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Graph of principal component I versus principal component II extracted by principal component analysis of the dorsal pelage coloration. The triangles correspond to specimens from temperate forest, circles to specimens from tropical deciduous forest, and squares to specimens from desert scrub.
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Dorsal pelage color, morphometry of cranial characteristics, and sequences of 500 base pairs from mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene of pocket gophers (Thomomys bottae) from the Cape region in Baja California Sur were used to evaluate how the environment influences morphologic and genetic structure in populations from habitats with altitudinal segrega...
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... first 3 PCs of the analysis of pelage color among habitats explained 98.4% of the variation (PC I ¼ 64%, PC II ¼ 31.4%, and PC III ¼ 2.9%). The biplot of PC I and PC II (Fig. 5) indicated that specimens from the 3 habitats overlapped; however, the 3 groups could be differentiated. PC I was mainly influenced by coloration of the back and PC II by coloration of the rump. ANOVA of the residuals from the PC I data showed that coloration of the back of pocket gophers from the 3 habitats was significantly different ...
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... Sexual dimorphism and ontogenetic variation represent critical life history traits of rodents (Schulte-Hofstedde 2007), and together with other factors such as habitat and season can affect the trophic niche utilised by a species (Hobson and Quirk 2014). While pelage colouration and body mass have been used to age small mammals, these are considered inappropriate, as they may be influenced by factors such as the concentration of humic substances in the soil that are created during the decomposition of organic matter (Rios and Álvarez-Castañeda 2007) and the availability and accessibility of quality food (van Rensburg et al. 2004), respectively. Maxillary molar eruption and wear, and their associated craniometric analysis, however, are considered more appropriate for ageing small mammals (Chimimba and Dippenaar 1994). ...
We evaluated craniometric sexual dimorphism and ontogenetic (age) variation in invasive Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus from urban and peri-urban areas of Gauteng Province, South Africa, using univariate and multivariate analyses. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), percent contribution of the sum of squares (%SSQs) of each source of variation, principal components analysis (PCA) and unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) cluster analysis showed no sexual dimorphism in both species, however in both species, significant age variation between five age classes based on maxillary molar toothrow cusp eruption and wear was found and the age classes were pooled into juveniles (i.e., individuals of tooth-wear class I), sub-adults (II–III), and adults (IV–V). Few variables showed statistically significant sex-age interaction. The largest %SSQs to the total variance were due to error (i.e., residual), suggesting that apart from sex, age, and their interaction, there were other components that are responsible for the variation. Our approach may be useful for partitioning the effect of sexual dimorphism and ontogenetic variation in other studies, such as our stable isotope analysis-based trophic ecological studies of Rattus species from urban and peri-urban areas of Gauteng Province, South Africa.
... The many known examples of variation in coloration across altitudinal gradients lend support to this idea (e.g. Köhler, Samietz, & Schielzeth, 2017;Rebelo & Siegfried, 1985;Reguera, Zamora-Camacho, & Moreno-Rueda, 2014;Richmond & Reeder, 2002;Rios & Álvarez-Castañeda, 2007). A similar situation could also be the case with P. terribilis, given its distribution at the southern edge of the genus's range, where it may also experience different selective pressures from those faced by its closely related striped lineages. ...
The geographic distribution of phenotypic variation among closely related populations is a valuable source of information about the evolutionary processes that generate and maintain biodiversity. Leapfrog distributions, in which phenotypically similar populations are disjunctly distributed and separated by one or more phenotypically distinct populations, represent geographic replicates for the existence of a phenotype, and are therefore especially informative. These geographic patterns have mostly been studied from phylogenetic perspectives to understand how common ancestry and divergent evolution drive their formation. Other processes, such as gene flow between populations, have not received as much attention. Here we investigate the roles of divergence and gene flow between populations in the origin and maintenance of a leapfrog distribution in Phyllobates poison frogs. We found evidence for high levels of gene flow between neighboring populations but not over long distances, indicating that gene flow between populations exhibiting the central phenotype may have a homogenizing effect that maintains their similarity, and that introgression between “leapfroging” taxa has not played a prominent role as a driver of phenotypic diversity in Phyllobates. Although phylogenetic analyses suggest that the leapfrog distribution was formed through independent evolution of the peripheral (i.e. leapfrogging) populations, the elevated levels of gene flow between geographically close populations poise alternative scenarios, such as the history of phenotypic change becoming decoupled from genome‐averaged patterns of divergence, which we cannot rule out. These results highlight the importance of incorporating gene flow between populations into the study of geographic variation in phenotypes, both as a driver of phenotypic diversity and as a confounding factor of phylogeographic inferences.
