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ABSTRACT
The 40 georeferenced groundwater samples were randomly col- lected from taluka Dokri, district Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan to access the water quality of groundwater owing to the increasing water scarcity. The sampling including historical site Mohenjo-daro meaning ‘Mound of the Dead Men and mapped spatially using ArcGIS 10.5 software. It was...
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... 1906. Dokri is famous for the rice production due to humid and hot climate. The world famous Mohenjo-Daro is located 7 km away in East-South of the Dokri town. Mohenjo-daro meaning 'Mound of Dead Men [29] is an archaeological place built about 2500 BCE and it was largest settlements of ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and an earliest major city (Fig. S1) of the world. Mohenjo-daro was abandoned as Indus Valley Civilisation and this place was discovered in 1920s. The ruins of city stayed undocumented for about 4700 years. Large-scale digs of Mohenjo-daro led by the John Marshall in 1925-26 and Kashinath Narayan Dikshit in 1924-25 discovered the ruins [29]. The weather of study area is ...
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... samples were collected after allowing the pumps to drain atleast for 5 min. The GPS of sampling stations were noted ( Figure 1) and labelled on the sampling bottles. The one sampling bottle was acidified from each sampling stations by adding 1.5 ml nitric acid to reduce pH below 4 to prevent the metals from precipitation on the suface of the container. ...
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... However, these presentation results may be misleading interpretations and conclusions [32]. To overcome this problem, multivariate statistical analysis with other combinations of various plots can be used, which can be an unbiased method of representing the association between samples or variables to highlight information in a much better way [33][34][35]. Recently, many researchers have accepted factor and cluster analysis techniques to resolve and assess groundwater quality-related problems and intrusion of fresh-saline water [20,32,36,37]. ...
... Vol:. (1234567890) the varied dissolved ions in the groundwater relies on the abundance in the parent rock and the rate of solubility (Lanjwani et al., 2021). ...
... The optical properties of the prepared nanomaterials were studied by using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Ionics 320 nm respectively [63]. The intense absorption bands obtained at 213 and 268 nm were due to shifting of electrons between V and O. ...
This work elucidates the synthesis of V2O5, Praseodymium (Pr) doped vanadium pentoxide Pr-V2O5 nanoparticles (NPs) and Pr-V2O5/rGO nanocomposite by green combustion method, using Manilkara zapota as a novel combustion fuel. The synthesised Pr-V2O5/rGO nano catalyst was characterized by various physicochemical techniques. Pr-V2O5/rGO exhibits an excellent electrochemical ability to detect Pb²⁺ with lower limit of detection 2.919 nM and sensitivity 0.8113 μA/nM cm². Further, the Pr-V2O5/rGO employed for the photocatalytic degradation of MB dye displayed remarkable efficiency through swift degradation. Also, the conditions such as catalytic load, pH, and dye concentration were optimized to achieve most efficient degradation of the dye. Pr-V2O5 provides a greater number of catalytic sites and high ion transport channels, whereas rGO provides the conductivity and porosity to the nanocatalyst. By utilizing these synergic advantages, Pr-V2O5/rGO nanocatalyst effectively detects heavy metal ions (HMIs) and degrade methylene blue (MB) dye, befitting from unique morphology of Pr doped V2O5 nanoparticles wrapped into the two dimensional rGO nano sheets. The above results limelight that Pr-V2O5/rGO as the multifunctional catalyst for promising detection of hazardous metal ions and effective environmental remediation.
... Vol:. (1234567890) the varied dissolved ions in the groundwater relies on the abundance in the parent rock and the rate of solubility (Lanjwani et al., 2021). ...
The current research objective is to evaluate the appropriateness of groundwater for irrigation use and identify the sources of nitrate (NO3⁻) contamination in groundwater using stable isotopic signatures (N¹⁵ and O¹⁸). Groundwater samples (n = 50) from Southwest Delhi were analyzed pre- and post-monsoon for irrigation quality. The pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (Na%), and other parameters were measured. EC exceeded 3000 μS/cm in 32% of pre-monsoon and 58% of post-monsoon samples. TDS categorized 32%, 52%, and 16% pre-monsoon and 68%, 28%, and 4% post-monsoon samples as non-saline, slightly saline, and moderately saline, respectively. SAR classified 72%, 20%, 6%, and 2% pre-monsoon and 62%, 12%, and 26% post-monsoon samples in low, medium, high, and very high sodium categories. Na% was unsuitable in 4% pre-monsoon and 4% post-monsoon samples. Kelly’s ratio showed 6% pre-monsoon and 20% post-monsoon samples unfit for use. The magnesium ratio indicated 34% pre-monsoon and 32% post-monsoon samples exceeding the limit. On Gibbs plots, 80% pre-monsoon and 67% post-monsoon samples indicated the dominance of evaporation and mineral dissolution processes influencing the resulting chemistry of irrigation water. Piper diagram suggested the majority of the samples belonged to mixed Ca-Mg type, Na-Cl type, and Ca–Mg–SO4–Cl, representing temporary hard water and permanent hard water type in both seasons. Additionally, the isotopic signature serves as additional confirmation that the primary contributors of NO3⁻ in the groundwater within the study area are a combination of ammonium fertilizers, soil nitrogen, and manure/septic waste in both seasons.
