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Tooth brushing is most common method of maintaining oral hygiene. In removing plaque and other soft debris from the teeth, tooth brushes become contaminated with bacteria, blood, saliva and oral debris. These contaminated tooth brushes can be a source of infection.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the presence of microorganisms in the t...
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Citations
... 5 and for various ages, they use toothbrushes to clean their mouths. 6 Globally, squamous cell carcinoma is the sixth most common oral cancer. 7,8 Oral diseases affect 3.5 billion people, including 514 million children and 2 billion adults. ...
Background
Oral health is crucial for overall well-being and systemic health and Humans are exposed to several bacteria after birth and will causes systemic illnesses like septicemia, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and renal issues. This study aimed to evaluate undergraduate students’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding toothbrush contamination and disinfection.
Methods
A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out with undergraduates from seven selected universities, including public and private universities. A closed-ended questionnaire containing 24 items was distributed to A total of 490 undergraduate students.
Results
The study showed that (28.6%, n=140) had knowledge about toothbrush cleaning and disinfection. A total of (350, n=71.4%) needed to gain knowledge about toothbrush cleaning and disinfection. Fifty-two percent of the students feel that bacteria are the primary mode of toothbrush contamination. Many of the students had different ways of disinfecting toothbrushes, including, boiling a small pot of normal water (51.4%, n=252), chemical agent (31.8%, n=156), ultraviolet sanitizer (0.2%, n=4), and microwave radiation (0.2%, n=1) does not know (16.1%, n=79). Most students (76.9%, n=377) felt that toothbrush disinfection was necessary.
Conclusion
Fewer students have sufficient knowledge about toothbrush contamination and practice disinfection methods, whereas most students need to be made aware of the contamination of toothbrushes and the use of disinfectant methods.
... Used toothbrushes may be colonized by various bacteria, especially when used for prolonged periods, i.e., more than 4 weeks [6,7]. Therefore, some reports recommend regular sterilization of toothbrushes [8]. In our case, several bacteria were detected in the pus culture, consistent with the results of a previous study on toothbrush hygiene. ...
Children often experience impalement trauma when they fall while holding objects in their mouths. While most cases heal without complications, here we report a case of buccal abscess formation after toothbrush trauma. A two-year-old boy fell while running with a toothbrush in his mouth, which punctured his right buccal mucosa. The following day, he presented to a pediatrician with a fever and buccal swelling and was treated with oral antibiotics. However, the buccal swelling did not improve, and the patient was referred to our department. Four days after the visit, the buccal swelling and fever worsened, requiring hospitalization, intravenous antibiotics, and drainage. The inflammation quickly disappeared following treatment, with no recurrence. Prophylactic antibiotic administration for oral impalement trauma is controversial. Our results suggest that prophylactic antibiotics covering both anaerobic and aerobic bacteria are necessary in cases of toothbrush-related oral trauma, where multiple bacterial infections may occur.
... contaminated if it is not properly stored and maintained, which may cause microbial growth on the toothbrush, their transfer to the oral cavity during brushing, and initiating periodontal disease. 19 An oral irrigator (dental water jet, water flosser) is another cleaning device that utilises a water jet and airflow to clean dental plaque. This technology has been in use for 60 years, 20 but it is not as frequently used by the public as the toothbrush. ...
Objectives:
The aim of the present study was to examine the plaque removal effectiveness of a personalised 3D-printed dental plaque removal mouthguard device in a clinical trial setting.
Methods:
A personalised 3D-printed mouthguard was developed to clean dental plaque using micro-mist. A clinical trial was conducted to examine the plaque removal effectiveness of this device. The clinical trial recruited 55 participants (21 males and 34 females) with an average age of 68.4 years (range, 60-81 years). Dental plaque was dyed by plaque disclosing liquid (Ci). Turesky Modification of the Quigley-Hein Plaque Index (TMQHPI) was used to evaluate the level and rate of plaque formation on the tooth surface. The TMQHPI was recorded and intraoral photos were taken before and after mouthguard cleaning. The plaque removal rate was calculated based on TMQHPI and intraoral photos (pixel-based method) before and after cleaning.
Results:
The personalised 3D-printed micro-mist injection mouthguard can be effective in dental plaque removal on tooth and gingiva, and the effectiveness lies between that of a manual toothbrush and a mouth rinse. The newly proposed pixel-based method can be a practical, high sensitive tool to evaluate the level of plaque formation.