... predator communities or light environments) different from those of lowland forests, which favor solid-yellow patterns over striped ones. The many known examples of variation in coloration across altitudinal gradients lend support to this idea (e.g.Köhler, Samietz, & Schielzeth, 2017;Rebelo & Siegfried, 1985;Reguera, Zamora- Camacho, & Moreno-Rueda, 2014;Richmond & Reeder, 2002;Rios & Álvarez- ...
The geographic distribution of phenotypic variation among closely related populations is a valuable source of information about the evolutionary processes that generate and maintain biodiversity. Leapfrog distributions, in which phenotypically similar populations are disjunctly distributed and separated by phenotypically distinct populations, represent geographic replicates for the existence of a phenotype, and are therefore especially informative. These geographic patterns have mostly been studied from phylogenetic perspectives to understand how common ancestry and divergent evolution drive their formation. Other processes, such as gene flow between populations, have not received as much attention. Here we investigate the roles of divergence and gene flow between populations in the origin and maintenance of a leapfrog distribution in Phyllobates poison frogs. We found evidence for high levels of gene flow between neighboring populations but not over long distances, indicating that gene flow between central populations may have a homogenizing effect that maintains their similarity, and that introgression between "leapfroging" taxa has not played a prominent role as a driver of phenotypic diversity in Phyllobates . Although phylogenetic analyses suggest that the leapfrog distribution was formed through independent evolution of the peripheral (i.e. leapfrogging) populations, the elevated levels of gene flow between geographically close populations poise alternative scenarios, such as the history of phenotypic change becoming decoupled from genome-averaged patterns of divergence, which we cannot rule out. These results highlight the importance of incorporating gene flow between populations into the study of geographic variation in phenotypes, both as a driver of phenotypic diversity and as a confounding factor of phylogeographic inferences.
... Furthermore, burrowing and plant foraging by pocket gophers can influence succession and plant species composition (Reichman and Seabloom 2002;Sherrod, Seastedt, and Walker 2005). Pocket gophers will come to the surface to cut plants away from their tunnel openings, and their diet includes bulbs, roots, tubers, and, occasionally, aboveground plant tissues (Rios and Álvarez-Castañeda 2007). For example, in the high elevations of central Utah (3,000-3,400 m), gophers primarily consumed and cut dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), penstemon (Penstemon rydbergii), sweet sage (Artemisia discolor), and yarrow (Achillea lanulosa) (Aldous 1951). ...
Burrowing mammals can be ecosystem engineers by increasing soil aeration and erosion and altering the structure of plant communities. Studies that characterize the constraints on the distributions of fossorial mammal disturbances to soil can help predict changes in ecosystem engineering under future climates. We quantified the density of soil disturbances caused by Thomomys talpoides (northern pocket gopher) over replicate elevation gradients spanning 2,700–4,000 m a.s.l. in the Upper Gunnison Basin, Colorado, USA. As a conceptual framework for predicting biogeographic variation in soil disturbance, we used the abundant center hypothesis (ACH), which proposes that species abundance declines monotonically away from the most abundant location in its distribution, with the assumption that ecosystem engineering scales with gopher abundance. We also evaluated the relative importance of abiotic and biotic variables as correlates of soil disturbance. Gopher disturbance peaked at mid elevations (~3,150 m), supporting the ACH. The best model for predicting gopher-caused soil disturbance contained both abiotic and biotic variables, with increased soil disturbance where mean annual temperature, forb cover, and plant diversity were greatest. Results suggest that mountain ecosystems may experience increases in gopher-caused soil disturbance as climate warms, possibly accompanied by increases in plant diversity and forb cover.
