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The Zika virus outbreaks highlight the growing importance need for a reliable, specific and rapid diagnostic device to detect Zika virus, as it is often recognized as a mild disease without being identified. Many Zika virus infection cases have been misdiagnosed or underreported because of the non-specific clinical presentation. The aim of this rev...
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The recent outbreak of the Zika virus attracts worldwide attention probably because the most recently affected country (Brazil) will host the 2016 Olympic Game. Zika virus infected cases are now spreading to many other countries and its infection might be linked to some severe medical sequelae. Since its first isolation from the infected monkey in...
Background: Zika virus is an infective agent of significant Public Health importance, which re-emerged in 2015. It is transmitted through mosquito bite, and associated with microcephaly and some other neurological malformations in some babies of infected mothers. Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the age-related pattern of the a...
A cross-sectional survey was conducted to assess the knowledge and practices on Zika virus infection among general adults in Brunei Darussalam. From February to June 2017, 439 adults were interviewed from outpatient health care settings. Most participants were Malays (87.0%) and females (61.5%), with a mean age of 40.7 years. Only 25.1% had a total...
Citations
... Middle SDI regions were observed to have the largest number of ZIKV infection episodes. Meanwhile, few ZIKV infections occurred in low SDI regions, probably due to a lack of disease awareness, poor access to diagnostics, low accuracy of detection and underreporting [2,37]. ZIKV infection remains a public health threat, especially for developing nations where scarcity of resources and unhygienic conditions in hospitals already limits access to timely prevention [38]. ...
Background
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has potential result in severe birth effects. An improved understanding of global trend and regional differences is needed.
Methods
Annual ZIKV infection episodes and incidence rates were collected from Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Episodes changes and estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) of age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) were calculated. Top passenger airport-pairs were obtained from the International Air Transport Association to understand places susceptible to imported ZIKV cases.
Results
Globally, the ASR increased by an average of 72.85% (95%CI: 16.47% to 156.53%) per year from 2011 to 2015 and subsequently decreased from 20.25 per 100,000 in 2015 to 3.44 per 100,000 in 2019. Most of ZIKV infections clustered in Latin America. The proportion of episodes in Central and Tropical Latin America decreased in 2019 with sporadic episodes elsewhere. High Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) regions had more episodes in 2019 than in 2015. Additionally, 15–49 years group had the largest proportion of episodes, females had a higher number of episodes, and a higher incidence rate of 70 plus group was observed in males than females. Certain cities in Europe, North America and Latin America/Caribbean had a high population mobility in ZIKV outbreak areas considered a high risk of imported cases.
Conclusions
ZIKV infection is still a public health threat in Latin America and Caribbean and high SDI regions suffered an increasing trend of ZIKV infection. Interventions such as development of surveillance networks and vector-control should be attached to ZIKV control in these key regions. Reproductive suggestions should be taken to reduce ZIKV-related birth defects for the people of reproductive age who are facing a higher threat of ZIKV infection, especially females. Moreover, surveillance of travellers is needed to reverse the uptrends of travel-related imported ZIKV infection. More studies focusing on ZIKV should be performed to make targeted and effective prevention strategies in the future.
... artificially fed Aedes aegypti mosquitoes can transmit the virus to mice and monkeys [9,10]. Some serologic evidence of human ZIKV infection in several African and Asian countries emerged from 1951 to 1981 [11]. ...
... Primary virological and serological studies indicated that ZIKV infection was limited to African and Asian countries from the 1950s to the 1980s [9,45,46]. Endemic circulation of the virus has been reported in some Asian countries such as Thailand, Indonesia, Peninsular Malaysia, Cambodia, Philippines, and Borneo, as well as in passengers from endemic areas ( (Figure 2). The current status of ZIKV transmission and spread indicates that it has the potential to re-emerge as an epidemic [54]. ...
Zika virus (ZIKV) was identified in 1947 in a rhesus monkey during an investigation of the yellow fever virus in the Zika Forest of Uganda; it was also isolated later from humans in Nigeria. The main distribution areas of ZIKV were the African mainland and South-East Asia in the 1980s, Micronesia in 2007, and more recently the Americas in 2014. ZIKV belongs to the Flaviviridae family and Flavivirus genus. ZIKV infection, which is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, is an emerging arbovirus disease. The clinical symptoms of ZIKV infection are fever, headache, rashes, arthralgia, and conjunctivitis, which clinically resemble dengue fever syndrome. Sometimes, ZIKV infection has been associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome and microcephaly. At the end of 2015, following an increase in cases of ZIKV infection associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome and microcephaly in newborns in Brazil, the World Health Organization declared a global emergency. Therefore, considering the global distribution and pathogenic nature of this virus, the current study aimed at reviewing the virologic features, transmission patterns, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of ZIKV infection.
