.
Purpose: To investigate the pathophysiology and prognostic significance of acute Henle fiber layer (HFL) hyperreflectivity in placoid diseases by examining its relationship with impaired choroidal flow and persistent photoreceptor disruption.
Methods: Retrospective prospective observational study on patients with placoid diseases. Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were performed during the acute phase and follow up. Impaired choroidal flow, HFL hyperreflectivity, and persistent EZ disruption, their colocalization index, and their associations with initial and final visual acuity (VA) were explored.
Results: Sixteen eyes from 8 patients (mean age 25.3±6.44 years) were included (median follow up 13.5 months). Quantitative analysis revealed significant correlations between areas of impaired choroidal flow, HFL hyperreflectivity, and persistent EZ disruption (correlation coefficients of 0.69, 0.63, and 0.46, respectively). Impaired choroidal flow area exceeded HFL hyperreflectivity (p=0.002) and EZ disruption (p=0.003). A noteworthy 94% non random overlap between HFL hyperreflectivity and EZ disruption was observed. Worse initial VA correlated with foveal involvement (p=0.0002), thicker choroid (p=0.001), larger impaired choroidal flow areas (p=0.02), and thinner outer retina post lesion inactivation (p=0.04).
Conclusions: HFL hyperreflectivity predicted photoreceptor recovery potential in placoid diseases. If HFL hyperreflectivity corresponds to acute HFL damage, it may suggest more severe involvement of the entire photoreceptor length.
The intricate functionality of the vertebrate retina relies on the interplay between neurotransmitter activity and calcium (Ca2+) dynamics, offering important insights into developmental processes, physiological functioning, and disease progression. Neurotransmitters orchestrate cellular processes to shape the behavior of the retina under diverse circumstances. Despite research to elucidate the roles of individual neurotransmitters in the visual system, there remains a gap in our understanding of the holistic integration of their interplay with Ca2+ dynamics in the broader context of neuronal development, health, and disease. To address this gap, the present review explores the mechanisms used by the neurotransmitters glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, dopamine, and acetylcholine (ACh) and their interplay with Ca2+ dynamics. This conceptual outline is intended to inform and guide future research, underpinning novel therapeutic avenues for retinal-associated disorders.
Purpose
Assessment of the relationship between in vivo foveolar cone density, cone outer segment length (OSL), and foveal retinal thickness (RT).
Methods
Foveolar cone density maps covering the central ±300 µm of the retina were derived from adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy images. The corresponding maps of foveal cone OSL and RT were derived from high-resolution optical coherence tomography volume scans. Alignment of the two-dimensional maps containing OSL and RT with the cone density map was achieved by placing the location of maximum OSL on the cone density centroid (CDC).
Results
Across 10 participants (27 ± 9 years; 6 female), cone density at the CDC was found to be between 147,038 and 215,681 cones/mm². The maximum OSL and minimum RT were found to lie between 31 and 40, and 193 and 226 µm, respectively. A significant correlation was observed between cone density at the CDC and maximum OSL (P = 0.001), as well as the minimal RT (P < 0.05). Across all participants, the best fit for the relationship between normalized cone density and normalized OSL within the central 300 µm was given by a quadratic function.
Conclusions
Using optical coherence tomography–derived measurements of OSL enables to estimate CDC cone density and two-dimensional foveal cone density maps for example in patient eyes unsuitable for adaptive optics imaging. Furthermore, the observation of a fixed relationship between the normalized OSL and cone density points to a conserved mechanism shaping the foveal pit.
