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Global system of atmospheric circulation, with the low pressure zones marked as L and the high pressure zones marked as H Рис. 1. Глобальная система атмосферной циркуляции, где зоны низкого давления отмечены знаком L, а зоны высокого давления -знаком H
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The review generalizes experimental data on the relationships between the solar activity agents (space weather) and atmosphere constituents. It is shown that high-energy solar protons (SPE) make a powerful impact on photo-chemical processes in the polar areas and, correspondingly, on atmospheric circulation and planetary cloudiness. Variations of t...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... large-scale movement of air masses caused by the joint action of solar heating, the Earth's daily rotation and by the Coriolis force, was named atmospheric circulation. The idealised global circulation can be described as a world-wide system of winds which accomplish the transport of heat from the tropical to the polar latitudes ( Figure 1). In each hemisphere there are three section (Hadley cell, Ferrell cell and Polar cell) where the air circulates through the entire depth of the troposphere. ...
Context 2
... features of the atmospheric circulation in the Antarctic Katabatic winds are an exceptional feature of the atmospheric circulation in the Antarctic. The katabatic wind regime (Figure 10a) is a powerful drainage stream of near-surface air masses flowing from the ice dome (where the stations Vostok and Dome C are located) to the coastline [65]. This drainage is caused by negative air buoyancy supported by severe radiation cooling of the atmosphere on the ice sheet surface (due to long-wavelength radiation). ...
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... a result, a large-scale system of the vertical (meridional) circulation is formed above Antarctica [67]. The system of the vertical circulation (Figure 10b) includes a drainage of the air masses along the slope of the ice sheet, an ascending flow near the coast line, a return movement in the lower and middle troposphere, and a descending flow above the tops of the ice dome [67,68]. The air mass coming from the troposphere to the near-surface layer gets warm adiabatically, whereas the air mass situated on the ice sheet is subjected to a constant radiation cooling (as a result of the long wavelength radiation). ...
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... to the cloudiness growth. It means that the cloudiness above Vostok is related to the IMF sign and, therefore, to the solar wind electric field affecting the magnetosphere [71], where V SW is the velocity of the solar wind, B Z and B Y are the IMF components, and Θ is the angle between the IMF transverse component and the geomagnetic dipole. Fig. 10. The katabatic wind regime in Antarctica: a) conceptual scheme of the vertical mass circulation forced by katabatic winds [67]; b) drainage pattern of near-surface katabatic winds, red points mark the location of the inner-continental staions Vostok, Dome C and South Pole Рис. 10. Система катабатических ветров в Антарктике: a) ...
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... analysis [72] showed, these sudden warmings are also related to a strong increase in the solar wind electric field E KL . Figure 11 shows a summary plot of the temperature changes DT (°C) at the stations Vostok (upper panel) and Dome C (lower panel) as a function of the E KL value (left scale) over 72 hours after the E KL maximum moment (T 0 ), which is marked by the dash vertical line. Red color density indicates the warming rate. ...
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... the long influence of the intense electric field (E KL > 10mV/m) on the Earth's magnetosphere results in the cloud formation and the sudden warming at the stations Vostok and Dome C, located at the top of the Antarctic ice dome. As this takes place, the station South Pole, located outside of the ice dome top (see Figure 10a), does not display these changes. Figure 12 demonstrates the response of the temperature (left) and atmospheric pressure (right) above the Vostok station (h = 3.5-20 km) to variations of the solar wind electric field (taken in the form E SW = V SW . ...
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... this takes place, the station South Pole, located outside of the ice dome top (see Figure 10a), does not display these changes. Figure 12 demonstrates the response of the temperature (left) and atmospheric pressure (right) above the Vostok station (h = 3.5-20 km) to variations of the solar wind electric field (taken in the form E SW = V SW . (-B Z )) [73,74]. ...