... Furthermore, burrowing and plant foraging by pocket gophers can influence succession and plant species composition (Reichman and Seabloom 2002;Sherrod, Seastedt, and Walker 2005). Pocket gophers will come to the surface to cut plants away from their tunnel openings, and their diet includes bulbs, roots, tubers, and, occasionally, aboveground plant tissues (Rios and Álvarez-Castañeda 2007). For example, in the high elevations of central Utah (3,000-3,400 m), gophers primarily consumed and cut dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), penstemon (Penstemon rydbergii), sweet sage (Artemisia discolor), and yarrow (Achillea lanulosa) (Aldous 1951). ...
Burrowing mammals can be ecosystem engineers by increasing soil aeration and erosion and altering the structure of plant communities. Studies that characterize the constraints on the distributions of fossorial mammal disturbances to soil can help predict changes in ecosystem engineering under future climates. We quantified the density of soil disturbances caused by Thomomys talpoides (northern pocket gopher) over replicate elevation gradients spanning 2,700–4,000 m a.s.l. in the Upper Gunnison Basin, Colorado, USA. As a conceptual framework for predicting biogeographic variation in soil disturbance, we used the abundant center hypothesis (ACH), which proposes that species abundance declines monotonically away from the most abundant location in its distribution, with the assumption that ecosystem engineering scales with gopher abundance. We also evaluated the relative importance of abiotic and biotic variables as correlates of soil disturbance. Gopher disturbance peaked at mid elevations (~3,150 m), supporting the ACH. The best model for predicting gopher-caused soil disturbance contained both abiotic and biotic variables, with increased soil disturbance where mean annual temperature, forb cover, and plant diversity were greatest. Results suggest that mountain ecosystems may experience increases in gopher-caused soil disturbance as climate warms, possibly accompanied by increases in plant diversity and forb cover.
... cuniculus, O. lanius, O. matagalpae, and O. thaeleri), all originally described on the basis of body size or pelage coloration, has been questioned (Hall 1981;Hafner 1991Sudman and Hafner 1992;Villa-Cornejo and Espinoza-Medinilla 2014). Both body size and pelage coloration are known to vary extensively within species of pocket gophers, thus providing little evidence of phylogeny on their own (Patton and Brylski 1987;Wilkins and Swearingen 1990;Krupa and Geluso 2000;Rios and Álvarez-Castañeda 2007;Hafner et al. 2008Hafner et al. , 2009. ...
... subspecies are currently recognized. All of these subspecies were named primarily on the basis of body size or pelage coloration, features that have been shown repeatedly to be of dubious taxonomic value in the Geomyidae (Patton and Brylski 1987;Wilkins and Swearingen 1990;Krupa and Geluso 2000;Rios and Álvarez-Castañeda 2007;Hafner et al. 2008Hafner et al. , 2009). Assessment of the taxonomic validity of the subspecies of O. grandis was not within the scope of this study, but it is likely that a rigorous analysis of their validity using modern tools for systematic investigation would reduce the number of subspecies considerably. ...