Conclusions:
Under the conditions of the present study, we conclude that the personalised 3D-printed micro-mist injection mouthguard can be useful in reducing dental plaque and may be especially suitable for older adults and disabled people.
... The authors found the use of disinfectants such as chlorhexidine gluconate and sodium hypochlorite reduced the growth of microorganisms on toothbrushes. 26 Thus, as beginning work in improving comprehensive oral care, it is important to determine if toothbrushes are available in patients' rooms and to quantify the amount and type of microbial growth on these toothbrushes. These data will help guide the development of specific aspects of a comprehensive oral care protocol to help prevent NV-HAP. ...
Design:
This observational, descriptive study was conducted to determine the prevalence of microbial growth on toothbrushes found in hospital patient rooms.
Methods:
Toothbrush sampling was conducted in 136 acute care hospitals and medical centers from November 2018 through February 2022. Inclusion criteria for the units and patient rooms sampled were as follows: general adult medical-surgical units or critical care units; rooms occupied by adults 18 years or older who were capable of (1) mobilizing to the bathroom; (2) using a standard manual, bristled toothbrush; and (3) room did not have signage indicating isolation procedures.
Results:
A total of 5340 patient rooms were surveyed. Of the rooms included, 46% (2455) of patients did not have a toothbrush available or had not used a toothbrush (still in package and/or toothpaste not opened). Of the used toothbrushes collected (n = 1817): 48% (872/1817) had at least 1 organism; 14% (251/1817) of the toothbrushes were positive for 3 or more organisms.
Conclusions:
These results identify the lack of availability of toothbrushes for patients and support the need for hospitals to incorporate a rigorous, consistent, and comprehensive oral care program to address the evident risk of microbe exposure in the oral cavity.
... Hence, the American Dental Association recommends replacing toothbrushes at an interval every three to four months [8]. But this recommendation does not clearly mention if the replacement of the toothbrush could also help avoid microbial contamination [9]. Secondly, more frequent changes in toothbrushes could pose an economic burden. ...
Background:
Toothbrushes may get contaminated by the oral cavity, environment, hands, storage containers, or aerosol contamination. The present study was conducted to assess the microbial contamination of toothbrushes and methods of their decontamination.
Materials and methods:
The current study included 160 subjects of both genders. All the subjects were provided with a toothbrush and paste with complete hygiene instructions for the oral cavity. After one month, all the brushes were collected. The samples were categorized into four groups of 40 each. Group I was treated with 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate, group II with Listerine, group III with Dettol, and group IV with tap water. Finally, these toothbrushes were placed in 5 mL of neutralizer broth and then evaluated to study the efficacy of four disinfectants. All the data were analyzed using the statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 23 software (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). For all analyses, p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant Results: Aerobic bacterial growth before disinfection in Groups I, II, III, and IV was 91.6%, 75.84%, 75%, 81.67%, respectively (p = 0.01). After disinfecting the brushes aerobic bacterial growth was reduced to 34.17%, 30.84%, 24.17% & 74.17% in Groups I, II, III, and IV, respectively (p = 0.002). Klebsiella, Micrococci and Escherichia coli survived the most even after disinfection was done.
Conclusion:
Most effective agent for the disinfection of toothbrushes was Dettol followed by Listerine and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate. Tap water was found to be ineffective in the decontamination of toothbrushes.
... • In the case of multiple people using the same storage container, no two toothbrushes should touch each other. • Some liquids have been proven to be equally effective in the disinfection of toothbrushes, including 0.2% CHX, 0.1% sodium hypochlorite, 3% hydrogen peroxide, 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride, Listerine, and 62%-71% ethanol (56)(57)(58)(59). After use, the toothbrush should be thoroughly rinsed with water to remove any visible debris and remaining paste and placed in the disinfectant for 20 minutes, and then it should be stored in a container in an upright position for air drying (45). ...
Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has taken the world by storm, affecting all age groups alike and presenting a plethora of signs and symptoms. Showcasing a high mortality rate, cytokine storm is identified as one of the most common culprits for death in affected individuals. In patients undergoing severe complications in the form of intubations and intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, increased cytokine levels have again been identified as a significant factor, indicating their substantial role in disease outcomes. Periodontitis, which is identified as a silent pandemic, is the most common oral disease that is found in individuals. The increased accumulations of plaques and calculus are the main causative agents, stimulating inflammatory cells in the periodontal tissue, leading to cytokine release. Individuals with the removable or fixed dental prosthesis are at increased risk of contracting fungal infections, which are also identified as increasing the cytokine levels and worsening an individual’s condition contracted with COVID-19. This review focuses on oral hygiene measures and scientifically proven aids that can be used by patients at home for reducing oral cytokine levels and the risk of COVID-19 related complications, thereby sensitizing them at a time when elective dental procedures are discouraged and patients are devoid of professional dental intervention. Mechanical removal of plaques and calculus cannot be substituted with auxiliary aids, but it is important that adjunct practices be adopted for efficient hygiene. Toothbrush hygiene should also be practiced to prevent disease progression and transmission. Adherence to these recommendations is not only required for healthy or infected individuals but also for viral infection recovered patients to avoid the possible risk of developing the black fungus infection.
... The residual microorganisms tend to multiply within hours, moreover the toothbrush may further get contaminated with environmental microorganisms and with every subsequent use these contaminated toothbrushes may act as an reservoir to reintroduce microbes into the oral cavity. [3,4] Moreover, toothbrushes if shared among the individuals can act as a source or a vector for the transmission or reinfection of a disease. [5] Numerous studies [1,6,7] have shown that prolonged use of the toothbrush facilitates contamination by various microorganisms such as Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Lactobacilli, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli and Candida. ...
... [3] Contaminated toothbrush has been characterized as the means of microbial transport, retention and growth, and can cause reinfection of oral cavity by pathogenic bacteria or can be a reservoir for environmental microorganisms. [4] Owing to the gingival injuries during the vigorous toothbrushing, reinfection of the oral cavity is also possible. [4] Use of contaminated toothbrush can not only introduce new microorganisms into the oral cavity but can also reduce the existing normal oral flora. ...
... [4] Owing to the gingival injuries during the vigorous toothbrushing, reinfection of the oral cavity is also possible. [4] Use of contaminated toothbrush can not only introduce new microorganisms into the oral cavity but can also reduce the existing normal oral flora. The area of the toothbrush in which the bristle tufts are anchored is especially prone to bacterial contamination and colonization. ...
Introduction: The contamination of toothbrush by microorganisms of the oral cavity or from the storage environment is an intriguing subject availing much interest in recent years. Of importance for oral health is the fact that the toothbrush colonized with microorganisms if used, can reintroduce microorganisms into the oral cavity and thus can cause alteration in the oral microflora. Aim: To study and compare the microbial flora of dental plaque after the use of a self-contaminated toothbrush and that of a single-use toothbrush. Materials and methods: The study group included 40 young volunteers from, who were free from any systemic or oral disease. Plaque samples were collected after one-month use of a self-contaminated toothbrush, thereafter, each subject was given a set of 30 new toothbrushes and a toothpaste tube and were instructed to use one toothbrush everyday and discard it after use. The plaque samples were collected on a weekly interval and cultured on Blood agar, Mitis-Salivarius agar and Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol. The colonies were identified and speciated using gram staining and standard biochemical tests, and their count was recorded. Results: Streptococcus mitis, S.mutans, S.sanguinis, S.milleri and Candida species were recovered from the samples. A significant decrease in the colony count of organisms was noted after the use of a single-use toothbrush in comparison to the self-contaminated toothbrush use. Conclusion: As a contaminated toothbrush can reintroduce microorganisms into the oral cavity, it may be a sound practice to change the toothbrush as frequently as possible.
... The bristles also split longitudinally, increasing bacterial contamination. [7] As a result, toothbrush disinfection is critical in the prevention of bacterial growth. The present study assessed the perceptions regarding toothbrush maintenance and disinfection among dental interns, house staff, postgraduates and faculty. ...
... According to studies, it is recommended that subjects brush their teeth twice daily, though brushing once a day with strict methods is also beneficial. [7] In the current study 38.41% of the participants brushes their teeth twice daily. Brushes should be replaced every 3-4 months or sooner if the bristles appear worn or splayed, according to the American Dental Association. ...