... This valuable reserve of freshwater is supporting the lives of millions of human beings around the globe. Agriculture generally has the most significant share in groundwater use, especially in Pakistan (Lanjwani et al., 2023). The area under consideration is "Tehsil Hasilpur," one of District Bahawalpur's five tehsils. ...
Drinking water quality deteriorates rapidly due to anthropogenic activities and rapid population growth. These activities, in developing countries, will lead to water scarcity. In Pakistan, 70% of the population has no access to safe water, and people use canal water to drink. This study performed hydrochemical, hydrogeological, and cancer risk analyses on Tahsil Hasilpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Thirteen tube wells were selected for groundwater and borehole log study. Twenty-two drinking water quality parameters were analyzed using standard methods and quality checks. The borehole data (2D and 3D) shows the abundance of sand (fine and coarse) with some uniformities, which changes the groundwater quality. The results of water quality parameters show that the concentration of TDS (2064–11,159 mg/L), Cl⁻¹ (213–4917 mg/L), As⁺³ (0.048–0.158 mg/L), Pb⁺² (1.294–1.673 mg/L), and Cd⁺² (0.008–0.053 mg/L) were beyond guideline values. The statistical analysis showed that the parameters have a moderate to strong correlation (Pearson correlation), which may be due to the same origin (ANOVA). The principal component analysis and cluster analysis confirm the multiple sources of pollutants in the groundwater of the study area. The Piper, Durov, Stiff, and Scholler diagrams confirm that the groundwater system has an abundance of Ca⁺² and Mg⁺² with Cl⁻¹. The Gibbs diagram showed that the groundwater is not saturated and tends to dissolve more minerals. The hazard quotient values are above 1.0, which indicates noncancer risk severity. The HQ trend was As⁺³ > Pb⁺² > Cd⁺² > Ni⁺² > Cu⁺² > Cr⁺² > Zn⁺² > Fe⁺². The cancer risk values showed that 3–5 people/100 population were exposed to cancer risk. The trend of CR was As⁺³ > Cd⁺² > Cr⁺² > Pb⁺² > Ni⁺². The GIP mapping of pollutants showed that the concentration of pollutants near the canals was high compared to the locations away from the canal. The overall groundwater quality is alarming and needs immediate government attention.
... Additionally, as shown in Fig. 1, the structural portions of biological staining agents containing aromatic, nitro, or amino groups make them more persistent environments and difficult to degrade. This can lead to contamination of water sources and soil, which could have harmful effects on plants and animals [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. ...
... Safranin O Eye irritation and eye damage on contact [6] 7. ...
This study investigates the impact of nitrate and chloride precursors on synthesizing nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) via a green route using Tectona grandis leaf extract. The results showed that the choice of the initial precursors significantly affected the crystalline structure, phase composition, morphology, and optical properties of the NiO NPs. This is evident through X-ray diffraction analysis, which reveals the formation of cubic and rhombohedral crystal structures for the nitrate and chloride precursors, respectively. Similar to the different crystal structures, microscopy images of NiO nanoparticles also show nanorods and highly oriented spherical structures. The photocatalytic dye degradation process, adsorption, and point-of-zero charges were studied for various cationic and anionic biological staining agents. Notably, the point of zero charge analysis of the prepared samples showed the specific attachment of the dye molecules. The highest degradation of Xylenol orange, Congo red, Crystal violet, and Acridine orange are reached, respectively, to 97.79%, 86.2, 88.41, and 88.44% with 100 min solar irradiation with nitrate precursor mediated NiO NPs. These findings have significant implications for developing productive and environmentally friendly methods for degrading biological staining agents using NiO NPs.
... The Dokri Taluka experiences four seasons i.e., Summer, Winter, Spring, and Autumn. In summer season, it becomes very warm in Taluka Dokri, and the temperature in summer is recorded between 40°-50°, and in winter between 07° to 20° [32,33]. The only source of drinking water in Dokri and its periphery is groundwater. ...