Pocket gophers of the genus Orthogeomys show unusually high morphological and ecological diversity compared to other genera in the family Geomyidae. Whereas this diverse group once was divided into 3 genera ( Merriam 1895 ), a revision by Russell (1968) recognized only Orthogeomys , with Merriam’s original genera relegated to subgeneric status as Heterogeomys , Macrogeomys , and Orthogeomys . Recent studies have called into question the monophyly of Orthogeomys , as well as the validity of 4 currently recognized Orthogeomys species. To date, the taxonomic validity of only 1 of these species has been verified ( Hafner et al. 2014 ). In this analysis, the first to include all 11 recognized species of the genus, we examine 3 mitochondrial and 2 nuclear gene sequences (4,352 base pairs) and analyze cranial morphology to explore relationships within the genus. Our data support a taxonomic revision that restricts the genus Orthogeomys to a single species ( O. grandis ) and combines the subgenera Heterogeomys and Macrogeomys into the resurrected genus, Heterogeomys (7 species). In addition, 3 currently recognized species of Orthogeomys are synonymized as follows: O. cuniculus with O. grandis ; H. thaeleri with H. dariensis ; and H. matagalpae with H. cherriei . A synonymy and a key to the species of the genera Orthogeomys and Heterogeomys are provided.
Las tuzas del género Orthogeomys muestran una diversidad morfológica y ecológica inusual en comparación con otros géneros de la familia Geomyidae. Aunque este diverso grupo fue alguna vez dividido en 3 géneros ( Merriam 1895 ), la revisión de Russell (1968) reconoció solo a Orthogeomys , mientras que los géneros originales de Merriam fueron relegados a estatus subgenérico como Heterogeomys , Macrogeomys y Orthogeomys . Estudios recientes han cuestionado la monofilia de Orthogeomys , así como la validez de 4 de las especies actualmente reconocidas. A la fecha, la validez taxonómica de sólo una de estas especies ha sido verificada. En este análisis, el primero en incluir las 11 especies reconocidas en el género, examinamos secuencias de 3 genes mitocondriales y 2 nucleares y analizamos la morfología craneal para explorar las relaciones dentro del género. Nuestras 4,352 pares de bases de secuencias de ADN apoyan una revisión taxonómica que retiene al género Orthogeomys (incluyendo sólo a O. grandis ) y combina los subgéneros Heterogeomys y Macrogeomys en un género recuperado, Heterogeomys (7 especies). Además, 3 especies de Orthogeomys actualmente reconocidas son sinonimizadas de la siguiente forma: O. cuniculus con O. grandis ; H. thaeleri con H. dariensis ; y H. matagalpae con H. cherriei . Se incluye sinonimia y una clave para las especies de los géneros Orthogeomys y Heterogeomys .
... Trujano-Álvarez and Álvarez-Castañeda (2007), and Ríos and Álvarez-Castañeda (2007) reviewed the taxonomy of populations of Thomomys bottae from Baja California Sur south of the Vizcaino Desert previously recognized as T. b. anitae, T. b. alticola, T. b. imitabilis, T. b. incomptus, T. b. litoris, and T. b. magdalenae. We find their results compelling and agree that these six named populations are best treated as the single subspecies, T. b. anitae. ...
We provide an updated list of the Recent land mammals of Mexico and include information on the taxonomy of certain species, and where appropriate, the endemic and threatened status of all species listed. Several taxonomic and nomenclatural changes have been made since publication of the last list of the Mexican terrestrial mammalian fauna. Within the period from 2005 to present, there have been at least 209 changes concerning the nomenclature of this fauna; these we evaluated in this paper. The land mammals of Mexico comprise 168 genera, 496 species, and 881 subspecies.
... Trujano-Álvarez and Álvarez-Castañeda (2007), and Ríos and Álvarez-Castañeda (2007) reviewed the taxonomy of populations of Thomomys bottae from Baja California Sur south of the Vizcaino Desert previously recognized as T. b. anitae, T. b. alticola, T. b. imitabilis, T. b. incomptus, T. b. litoris, and T. b. magdalenae. We find their results compelling and agree that these six named populations are best treated as the single subspecies, T. b. anitae. ...