Background: Toothbrush is essential for removing dental biofilm and preventing dental caries and periodontal disease. Toothbrushes become
contaminated after repeated use, so disinfection is necessary for tooth brush maintenance. It is critical that dentists should have a current
understanding and perception of toothbrush contamination and disinfection. Objective: The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge, attitude,
and practice among the dental interns, house staff, postgraduates, and faculty of the dental colleges in Kolkata city regarding toothbrush maintenance
and disinfection. Materials and Methods: A cross‑sectional questionnaire study was conducted among interns, house staff, postgraduates, and
faculty of dental colleges in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. The data on oral health knowledge attitude practice (KAP) were collected using a
self‑structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistical analysis was evaluated in the form of frequencies and percentages. Results: A total of 138
participants responded to the survey. Knowledge regarding toothbrush disinfection was found to be in 84% of the participants with maximum
in house staff with 75%. Majority of the participants will prefer chlorhexidine as solution of disinfecting the toothbrush. Ninety‑seven percent
of the participants think that the toothbrush disinfection is necessary for everybody. Conclusion: The majority of interns surveyed had no idea
how to keep their toothbrushes clean. Despite being aware of the issue, some participants did not disinfect their toothbrushes. Education on how
to use and maintain a toothbrush effectively would help to improve the KAP for toothbrush maintenance and disinfection.
... Oral disease affects teeth and causes gut microbial dysbiosis, cardiovascular illness, urinary tract infections, arthritis, cystic fibrosis, and brain disease [4][5][6][7][8][9]. Even though brushing and flossing can be effective methods of removing plaque, toothbrushes can operate as reservoirs for harmful germs that later inoculate the oral cavity, highlighting the need to properly sanitize and store personal dental hygiene devices [10][11][12][13]. ...
This study analyzed the alteration of oral microbial composition in healthy subjects after using dextranase-containing mouthwash (DMW; Mouthwash formulation I) and dextranase-and-nisin-containing mouthwash (DNMW; Mouthwash formulation II). Eighteen participants were recruited and were randomly allocated to two groups: G1 (DMW user; n = 8) and G2 (DNMW user; n = 10). The subjects were instructed to use the provided mouthwash regularly twice a day for 30 days. The bleeding on probing (BOP), plaque index (PI), probing depth (PBD), and gingival index (GI) were analyzed, and saliva samples were collected before (day 0) and after (day 30) the use of mouthwashes. The saliva metagenomic DNA was extracted and sequenced (next-generation sequencing, Miseq paired-end Illumina 2 × 250 bp platform). The oral microbial community in the pre-and post-treated samples were annotated using QIIME 2™. The results showed the PI and PBD values were significantly reduced in G2 samples. The BOP and GI values of both groups were not significantly altered. The post-treated samples of both groups yielded a reduced amount of microbial DNA. The computed phylogenetic diversity, species richness, and evenness were reduced significantly in the post-treated samples of G2 compared to the post-treated G1 samples. The mouthwash formulations also supported some pathogens’ growth, which indicated that formulations required further improvement. The study needs further experiments to conclude the results. The study suggested that the improved DNMW could be an adjuvant product to improve oral hygiene.
... is can be the cause of reinfection in a person with pathogenic bacteria or a reservoir for harmful microorganisms. When the brush is trimmed, the end of the bristle has an irregularly shaped lumen, and fluids can be drawn into this core by capillary action, allowing for bacterial growth and contamination [18]. erefore, it is necessary to change the toothbrush once every 3 months and use toothpaste with antibacterial action. ...
Background:
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has impeded access to timely dental care, and there is an urgent need for adjuvant therapies that can reduce orofacial pain in emergencies.
Aims:
To provide information on the benefits and limitations of eight representative home remedies as palliative care for orofacial pain during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
Methods:
PubMed and Medline were electronically searched for eight home remedies for orofacial pain that can be used in COVID-19. Papers published in English in the past 30 years were considered. Among the published studies suitable for the research purpose, those in which the abstract and body text were confirmed were targeted, and duplicate studies were excluded. Finally, 86 studies were included.
Results:
There is extensive and high-level scientific evidence for the application of tooth brushing and flossing, mouth rinsing with chlorhexidine, use of over-the-counter pain medication, and application of cryotherapy in emergencies. Gargling with salt water, brushing with bamboo salt, gargling with garlic juice, and oil pulling are traditional methods used for centuries. The use of natural products for orofacial pain has a significant empirical effect but has weak scientific evidence.
Conclusions:
Knowing the correct application method, effects, and side effects is desirable to use these methods appropriately in emergencies. However, scientific evidence is unclear and generally lacking for home remedies to be the main treatment strategy, and there are clear limitations to their use as a single main treatment.
