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Gnomonia gnomon, cultures. A–F, M. Ex-type CBS 116383. G–L. CBS 121233. A–H. Colony habit, 40 d, 23 °C. A, C, E, G. Surface. B, D, F, H. Reverse. I, J. Perithecia, 4.5 mo, 2/10 °C. K–M. Ascospores and asci, 4.5 mo, 2/10 °C. A, B, G, H, J, M. PDA. C, D, K, L. MEA. E, F, I. MYA. Scale: A–H. 1 cm. I, J. 200 μm. K–M. 10 μm.
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The Gnomoniaceae are characterised by ascomata that are generally immersed, solitary, without a stroma, or aggregated with a rudimentary stroma, in herbaceous plant material especially in leaves, twigs or stems, but also in bark or wood. The ascomata are black, soft-textured, thin-walled, and pseudoparenchymatous with one or more central or eccentr...
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Citations
... Although Gnomoniopsis paraclavulata (En61-1) was isolated from grapevine leaves, this species is best known from Quercus spp. in the US and Europe, where it is found in the stems, wood, asymptomatic leaves, overwintering leaves, leaf litter, and acorns [56,[102][103][104]. The most dominant species isolated from asymptomatic and diseased stems of Quercus robur in Poland included G. paraclavulata (and, incidentally, D. eres and C. fioriniae) [62,105]. ...
Plant diseases and pests reduce crop yields, accounting for global crop losses of 30% to 50%. In conventional agricultural production systems, these losses are typically controlled by applying chemical pesticides. However, public pressure is mounting to curtail agrochemical use. In this context, employing beneficial endophytic microorganisms is an increasingly attractive alternative to the use of conventional chemical pesticides in agriculture. A multitude of fungal endophytes are naturally present in plants, producing enzymes, small peptides, and secondary metabolites due to their bioactivity, which can protect hosts from pathogens, pests, and abiotic stresses. The use of beneficial endophytic microorganisms in agriculture is an increasingly attractive alternative to conventional pesticides. The aim of this study was to characterize fungal endophytes isolated from apparently healthy, feral wine grapes in eastern Canada that have grown without agrochemical inputs for decades. Host plants ranged from unknown seedlings to long-lost cultivars not widely propagated since the 1800s. HPLC-MS was used to identify unique endophyte-derived chemical compounds in the host plants, while dual-culture competition assays showed a range in endophytes’ ability to suppress the mycelial growth of Botrytis, which is typically controlled in viticulture with pesticides. Twelve of the most promising fungal endophytes isolated were identified using multilocus sequencing and morphology, while DNA barcoding was employed to identify some of their host vines. These fungal endophyte isolates, which consisted of both known and putative novel strains, belonged to seven genera in six families and five orders of Ascomycota. Exploring the fungal endophytes in these specimens may yield clues to the vines’ survival and lead to the discovery of novel biocontrol agents.
... Our study provided detailed data on the main morphological and ecophysiological characteristics of three isolates of G. smithogilvyi. The colony showed a yellowish tone and the presence of numerous yellow to orange conidiomata (Figures 2 and 3), typical of the genus Gnomoniopsis [42]. The Portuguese isolates were similar to those from Australia, Italy, New Zealand and India [9,11,13], in terms of colony aspect as well as conidia and conidiomata size and morphology when grown in PDA. ...
... In fact, in the present study, the ecophysiological studies were conducted in three different culture media, PDA, MEA and CM. While PDA and MEA were the media used for fungal characterization by others [9,11,42], a chestnut-based medium mimicking the substrate of interest had not been tested previously. By comparing growth parameters in CM with those in PDA and MEA, it was clear that G. smithogilvyi shows an optimal adaptation to chestnut, namely lower lag phase, higher growth rate and higher mycelial growth (lower conidia production). ...
Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Miller) is a nutritious food with high social and economic impacts in Portugal. The fungus Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi (syn. Gnomoniopsis castaneae) is the causal agent of chestnut brown rot, and is currently considered one of the major threats to the chestnut production chain worldwide. Considering the lack of knowledge on both the disease and the causal agent in Portugal, studies were conducted in an attempt to develop the necessary control strategies towards the mitigation of the disease in a timely way. Isolates of G. smithogilvyi were selected from three varieties of chestnut from the northeast of Portugal, and were characterized at the morphological, ecophysiological and molecular levels. Tests of pathogenicity and virulence were also developed. Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi was confirmed as the causal agent of brown rot disease in Portuguese chestnut varieties, which showed high susceptibility. The fungus showed high adaptability to chestnut substrates. The Portuguese isolates of G. smithogilvyi are morphologically and genetically similar to those from other countries, even though some physiological variability was observed among them.