... Pocket gophers of the genus Thomomys show a high degree of phenotypic variation, which has led to the recognition of a large number of subspecies (Hall, 1981). The most variable characteristics include: genetics (chromosomal morphology, electrophoretic variants; Patton et al., 1979;Patton & Smith, 1990;Ruedi, Smith & Patton, 1997), ecology (density, habitat range; Smith & Patton, 1980;Daly & Patton, 1986), and morphology (cranial features, pelage colour; Ingles, 1950;Patton & Smith, 1990;Patton, 1999;Rios & Álvarez-Castañeda, 2007;Trujano-Alvarez & Álvarez-Castañeda, 2007), making Thomomys one of the most variable small mammals in the world. Pocket gophers are subterranean rodents, a habit that restricts their distribution to softtextured soils with a high density of vegetation (Patton, 1999). ...
... 1). However, recent phylogenetic studies based on mitochondrial DNA suggest the synonymy of several subspecies (Rios & Álvarez-Castañeda, 2007;Trujano-Alvarez & Álvarez-Castañeda, 2007). ...
... Their subspecific recognition was based on the subspecies concept proposed by Lidicker (1962) and Patton & Smith (1990). Furthermore, data show that T. b. anitae is ecologically homogenous in the southern BCP (Rios & Álvarez-Castañeda, 2007). Pocket gophers in the northern BCP have not been evaluated; however, the presence of 20 recognized subspecies in this area suggests a high degree of morphological variation (Hall, 1981;Patton, 1999). ...
We determined the phylogenetic relationships, population history, and hierarchical structure of genetic variation in pocket gophers distributed on the Baja California Peninsula (BCP), based on extensive geographic sampling. Using a fragment of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b (cyt b), we found three latitudinal structured geographic clades (northern, central, and southern). The northern clade occurs in the border area of the USA and the north of BCP, the central clade occurs from the peninsular highlands through the Central Desert of Baja California, and the southern clade is distributed south of the San Ignacio Lagoon. AMOVA showed that genetic variation is higher among clades (64%) than within populations (18.1%). The deepest divergence among clades is very shallow (∼300 000 years), which suggests that climatic changes during the Pleistocene or some inhospitable habitats have affected the structure of this group, rather than influences from older marine transgressions. Phylogenetic groups disclosed by our results do not coincide with the current infraspecific classification; therefore, we propose a change of epithet for BCP gophers (Thomomys nigricans) and a new subspecific taxonomic arrangement with four subspecies: Thomomys nigricans anitae, Thomomys nigricans martirensis, Thomomys nigricans nigricans, and Thomomys nigricans russeolus. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London
... T. b. altieolus para la región alta de la Sierra (zona de bosque de pino-encino), y T. b. anitae para la zona de selva baja caducifolia. En primer instancia las dos subespecies presentan sinonimia y se considera como T. b. anitae (Trujano Álvarez y Álvarez-Castañeda, 2007;Ríos y Álvarez-Castañeda, 2007). Posteriormente con el apoyo de análisis genéticos se concluye que la población de tuzas en la Sierra La Laguna es T. anitae (Álvarez-Castañeda, 2010). ...
La masto fauna de la sierra La Laguna está constituida por dos especies de insectívoros, 19 de murciélagos, dos de lagomorfos, diez de roedores, ocho de carnívoros y una especie de ungulado, además de dos especies exóticas que viven en condición salvaje, representando más del 70% de los mamíferos terrestres y voladores de Baja California Sur. Antes del decreto de la sierra como Reserva de la Biosfera (REBIOSLA), los mamíferos enfrentaron la cacería ilegal y la presión ejercida sobre su hábitat, lo cual se modificó sustancialmente a partir de la formal constitución del área como una Área Natural Protegida. En el presente, los mamíferos presentan poblaciones saludables,
Abstract: The mammal fauna of Sierra La Laguna ls constituted by two insectivorous species, nineteen of bats, two lagomorphs, ten rodents, eight carflÍvores and one ungulate, besides two wild exotic species , representing more than the 70% of the terrestrial and flying mammals of Baja California Sur. Before the Sierra was decreed as a protected reserve, the mammals suffered from illegal hunting and pressure exerted to their habitat, wruch was substantially