... Viral cellular tropism is determined by the ability of ZIKV to bind to the host cell surface receptors [95]. Dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3 grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) or CD209 are expressed on dendritic cells and macrophages [96,97]. ...
... Furthermore, TYRO3, AXL, and TIM-1 are expressed on human placenta cells, endothelial cells, trophoblast cells, fibroblasts, trophoblast progenitor cells, macrophages [27,29], epidermal keratinocytes, and dermal fibroblasts [96]. Additionally, AXL and TYRO3 facilitate the ZIKV infection of astrocytes and microglia cells [95] whereas AXL facilitates the infection of neural stem cells [99], neural crest cells [100], and mesenchymal stem cells [101]. Pericytes, RPE cells, and microvascular endothelial cells of the retina are permissive cells that support the infection and replication of ZIKV [102]. ...
Zika virus (ZIKV) is mosquito-borne flavivirus that caused a significant public health concern in French Polynesia and South America. The two major complications that gained the most media attention during the ZIKV outbreak were Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) and microcephaly in newborn infants. The two modes of ZIKV transmission are the vector-borne and non-vector borne modes of transmission. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are the most important vectors of ZIKV. ZIKV binds to surface receptors on permissive cells that support infection and replication, such as neural progenitor cells, dendritic cells, dermal fibroblasts, retinal pigment epithelial cells, endothelial cells, macrophages, epidermal keratinocytes, and trophoblasts to cause infection. The innate immune response to ZIKV infection is mediated by interferons and natural killer cells, whereas the adaptive immune response is mediated by CD8+T cells, Th1 cells, and neutralizing antibodies. The non-structural proteins of ZIKV, such as non-structural protein 5, are involved in the evasion of the host’s immune defense mechanisms. Ocular manifestations of ZIKV arise from the virus’ ability to cross both the blood–brain barrier and blood-retinal barrier, as well as the blood-aqueous barrier. Most notably, this results in the development of GBS, a rare neurological complication in acute ZIKV infection. This can yield ocular symptoms and signs. Additionally, infants to whom ZIKV is transmitted congenitally develop congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). The ocular manifestations are widely variable, and include nonpurulent conjunctivitis, anterior uveitis, keratitis, trabeculitis, congenital glaucoma, microphthalmia, hypoplastic optic disc, and optic nerve pallor. There are currently no FDA approved therapeutic agents for treating ZIKV infections and, as such, a meticulous ocular examination is an important aspect of the diagnosis. This review utilized several published articles regarding the ocular findings of ZIKV, antiviral immune responses to ZIKV infection, and the pathogenesis of ocular manifestations in individuals with ZIKV infection. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the viral immunology of ZIKV, interactions between ZIKV and the host’s immune defense mechanism, pathological mechanisms, as well as anterior and posterior segment findings associated with ZIKV infection.
... TIM (T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain) and TAM (Tyro3, AXL, and Mer) family of receptors are also attachment molecules for ZIKV [211]. AXL and Tyro3 facilitate ZIKV infection of astrocytes, epidermal keratinocytes, skin fibroblasts, endothelial cells, trophoblast cells, fibroblasts, amniotic epithelial cells, trophoblast progenitor cells, macrophage, and microglia cells [212,213]. The clinical manifestation of ZIKV infection include transient low-grade fever, pruritic maculopapular rash, arthralgia, nonpurulent conjunctivitis, myalgia, lymphadenopathy, hematospermia, and subcutaneous bleeding [210,214,215]. ...
... Viral cellular tropism is determined by the ability of ZIKV to bind to host cell surface receptors [213]. Dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3 grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) or CD209 expressed on macrophages and dendritic cells is a primary target for ZIKV. ...
... Tyro3, AXL, and TIM-1 are ZIKV cell surface receptors expressed on human placenta cells, endothelial cells, trophoblast cells, fibroblasts, amniotic epithelial cells, trophoblast progenitor cells, and macrophages [212,241]. Additionally, AXL and Tyro3 facilitates ZIKV infection of astrocytes, epidermal keratinocytes, skin fibroblasts, and microglia cells [213]. ...
Viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens that cause infection in susceptible host cells. Virus infections could be lytic, chronic, latent or immortalizing. Viruses causing latent infection are associated with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. The human body is protected from viral infection by physical and chemical barriers. However, when these barriers are breached, the body generates an antiviral immune response mediated by Natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes, Dendritic Cells (DCs), type I interferon (IFN), neutralizing antibodies, and T cells. DCs play an important role in generating a cell-mediated adaptive immune response to viruses, with conventional DCs playing a crucial role in the interactions between DCs and viruses. Crosstalk between NK cells and DCs facilitates DC maturation in antiviral innate immunity whereas crosstalk between DCs and T cells in antiviral adaptive immunity amplifies the function of mature DC. Viruses employ various strategies to evade the host immune system. They can block Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) - mediated production of type I IFNs, inhibit maturation and functionality of DCs, and interfere with cell-mediated immunity. Here we will focus on important human disease-causing viruses including latest COVID19 that caused worldwide pandemic. Because of the high mortality rate associated with viral diseases, there is an urgent need to re-evaluate current antiviral agents with more research focusing on developing alternative anti-viral therapies with an enhanced therapeutic index and safety profiles. Future directions in approaching the development of vaccines should focus on specific vaccines that can induce CD8⁺T cell responses and produce IFN-gamma to promote a Th1-biased CD4⁺T-cell response.