... Notes: Gnomoniopsis represented a genus of mostly host-specific fungi [61,62]. Gnomoniopsis rosae (GUCC 408.7 and GUCC 408.17) was phylogenetically identical to the ex-type strain (CBS 145085) isolated by Crous et al. [31] in ITS, LSU, and rpb2, and we also supplemented the DNA sequences of this species with tef1 and tub2 genes. ...
... Families, genera, and species within Diaporthales are now characterized and separated based on a combination of morphology and molecular data [12,29,30,[64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72]. The present study described and illustrated nine species (within five genera) of Diaporthales isolated from various host plants in Guizhou Province, China, including Gnomoniopsis mostly as host-specific fungi [61,62,65,73]. Based on their unique morphological characteristics, DNA phylogeny, DNA base differences, and pairwise homoplasy index (PHI) Figure 14. ...
... Families, genera, and species within Diaporthales are now characterized and separated based on a combination of morphology and molecular data [12,29,30,[64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72]. The present study described and illustrated nine species (within five genera) of Diaporthales isolated from various host plants in Guizhou Province, China, including Gnomoniopsis mostly as host-specific fungi [61,62,65,73]. Based on their unique morphological characteristics, DNA phylogeny, DNA base differences, and pairwise homoplasy index (PHI) test evaluations, we described one new genus, seven new species, and two new fungal records for China. ...
In a study of fungi isolated from plant material in Guizhou Province, China, we identified 23 strains of Diaporthales belonging to nine species. These are identified from multigene phylogenetic analyses of ITS, LSU, rpb2, tef1, and tub2 gene sequence data coupled with morphological studies. The fungi include a new genus (Pseudomastigosporella) in Foliocryphiaceae isolated from Acer palmatum and Hypericum patulum, a new species of Chrysofolia isolated from Coriaria nepalensis, and five new species of Diaporthe isolated from Juglans regia, Eucommia ulmoides, and Hypericum patulum. Gnomoniopsis rosae and Coniella quercicola are newly recorded species for China.
... The traditional classification of species in Gnomoniaceae was mainly based on morphological features, such as the morphology of ascomata and ascospores as well as the position of necks (Barr 1978;Monod 1983). Sogonov et al. (2008) used phylogenetic analyses of molecular sequence data of several genes (TEF1-α, nrLSU, and RPB2) to revise the concepts of leaf-inhabiting genera, and discovered that several traditional genera in Gnomoniaceae are polyphyletic. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that host specificity can be used to circumscribe genera and species of Gnomoniaceae. ...
Nagrajomyces ( incertae sedis , Ascomycota ) is a monotypic genus with a previously unknown systematic position. In this report, two new species are proposed, Nagrajomyces fusiformis and Nagrajomyces laojunshanensis. These new taxa are proposed based on morphological characteristics evident via light microscopy and molecular data. Multi-locus phylogenetic analyses (ITS rDNA, nrLSU rDNA, RPB2 , and TEF1-α ) show that specimens recently collected in Yunnan Province, China are closely related to Gnomoniaceae . Both new species and known species were discovered repeatedly in their asexual developmental form exclusively on twigs of Rhododendron spp. ( Ericaceae ). This indicates a host specificity of Nagrajomyces spp. for species of Rhododendron .
... Notes: Gnomoniopsis represents a genus of mostly host speci c fungi (Sogonov et al. 2008;Walker et al. 2010). Gnomoniopsis rosae (GUCC 408.7 and GUCC 408.17) is phylogenetically identical with the ex-type strain (CBS 145085) isolated by Crous et al. (2018) in ITS, LSU and rpb2, and we also supplemented the DNA sequences of this species with tef1 and tub2 genes. ...