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... atmospheric pressure above Vostok (h = 3.5-15 km) also responds in the manner opposite to the negative and positive Esw deviations: the negative leap in E SW is followed by an increase in the atmospheric pressure, the positive leap in E SW is followed by a decrease in the atmosphere pressure in the 1 st and 2 nd days. The conclusion made in [75,76,77] is that these phenomena are related to the vertical atmospheric circulation acting in the Antarctic in the winter season (see Figure 10). The air masses coming to the near-surface atmosphere from the troposphere, get warm adiabatically, whereas the air masses situated on the ice sheet are subjected to the constant radiation cooling due to the long wavelength radiation. ...
Context 9
... a result, the circumpolar vortex decays and the "regular" easterlies, typical of the coast stations during the winter season, are replaced by "anomalous" southerlies. Figure 13 shows directions of the regular and "anomalous" winds above Antarctica. The regular winds at the Vostok station are winds with a low speed (V < 6 m/s); the anomalous winds are winds with a higher speed (V > 6 m/s). ...
Context 10
... regular and "anomalous" winds above Antarctica. The regular winds at the Vostok station are winds with a low speed (V < 6 m/s); the anomalous winds are winds with a higher speed (V > 6 m/s). The regular katabatic winds at the coast stations are winds with azimuths in the range of 60-120°, whereas the winds with azimuths near 180° are regarded as Fig. 13. Regular (black) and anomalous (red) winds in the winter Antarctica [70] Рис. 13. Распределение регулярных (черные стрелки) и аномальных (красные стрелки) ветров в Антарктике [70] anomalous winds. The regular winds (marked by black arrows) at the Antarctic coast form the circumpolar vortex, which is strongly related to the katabatic ...
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... solar activity in the past can be estimated by the sun spots number (SSN), which is closely related to such solar activity phenomena as solar flares and coronal mass ejections, responsible for solar influence on the Earth's atmosphere. Figure 14 (upper panel) shows SSN variations according to the data of sunspot observations, which started in the late 16th century. One can see an obvious 11-year cycle and the less pronounced ~100-year periodicity in the variations of the solar activity. ...
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... should be noted that reconstructions based on tree rings [84] and those based on other sources (see for example [85][86][87]) provide different results. Figure 14 (lower panel) shows alterations of the global temperature (the mean temperature over the Earth) for the period from 0 to 1995 [86]. One can see that the global temperature over the last 400 years strongly follows the solar activity variations: the global temperature was minimal in the 17th century, then two flat tops of temperature were observed after 1750 and around 1850, after that, during the 20th century, the Earth's temperature steadily rose. ...
Context 13
... large-scale movement of air masses caused by the joint action of solar heating, the Earth's daily rotation and by the Coriolis force, was named atmospheric circulation. The idealised global circulation can be described as a world-wide system of winds which accomplish the transport of heat from the tropical to the polar latitudes ( Figure 1). In each hemisphere there are three section (Hadley cell, Ferrell cell and Polar cell) where the air circulates through the entire depth of the troposphere. ...
Context 14
... features of the atmospheric circulation in the Antarctic Katabatic winds are an exceptional feature of the atmospheric circulation in the Antarctic. The katabatic wind regime (Figure 10a) is a powerful drainage stream of near-surface air masses flowing from the ice dome (where the stations Vostok and Dome C are located) to the coastline [65]. This drainage is caused by negative air buoyancy supported by severe radiation cooling of the atmosphere on the ice sheet surface (due to long-wavelength radiation). ...
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... a result, a large-scale system of the vertical (meridional) circulation is formed above Antarctica [67]. The system of the vertical circulation (Figure 10b) includes a drainage of the air masses along the slope of the ice sheet, an ascending flow near the coast line, a return movement in the lower and middle troposphere, and a descending flow above the tops of the ice dome [67,68]. The air mass coming from the troposphere to the near-surface layer gets warm adiabatically, whereas the air mass situated on the ice sheet is subjected to a constant radiation cooling (as a result of the long wavelength radiation). ...
Context 16
... to the cloudiness growth. It means that the cloudiness above Vostok is related to the IMF sign and, therefore, to the solar wind electric field affecting the magnetosphere [71], where V SW is the velocity of the solar wind, B Z and B Y are the IMF components, and Θ is the angle between the IMF transverse component and the geomagnetic dipole. Fig. 10. The katabatic wind regime in Antarctica: a) conceptual scheme of the vertical mass circulation forced by katabatic winds [67]; b) drainage pattern of near-surface katabatic winds, red points mark the location of the inner-continental staions Vostok, Dome C and South Pole Рис. 10. Система катабатических ветров в Антарктике: a) ...