Groundwater quality is at high risk throughout the world including Sindh province in Pakistan. A sheer growth in global population, urbanization, mixing of sewage and industrial waste water with groundwater, and other unhygienic activities, are the main sources of groundwater contamination in almost all countries. This research is conducted for the evaluation of groundwater quality of Taluka Dokri based on the physicochemical parameters, and the obtained results revealed that 2.56% of the samples possessed color and odor beyond permissible limit, and about 23% samples were unsuitable for drinking purposes due to the salinity of groundwater samples. Overall, 30.77%, 38.46%, 30.77%, 41%, 100%, 38.46% of samples were unfit for the human consumption based on the high concentration of Ca, Mg, TH, TDS, EC, and Cl respectively. Additionally, results of the analysis of groundwater samples-based SPI approach concluded that around 10.3% of samples were slightly polluted, 66.67% samples were moderately polluted, and 23% samples were highly polluted. Overall, result showed that groundwater in UC Tatri, Baghi Bindi, and Wakro was slightly polluted; groundwater, in UC new Badah, old Badah, and Dokri was extremely polluted; and groundwater in remaining all union councils was moderately polluted, and in these UCs, water needed proper treatment before it is consumed by living beings.
... Lanjwani et al. (2021) analyzed the groundwater quality of Larkana City for drinking as well as for irrigation and analyzed many water quality parameters to check the suitability of water. Lanjwani et al. (2023) assessed the suitability of the groundwater of taluka Dokori including the historical place Mohenjo-daro and analyzed a number of parameters. ...
... Lanjwani et al. (2021) analyzed the groundwater quality of Larkana City for drinking as well as for irrigation and analyzed many water quality parameters to check the suitability of water. Lanjwani et al. (2023) assessed the suitability of the groundwater of taluka Dokori including the historical place Mohenjo-daro and analyzed a number of parameters. ...
The study reports the groundwater quality assessment of taluka Matiari for irrigation and human consumption. A total 37 water samples collected from various union councils of taluka Matiari were analyzed for physicochemical parameters, anions, essential metals, trace metals, and toxic elementsfluoride and arsenic. The results indicated that arsenic in 35% and fluoride in 27% of samples were higher than the WHO limits. GIS maps of toxic elements were drawn and showed that most samples were not appropriate for human consumption. Samples were also identified for water quality index (WQI), cluster analysis, Chadha diagram, correlation matrix, Piper diagram, Gibbs diagram, and principal component analysis (PCA) using graphical approaches and statistical methods. The groundwater quality of taluka Matiari based on WQI values indicated that 21 (56.76%) samples were considered “poor” for human consumption. Piper diagram indicated that most water samples were rich in mixed Ca2+-Mg2+-Cl- and Ca2+-Na+-HCO-3-type water. In PCA, four components were extracted for data set that accounted for 80.41% of cumulative variance. Gibbs diagram indicated that anions and cations in water samples were in rock domination as compared to precipitation and evaporation. Chadha diagram indicated the properties and dominance of weak acids and alkaline earth than strong acids and alkali metals. The calculated parameters for irrigation indicated that most of the samples of Matiari were suitable for agricultural purposes. Still, the presence of arsenic in groundwater may result in the transfer of arsenic into the food chain.
... Further, Sedigheh Rostami et al. proclaimed that CuO doped in ZSM-5 nanoparticles was applied for the detection of hydrazine (HY) and hydroxylamine (HA) and achieved an LOD of 3.6 μM and 3.2 μM, respectively [4]. Recently, Fe 3 O 4 @CuO core-shell nanocomposite was employed for the detection of hydroxylamine with an LOD of 6 nM over screen-printed graphite electrode surface [37]. By taking advantage of higher catalytic activity, CuO nanomaterial was used as an electrode modifier for the detection of HA. ...
Development of stable and advanced functionality is highly desirable for designing an electrochemical sensor for detecting a hazardous analyte. By employing a facile urea-assisted chemical precipitation method, nanocube-shaped copper (II) oxide (CuO NC) was obtained. The physiochemical characterizations of CuO NC were carried out by utilizing characterization techniques to analyze the morphology, crystal structure, elemental compositions, and functional groups present in the prepared catalyst. The prepared monoclinic CuO NC was employed for the electrochemical quantification of hydroxylamine at an applied potential of 0.6 V. The as-synthesized material achieved a lower detection limit of 0.8 μM with a linear detection range of 5–5000 μM and a sensitivity of 612 μA mM−1 cm−2. CuO NC had been successfully employed as a modifier for practical application toward the sensing of hydroxylamine in domestic pond water and ground water samples.