... Families, genera, and species within Diaporthales are now characterized and separated based on a combination of morphology and molecular data (Voglmayr et al. 2012(Voglmayr et al. , 2017 . The present study describes and illustrates ten species (within ve genera) of Diaporthales isolated from various host plants in Guizhou Province, China, including Gnomoniopsis mostly as host speci c fungi (Sogonov et al. 2008;Walker et al. 2010;Jiang and Tian 2019;Yang et al. 2020). Based on their unique morphological characteristics, DNA phylogeny, DNA base differences and pairwise homoplasy index (PHI) test evaluation, we described one new genus, eight new species, and two new fungal records for China. ...
During a study of fungi isolated from plant material in Guizhou Province, China, we identified 26 strains of Diaporthales . These were identified from phylogenetic analyses of ITS, LSU, rpb2 , tef1 and tub2 gene sequence data, coupled with morphological studies. The isolated fungi included a new genus in Foliocryphiaceae isolated from Acer palmatum and Hypericum patulum , a new species of Chrysofolia isolated from Coriaria nepalensis , and six new species of Diaporthe . Two species, Gnomoniopsis rosae and Coniella quercicola are new records for China.
... (2-)3.5-4(-5.5) Sogonov et al., 2008 沼委陵菜拟日规壳 G. comari ...
摘要: 目的 拟日规壳属（Gnomoniopsis）是一类专门寄生壳斗科（Fagaceae）、柳叶菜科（Onagraceae）和蔷薇科（Rosaceae）的内生菌或病原菌。本研究旨在鉴定2株分离自山东省月季（Rosa chinensis）健康枝条的拟日规壳菌株（RZ18 = CFCC 57557和RZ26），并系统梳理拟日规壳属的形态学、分子系统学和寄主特征，以加强对该属物种的识别与鉴定。 方法 基于rDNA内转录间隔区（ITS），转录延长因子（tef1）和微管蛋白（tub2）这3个基因片段，以及人工培养基上的形态学特征，对新采集菌株进行准确鉴定。 结果 分子系统学和形态学结果均显示本研究中新采集的菌株为蔷薇拟日规壳（G. rosae），该物种是中国的新记录种，并且月季是该种的新记录寄主。此外，本研究首次测得蔷薇拟日规壳的tef1和tub2的基因序列，并通过多基因联合分析（ITS-tef1-tub2）首次揭示该种在拟日规壳属内为独立起源的1支，与其余10个蔷薇科上的物种亲缘关系较远。 结论 本研究报道中国拟日规壳属的1新记录种，即蔷薇拟日规壳。同时，在梳理了该属25个物种的分子系统学、形态学和寄主特征后明确寄主信息是拟日规壳属重要的分类特征，多基因联合分析能有效地区分所有物种。
... Apiognomonia hystrix (Tode) Sogonov is an ascomycetous fungus within the Diaporthales order that occurs in Europe, Northern America and Asia [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. A long-standing taxonomic classification of the species called for its division into two species depending on the substrate: occurrences on woody substrates were described as Cryptodiaporthe hystrix [10][11][12][13], while occurrences on leaves were described as Gnomonia cerastis [2,5,[13][14][15][16]. ...
... A long-standing taxonomic classification of the species called for its division into two species depending on the substrate: occurrences on woody substrates were described as Cryptodiaporthe hystrix [10][11][12][13], while occurrences on leaves were described as Gnomonia cerastis [2,5,[13][14][15][16]. This was justified by some morphological differences in the structure of the ascomata that developed depending on the substrate, i.e., the occurrence of a rudimentary stroma and the formation of grouped perithecia that appear to be more common in individuals growing on woody substrates [8]. However, this variation is well within the limits of the re-evaluated concept of the genus Apiognomonia, and A. hystrix was determined to be congeneric with Apiognomonia-type species, i.e., A. veneta in multigene phylogenetic analysis [8,17]. ...
... This was justified by some morphological differences in the structure of the ascomata that developed depending on the substrate, i.e., the occurrence of a rudimentary stroma and the formation of grouped perithecia that appear to be more common in individuals growing on woody substrates [8]. However, this variation is well within the limits of the re-evaluated concept of the genus Apiognomonia, and A. hystrix was determined to be congeneric with Apiognomonia-type species, i.e., A. veneta in multigene phylogenetic analysis [8,17]. Nevertheless, both species show considerable variation in their anamorphic stages. ...