... One of the sources of parameter uncertainty in EUFRAT is the uncertainty around population incidence due to misdiagnosis, underreporting, lack of laboratory confirmation and proportion of asymptomatic cases. Nonetheless, misdiagnosis and underreporting issues that are common during ZIKV epidemics due to non-specific clinical presentation [83], do not affect our risk assessment because we are not estimating R 0 with case notifications. While in the absence of empirical data, the risk estimates are valuable, the inherent uncertainties challenge the interpretation of their significance [84]. ...
Background
Since 2015, Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks have occurred in the Americas and the Pacific involving mosquito-borne and sexual transmission. ZIKV has also emerged as a risk to global blood transfusion safety. Aedes aegypti, a mosquito well established in north and some parts of central and southern Queensland, Australia, transmits ZIKV. Aedes albopictus, another potential ZIKV vector, is a threat to mainland Australia. Since these conditions create the potential for local transmission in Australia and a possible uncertainty in the effectiveness of blood donor risk-mitigation programs, we investigated the possible impact of mosquito-borne and sexual transmission of ZIKV in Australia on local blood transfusion safety.
Methodology/Principal findings
We estimated ‘best-’ and ‘worst-’ case scenarios of monthly reproduction number (R0) for both transmission pathways of ZIKV from 1996–2015 in 11 urban or regional population centres, by varying epidemiological and entomological estimates. We then estimated the attack rate and subsequent number of infectious people to quantify the ZIKV transfusion-transmission risk using the European Up-Front Risk Assessment Tool. For all scenarios and with both vector species R0 was lower than one for ZIKV transmission. However, a higher risk of a sustained outbreak was estimated for Cairns, Rockhampton, Thursday Island, and theoretically in Darwin during the warmest months of the year. The yearly estimation of the risk of transmitting ZIKV infection by blood transfusion remained low through the study period for all locations, with the highest potential risk estimated in Darwin.
Conclusions/Significance
Given the increasing demand for plasma products in Australia, the current strategy of restricting donors returning from infectious disease outbreak regions to source plasma collection provides a simple and effective risk management approach. However, if local transmission was suspected in the main urban centres of Australia, potentially facilitated by the geographic range expansion of Ae. aegypti or Ae. albopictus, this mitigation strategy would need urgent review.
... It has become a major concern worldwide with a potential to cause a global pandemic during outbreak (2). Although Zika virus is transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito of Aedes species, other modes of transmission such as maternal-fetal transmission or through sexual activity have received much attention (3). The severity of Zika virus infection has an impact on health, the economy, and social well-being, especially in pregnant women (4). ...
Objective: To investigate the factors predicting knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) toward Zika virus infection among women population in Cebu City, Philippines.
Study Design: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from March 2018 to May 2018. Ethical practices were followed. A total of 702 women was approached and finally 516 completed the survey.
Methods: Descriptive analysis was undertaken for the participants' characteristics. Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was applied to declare the nature of data distribution. To determine the role of socio-demographic characteristics on KAP, differences in socio-demographic status were compared with the KAP scores using the one-way analysis of variance or Kruskal–Wallis test with p < 0.05 as significant. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the predictors of each KAP domain (good and poor).
Results: There was a significant positive correlation between level of education and KAP scores. Also, there was a significant positive correlation between employment and KAP scores. Knowledge score was a significant predictor of practice score (b = 1.261, p = 0.024), and attitude score was also a significant predictor of practice score (b = 0.183, p = 0.039). However, knowledge score was not a significant predictor of attitude score (b = 0.316, p = 0.247).
Conclusions: The present findings provided an overall view of KAP on Zika virus infection among females in Philippines and the socio-demographic factors that affected their KAP. Women with postgraduate education and being in higher profession were the predictors influencing the KAP scores of this female population. Women with postgraduate education was the strongest predictor.
... The transfection of Wolbachia in mosquitoes can cause resistance for a variety of pathogens. 1,2 In this study, we examined the field infection frequency of native Wolbachia in the vector Aedes spp. mosquitoes of the Soconusco region, Chiapas, Mexico. ...
Objective:
To evaluate the prevalence of Wolbachia infections in Aedes spp. field populations from cemeteries of Southern Mexico.