Context 17
... analysis [72] showed, these sudden warmings are also related to a strong increase in the solar wind electric field E KL . Figure 11 shows a summary plot of the temperature changes DT (°C) at the stations Vostok (upper panel) and Dome C (lower panel) as a function of the E KL value (left scale) over 72 hours after the E KL maximum moment (T 0 ), which is marked by the dash vertical line. Red color density indicates the warming rate. ...
Context 18
... the long influence of the intense electric field (E KL > 10mV/m) on the Earth's magnetosphere results in the cloud formation and the sudden warming at the stations Vostok and Dome C, located at the top of the Antarctic ice dome. As this takes place, the station South Pole, located outside of the ice dome top (see Figure 10a), does not display these changes. Figure 12 demonstrates the response of the temperature (left) and atmospheric pressure (right) above the Vostok station (h = 3.5-20 km) to variations of the solar wind electric field (taken in the form E SW = V SW . ...
Context 19
... this takes place, the station South Pole, located outside of the ice dome top (see Figure 10a), does not display these changes. Figure 12 demonstrates the response of the temperature (left) and atmospheric pressure (right) above the Vostok station (h = 3.5-20 km) to variations of the solar wind electric field (taken in the form E SW = V SW . (-B Z )) [73,74]. ...
Context 20
... atmospheric pressure above Vostok (h = 3.5-15 km) also responds in the manner opposite to the negative and positive Esw deviations: the negative leap in E SW is followed by an increase in the atmospheric pressure, the positive leap in E SW is followed by a decrease in the atmosphere pressure in the 1 st and 2 nd days. The conclusion made in [75,76,77] is that these phenomena are related to the vertical atmospheric circulation acting in the Antarctic in the winter season (see Figure 10). The air masses coming to the near-surface atmosphere from the troposphere, get warm adiabatically, whereas the air masses situated on the ice sheet are subjected to the constant radiation cooling due to the long wavelength radiation. ...
Context 21
... a result, the circumpolar vortex decays and the "regular" easterlies, typical of the coast stations during the winter season, are replaced by "anomalous" southerlies. Figure 13 shows directions of the regular and "anomalous" winds above Antarctica. The regular winds at the Vostok station are winds with a low speed (V < 6 m/s); the anomalous winds are winds with a higher speed (V > 6 m/s). ...
Context 22
... regular and "anomalous" winds above Antarctica. The regular winds at the Vostok station are winds with a low speed (V < 6 m/s); the anomalous winds are winds with a higher speed (V > 6 m/s). The regular katabatic winds at the coast stations are winds with azimuths in the range of 60-120°, whereas the winds with azimuths near 180° are regarded as Fig. 13. Regular (black) and anomalous (red) winds in the winter Antarctica [70] Рис. 13. Распределение регулярных (черные стрелки) и аномальных (красные стрелки) ветров в Антарктике [70] anomalous winds. The regular winds (marked by black arrows) at the Antarctic coast form the circumpolar vortex, which is strongly related to the katabatic ...
Context 23
... solar activity in the past can be estimated by the sun spots number (SSN), which is closely related to such solar activity phenomena as solar flares and coronal mass ejections, responsible for solar influence on the Earth's atmosphere. Figure 14 (upper panel) shows SSN variations according to the data of sunspot observations, which started in the late 16th century. One can see an obvious 11-year cycle and the less pronounced ~100-year periodicity in the variations of the solar activity. ...
Context 24
... should be noted that reconstructions based on tree rings [84] and those based on other sources (see for example [85][86][87]) provide different results. Figure 14 (lower panel) shows alterations of the global temperature (the mean temperature over the Earth) for the period from 0 to 1995 [86]. One can see that the global temperature over the last 400 years strongly follows the solar activity variations: the global temperature was minimal in the 17th century, then two flat tops of temperature were observed after 1750 and around 1850, after that, during the 20th century, the Earth's temperature steadily rose. ...
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