Apiognomonia hystrix is an ascomycetous fungus within Diaporthales that is found on maples and to a lesser extent on other hardwood trees in Europe, Northern America and Asia. To date, varying opinions on the species’ status as a cause of plant diseases have been expressed. In this study, we present the results of analyses conducted from 2012–2017 at forest sites in Poland on the occurrence of A. hystrix on Acer pseudoplatanus and Fraxinus excelsior and the pathogenicity of this fungus towards both tree species. For the sycamore leaves, A. hystrix conidiomata were detected in connection with 19.2% of galls caused by Dasineura vitrina, 20.4% of galls caused by Drisina glutinosa and 67.9% of extensive vein-associated necroses. The A. hystrix colonization of galls caused by both midge species resulted in statistically significantly larger necroses. On European ash leaves, conidiomata of A. hystrix occurred in connection with 0.8% of Dasineura fraxinea galls. Perithecia of A. hystrix were detected on overwintered leaf petioles in 8.1% of A. pseudoplatanus and 1.2% of F. excelsior samples. Twelve representative cultures were characterized molecularly by barcoding three marker genes (ITS, ACT, CAL). Results of phylogenetic analyses indicate that A. hystrix isolates are genetically variable, and three lineages are distinguishable. Eight isolates, including four originating from sycamore and four from European ash, were used to determine A. hystrix pathogenicity. Among the 48 A. pseudoplatanus petioles inoculated with A. hystrix, 41 developed necrotic lesions after 8 weeks, with the average necrosis length caused by particular isolates ranging from 14.5 to 67.2 mm. None of the 48 inoculated F. excelsior petioles developed necrotic lesions. Finally, selected aspects of A. hystrix morphology on natural substrates and in vitro are discussed in this paper, as well as the species’ potential to cause disease symptoms.
... Similarly, confusion has existed among Gnomonia-like species associated with strawberry (Sogonov et al. 2008;Walker et al. 2010). The name Gnomonia comari is commonly used in older literature to refer to the fungus causing leaf blotch and fruit rot of strawberry. ...
... The name Gnomonia comari is commonly used in older literature to refer to the fungus causing leaf blotch and fruit rot of strawberry. However, Sogonov et al. (2008) expanded the concept of Gnomoniopsis (Gnomoniaceae) to include G. comari as Gnomoniopsis comari. That same study revealed G. comari to be distinct from the causal agent of leaf blotch and petiole blight of strawberry in Europe and North America, known as Gnomoniopsis fructicola. ...
... ± SD = 6 ± 0.4 × 2.2 ± 0.2), abundant in culture and on alfalfa stems, aseptate, hyaline, smooth, ellipsoidal to ovoid, biguttulate, base subtruncate, Beta conidia unknown. Culture on PDA under artificial light at 25°C for 1 wk., growth rate: 2.5 ± 0.2 mm/day (n = 3) white with irregular margins, in center with aggregations of mouse grey (118) crust like aerial mycelia with age or readily sporulating with yellow conidial cirri on black perithecia, dark mouse grey (119) Geographic distribution: Australia (Gomez et al. 2017), Belgium (Sogonov et al. 2008;Walker et al. 2010), Canada: British Columbia (Sogonov et al. 2008), China (Tai 1979); Denmark (this study), France (Sogonov et al. 2008;Walker et al. 2010), Germany (this study) Switzerland (Walker et al. 2010), Taiwan (Anonymous 1979), USA: Maryland, New York, Michigan (Alexopoulos andCation 1952;Sogonov et al. 2008;Walker et al. 2010;Farr and Rossman 2020). ...
Phytopathogenic fungi in the order Diaporthales ( Sordariomycetes ) cause diseases on numerous economically important crops worldwide. In this study, we reassessed the diaporthalean species associated with prominent diseases of strawberry, namely leaf blight, leaf blotch, root rot and petiole blight, based on molecular data and morphological characters using fresh and herbarium collections. Combined analyses of four nuclear loci, 28S ribosomal DNA/large subunit rDNA ( LSU ), ribosomal internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 with 5.8S ribosomal DNA ( ITS ), partial sequences of second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II ( RPB2 ) and translation elongation factor 1-α ( TEF1 ), were used to reconstruct a phylogeny for these pathogens. Results confirmed that the leaf blight pathogen formerly known as Phomopsis obscurans belongs in the family Melanconiellaceae and not with Diaporthe (syn. Phomopsis ) or any other known genus in the order. A new genus Paraphomopsis is introduced herein with a new combination, Paraphomopsis obscurans , to accommodate the leaf blight fungus. Gnomoniopsis fragariae comb. nov. ( Gnomoniaceae ), is introduced to accommodate Gnomoniopsis fructicola , the cause of leaf blotch of strawberry. Both of the fungi causing leaf blight and leaf blotch were epitypified. Fresh collections and new molecular data were incorporated for Paragnomonia fragariae ( Sydowiellaceae ), which causes petiole blight and root rot of strawberry and is distinct from the above taxa. An updated multilocus phylogeny for the Diaporthales is provided with representatives of currently known families.