Materials and methods:
Six cemeteries were selected to be sampled in the central part of the Soconusco region, Chiapas. Aedes albopictus and Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were collected during the rainy season of 2015. Females were analyzed individually by PCR to determine the presence of Wolbachia.
Results:
A field overall prevalence of 38% was found; only Ae. albopictus mosquitoes were positive.
Conclusions:
Local strains of Wolbachia were detected and have the potential to be applied as a biological method for vector control.
... Taking this into account, the Malaysian Ministry of Health can spread awareness about Zika virus infection through social media and websites, as well as through well-trained healthcare professionals who are ready for a Zika outbreak [40]. Such interventions will enhance health security and improve public health capacity [25]. ...
... Maximum efforts have been deployed in recent times to enhance the current knowledge of Zika virus infection. A complete understanding of the consequences of Zika virus infection and knowing the full spectrum of its clinical outcomes of the general public is very important for its prevention[25]. ...
Objective: To identify the predicting factors that contribute to knowledge, attitude and practices relating to Zika virus infection among the general public in Malaysia.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a validated self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive analysis was done for participants’ socio-demographic profile. Contingency table analysis was done to analyse the associations between knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) scores and socio-demographic profile. A Bonferroni-corrected P-value was used to find the significance of the associations and multiple comparisons were performed in a single data set. To determine the linear relationship between each independent variable and the dependent variable, Spearman rank correlation was performed. Cohen’s correlation coefficient was evaluated to determine the strength of the effect size. Multiple correlations and regression analyses were performed to identify independent variables that predicts the dependent variable.
Results: Multiple correlation analyses were conducted between respondents’ KAP score and independent variables (Age >60 years; Female gender; Selangor state; At least 1 pregnant woman per household). The independent variables such as ‘Female gender’, ‘Selangor state’ and ‘At least 1 pregnant woman per household’ were positively and significantly correlated with KAP score whereas, age >60 years was negatively and significantly correlated with the KAP scores.
Conclusions: There were associations between four independent factors and the KAP scores, while only three factors contributed to changes in KAP scores among the public. Among these contributing factors, respondents’ age group was the strongest predictor.
... Arthralgia is a cardinal symptom associated with fever or rash are suspect elements of the disease [3]. However, asthenia and diarrhea are not included in the definitions of a suspect case, even when are reported frequently in Zika patients [8][9][10][11][12][13][14]19]. ...
Background:
The clinical characteristics of the most frequent arbovirosis (Dengue, Zika, Chikungunya) are very similar, which is a diagnostic challenge for clinicians.
Objective:
To identify the presence of clinical characteristics related to Zika virus infection confirmed by the laboratory in patients during an epidemic of co-infection with Zika and Dengue viruses.
Method:
Cross-sectional descriptive study of patients with clinical - epidemiological suspicion of Zika virus infection, who were admitted in the Hospital "Joaquín Albarrán" (La Habana, Cuba), during June 1 to October 31 of 2017. Demographic and symptoms and signs were recorded. By PCR for Zika virus (in blood or urine) the disease was confirmed.
Results:
1541 patients were studied. The most frequent symptoms and signs were rash (93.8%), pruritus (77.9%), arthralgia (60.0%), headache (50.8%), myalgia (46.1%), fever (34.7%), asthenia (31.7%), and conjunctivitis (27.9%). Zika virus infection was confirmed in 279 patients (18.1%). Greater frequency of arthralgia, asthenia, and diarrhea was demonstrated in Zika confirmed patients.
Conclusion:
Minor clinical relevance was observed in the symptoms or signs of arboviral disease to support the clinical diagnosis of Zika virus infections by clinician during a Zika-Dengue epidemic. The assessment of the temporality of the onset of Zika and Dengue symptoms of these infections is recommended to assist clinicians in the differential diagnosis.
... Zika fever in particular has gained attention in recent years because it causes severe developmental disorders in newborns [3], and Guillain-Barr e syndrome in adults [4]. This is particularly disconcerting since Zika fever was believed for decades to be a nonthreatening disease that leads only to mild flu-like symptoms [5]. ...
The flaviviral heterodimeric serine protease NS2B‐NS3, consisting of the NS3 protease domain and the NS2B co‐factor, is essential for ZIKA virus maturation and replication in cells. For in vitro studies a “linked” construct, where a polyglycine linker connects NS2BCF and NS3pro is often used. This construct undergoes autocatalytic cleavage. Here, we show that linked ZIKV NS2BCF‐NS3pro is cleaved in cis in the NS2BCF exclusively at position R95 and not at the previously proposed alternate cleavage site at residue R29 in the NS3pro. Cleavage neither affects protease stability nor activity, despite some observed differences in spectroscopic behavior. This minimally modified construct may thus be useful for future structural and functional studies of the flaviviral protease, e.g. for testing new inhibitors. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
