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Glucose metabolism. (a) Glucose metabolic pathway; (b) box plots of representative glucose and glycolytic intermediates between groups.
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Myostatin is a transforming growth factor-β family member that normally acts to limit skeletal muscle growth. Myostatin gene (MSTN) knockout (KO) mice show possible effects for the prevention or treatment of metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. We applied chromatography and mass spectrometry based metabonomics to assess system-w...
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... the levels of glucose and glycolytic intermediates, such as glucose 6-phosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate and lactate, failed to differ in comparison to WT plasma (Fig. 4). Similarly, significant changes were not observed in the sorbitol pathway, which can increase in the presence of excess glucose, or pentose phosphate ...
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Endurance exercise is securely linked to muscle metabolic adaptations including enhanced mitochondrial function (“Effects of exercise on mitochondrial oxygen uptake and respiratory enzyme activity in skeletal muscle” [1], “Effects of exercise on mitochondrial content and function in aging human skeletal muscle” [2]). However, the link between exerc...
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Purple sweet potato (PSP) is a root crop containing higher levels of certain nutrients including anthocyanins. PSP anthocyanins are known to have antioxidant activity and many health benefits. In this study, PSP anthocyanins were identified and quantitated by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS and UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis. The color change at different pH values was measured through the CIELab scale. Gellan gum was combined with PSP to obtain stable gellan gum/PSP composite films. The composite films exhibited reduced hydrophilicity, swelling property and water vapor transmission rates (WVTR) as compared to the films prepared from gellan gum alone. PSP also increased the mechanical property and antioxidant activity of the composite films. The active packaging films were able to control the PSP anthocyanins release in simulated gastrointestinal fluids at pH 2.0, 6.0 and 7.4. Application of the intelligent films was performed by colorimetric detection of the pH changes caused by growing Escherichia coli on nutrient agar plates. When attaching the films on the cover of petri dishes, the films changed their color from purple (initial) to blue (6 h) and to yellow-green (24 h) with the growth of bacteria and digestion of proteins to produce volatile amines. The gellan gum/PSP composite film may have potential as an active and intelligent packaging material showing enhanced antioxidant, water-resistant and mechanical properties, and may be served as an easy-to-use indicator system to detect the spoilage of protein-rich foods caused by the growth of bacteria.
Ultrasound pre-treatment (UAE) was applied to assist the extraction of valuable compounds (polyphenols (especially anthocyanins), and proteins) from purple sweet potato (PSP). Under optimum conditions (ultrasound time (40 min); supplementary hot extraction (80 °C) up to 120 min; pH: 2.5; ethanol concentration: 58%), the highest concentrations of polyphenols (3.877 mg/g), anthocyanins (0.293 mg/g), and proteins (0.753 mg/g) were found, with minimal specific energy consumption (8406 J/mg). Moreover, anthocyanin and non-anthocyanin polyphenols in PSP extract from optimized extraction temperature were identified using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS². The major identified anthocyanins were peonidin-3-caffeoyl-p-hydroxybenzoyl sophoroside-5-glucoside, peonidin-3-(6″-caffeoyl-6‴-feruloyl sophoroside)-5-glucoside, cyanidin-3-caffeoyl-p-hydroxybenzoyl sophoroside-5-glucoside, whereas the major identified non-anthocyanin molecules were quinic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and chlorogenic acid-3-glucose. The amount of the predominant anthocyanin and non-anthocyanin compounds from PSP extract obtained after UAE was higher than that extracted after conventional solvent extraction. The results obtained in this work demonstrated the efficiency of UAE for the recovery of anthocyanins from PSP.
Anthocyanins are natural pigments derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway. Most tomatoes produce little anthocyanins, but the transgenic purple tomato biosynthesizes a high level of anthocyanins due to expression of two transcription factors (Del and Ros1). This study was to identify and quantify anthocyanins in this transgenic tomato line. Seven anthocyanins, including two new anthocyanins [malvidin-3-(p-coumaroyl)-rutinoside-5-glucoside and malvidin-3-(feruloyl)-rutinoside-5-glucoside], were identified by LC-MS/MS. Petunidin 3-(trans-coumaroyl)-rutinoside-5-glucoside and delphinidin 3-(trans-coumaroyl)-rutinoside-5-glucoside were the most abundant anthocyanins, making up 86% of the total anthocyanins. Compared to undetectable anthocyanins in the wild type, the contents of anthocyanins in the whole fruit, peel, and flesh of the Del/Ros1-transgenic tomato were 5.2 ± 0.5, 5.1 ± 0.5, and 5.8 ± 0.3 g/kg dry matter, respectively. Anthocyanins were undetectable in the seeds of both wide-type and transgenic tomato lines. Such novel and high levels of anthocyanins obtained in this transgenic tomato may provide unique functional products with potential health benefits.