... Gnomoniopsis, based on the type species G. chamaemori, is a well-studied genus in regard to morphology, phylogeny and host associations. This genus is characterized by having small, black perithecia immersed in the host tissue and one-septate, oval to fusiform ascospores, and is well-distinguished by phylogenies based on the 5.8S nuclear ribosomal DNA gene with the two flanking internally transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) and the beta-tubulin (tub2) genes [20,21]. Species of Gnomoniopsis are currently known to inhabit only members of three plant families as hosts, viz. ...
... Species of Gnomoniopsis are currently known to inhabit only members of three plant families as hosts, viz. Fagaceae, Onagraceae and Rosaceae [20][21][22][23][24]. ...
... Until now, thirty species epithets of Gnomoniopsis have been recorded in Index Fungorum, six of them were reported from fagaceous trees [22]. Two species, Gnomoniopsis clavulata and G. paraclavulata, were firstly discovered on overwintered leaves of Quercus trees in the USA [20,21]. Subsequently, Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi with its synonym G. castaneae were proposed from rotten fruits of Castanea in Australia and Europe by two independent studies [25,26]. ...
Gnomoniopsis (Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales) is a well-classified genus inhabiting leaves, branches and fruits of the hosts in three plant families, namely Fagaceae, Onagraceae and Rosaceae. In the present study, eighteen Gnomoniopsis isolates were obtained from diseased leaves of Fagaceae hosts collected from Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Henan, Jiangxi and Shaanxi provinces in China. Morphology from the cultures and phylogeny based on the 5.8S nuclear ribosomal DNA gene with the two flanking internally transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) and the beta-tubulin (tub2) genes were employed to identify these isolates. As a result, seven species were revealed, viz. Gnomoniopsis castanopsidis, G. fagacearum, G. guang-dongensis, G. hainanensis, G. rossmaniae and G. silvicola spp. nov, as well as a known species G. daii. In addition, G. daii was firstly reported on the host Quercus aliena.
... Diaporthales, a species-rich order within Sordariomycetes of Ascomycota, is characterized by perithecia with elongate beaks, often forming within stromatic tissues, deliquescent paraphyses, and asci that have a refractive apical annulus (Barr 1978;Rossman et al. 2007;Senanayake et al. 2017Senanayake et al. , 2018Fan et al. 2018a;Jiang et al. 2020a). Species of this order inhabit a variety of substrates, including plants, soil, even living animal tissues (Barr 1978;Castlebury et al. 2002;Sogonov et al. 2008;Yang et al. 2020). Most of them are pathogens associated with plant diseases, and the rest are endophytes in healthy plants or saprobes on dead tissues (Crous et al. 2012a;Chen et al. 2016;Norphanphoun et al. 2018;Jiang et al. 2019d;Xavier et al. 2019;Zhu et al. 2020;Yang et al. 2021). ...
Melanconis-like fungi are distributed in several families of Diaporthales, mainly Juglanconidaceae, Melanconidaceae, Melanconiellaceae and Pseudomelanconidaceae. A new Melanconis-like genus of Pseudomelanconidaceae was discovered on branches of Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima) in southern China, which was confirmed by both morphology and phylogenetic analysis of combined ITS, LSU, tef1a and rpb2 sequences. The new genus Micromelanconis is characterized by two types of conidia from natural substrate and manual media of PDA, respectively. Conidia from Chinese chestnut branches are pale brown, ellipsoid, multiguttulate, aseptate with hyaline sheath. While conidia from PDA plates are pale brown, long dumbbell-shaped, narrow at the middle and wide at both ends, multiguttulate, aseptate, and also with hyaline sheath. All Pseudomelanconidaceae species were only reported on tree branches in China until now. More interesting taxa may be discovered if detailed surveys on tree-inhabiting fungi are carried out in East Asia in the future.
