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Global carbon emissions from burning coal, oil, and gas and producing cement (1850-2009). These emissions account for about 80% of the total emissions of carbon from human activities, with land-use changes (like cutting down forests) accounting for the other 20% in recent decades (Data from Boden et al. 2012
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... photo by glaciologist William O, Field; right photo by geologist Bruce F. Molnia of the United State Geological Survey.) Figure 39. Inputs of freshwater to the ocean from mountain glaciers, small ice caps, and the Greenland Ice Sheet have increased dramatically in the past two decades. ...
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... Moreover, the climate is varied by latitude, longitude, and altitude, which determine climate characteristics [11,12] and make the ecosystem in each area unique [13]. Wet areas tend to become wetter and dry areas tend to become drier, coincident with an overall intensification in the hydrological cycle in response to global warming, as reported by Walsh et al. (2014) [14]. ...
... Moreover, the climate is varied by latitude, longitude, and altitude, which determine climate characteristics [11,12] and make the ecosystem in each area unique [13]. Wet areas tend to become wetter and dry areas tend to become drier, coincident with an overall intensification in the hydrological cycle in response to global warming, as reported by Walsh et al. (2014) [14]. ...
... The moisture index was calculated by following the New Thornthwaite Climate Classification method [53] as shown in Equations (14) to (17) and Table 2, then classifying the values by following Table 3. The result is presented in Figure 8a, illustrating that the main TMI type was in a dry series which represented dry (yellow) and semi-arid (orange) climate patterns at about 57.64% of Thailand (297,470.23 ...
This study aims (1) to study the trend and characteristics of average annual air temperature (Tann), annual precipitation (Prann), and annual evapotranspiration (PETann) in Thailand over the present period (1987–2021) and (2) to extract the climate pattern in form of a map using the New Thornthwaite Climate Classification method in Thailand considering the present period. The data were prepared by the Thai Meteorological Department. Data variability, the mean of the data calculation in time series, the homogeneity test of data, and abrupt changes were examined. The trends of each variable were calculated using the Mann–Kendal and Sen’s slope test. The results indicated that the high Tann found in Bangkok gradually decreased in the next area. Tann data were heterogeneous with the abrupt change period, and increasing trends were found. Prann values were high in the west side of the southern area and the bottom area of the eastern area; in addition, low rainfall was found in the inner area of the land. Prann data were homogenous with no abrupt change period and slight changes in trends. PETann and %CV spatial distribution were determined for the same pattern of Tann. PETann data were heterogeneous with abrupt change periods and rising trends. The torrid thermal index determined based on the New Thornthwaite Climate Classification results indicated an overall torrid-type climate. A semi-arid climate pattern was found in the small area of the middle of Thailand, and then it shifted toward a moist-type pattern in the next area with an in precipitation. The most climate variability was found to be extreme with the power of temperature changes.
... In the NE region, this translates to rain events with more than 5-10 cm per day (Horton et al., 2011). This increase in heavy rain events is greater than in other regions in the United States (Walsh et al., 2014). Heavy rain events can lead to saturated soils, which can result in root anoxia and spread of root and foliar diseases (Volynchikova and Kim, 2022). ...
The Northeast United States is a temperate region that has historically experienced even rainfall distribution across the agricultural growing season. Due to climate change, seasonal precipitation and temperature dynamics are shifting, causing many farmers to rethink their approach to irrigation. Soil-water sensing technology,
including tensiometers and granular matrix sensors, are often used by farmers to increase water use efficiency. However, adoption of these technologies is low in the Northeast. We conducted a field study to assess the potential of soil-water sensing hardware and software to improve crop outcomes in temperate agricultural regions such as the Northeast, and a survey to better understand farmer preferences for using soil moisture sensors and associated data. The survey involved two vegetable farmer industry associations, and focus groups at four agricultural conferences. We found a diversity of preferences among farmers when it comes to when and how they would like to access soil-water data. The cost of cloud-based data collection and storage is a barrier for some farmers, and they question the economic benefits of investing in these platforms. Additionally, we conducted field experiments in two locations across two growing seasons to investigate how using three irrigation strategies (feeling the soil, granular matrix sensors, and timers) affect soil-water conditions, leaching, and crop yield and quality. We found no significant effects of irrigation strategy on yield, though our results suggest other advantages in using soil moisture sensors. For example, the use of sensors increased the proportion of days during the growing season in which soil-water was in the optimal field capacity category. Therefore, using these sensors will reduce potential environmental risk associated with N contamination of groundwater.
... These impacts can be significant in regions that are more vulnerable to climate change (e.g. semi-arid and semi-humid areas), altering the precipitation patterns that result in more extreme rainfall events (Rosenberg et al. 2010, Walsh 2014, Kuo et al. 2015. Also, there is an increased risk of flooding, which is recognized as one of the most critical sectoral threats from climate change (Hettiarachchi et al. 2018, Eccles et al. 2019. ...
... Over the past century, the northeastern USA has experienced increased annual precipitation (Hayhoe et al. 2007;Kunkel et al. 2013;Maloney et al. 2014;Walsh et al. 2014;Huang et al. 2017Huang et al. , 2020. Huang et al. (2017) found that total Northeast precipitation abruptly increased by 13% over 2002 to 2014; these results are consistent with Hayhoe et al. (2007) and Walsh et al. (2014). ...
... Over the past century, the northeastern USA has experienced increased annual precipitation (Hayhoe et al. 2007;Kunkel et al. 2013;Maloney et al. 2014;Walsh et al. 2014;Huang et al. 2017Huang et al. , 2020. Huang et al. (2017) found that total Northeast precipitation abruptly increased by 13% over 2002 to 2014; these results are consistent with Hayhoe et al. (2007) and Walsh et al. (2014). Hayhoe et al. (2007) determined that New England, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania experienced an increase of 10 mm decade −1 in annual total precipitation over the twentieth century, while Walsh et al. (2014) reported an 8% increase in Northeast precipitation since 1991Northeast precipitation since , relative to 1901Northeast precipitation since -1960 The observed increases in total annual precipitation across the northeastern USA are expected to intensify during the twenty-first century due to climate change. ...
... Huang et al. (2017) found that total Northeast precipitation abruptly increased by 13% over 2002 to 2014; these results are consistent with Hayhoe et al. (2007) and Walsh et al. (2014). Hayhoe et al. (2007) determined that New England, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania experienced an increase of 10 mm decade −1 in annual total precipitation over the twentieth century, while Walsh et al. (2014) reported an 8% increase in Northeast precipitation since 1991Northeast precipitation since , relative to 1901Northeast precipitation since -1960 The observed increases in total annual precipitation across the northeastern USA are expected to intensify during the twenty-first century due to climate change. Guilbert et al. (2014) found that mean daily precipitation over the Lake Champlain Basin in Vermont is projected to increase by 7.1% and 9.9% by the middle and late twenty-first century, respectively. ...
The northeastern USA has experienced a dramatic increase in total and extreme precipitation over the past 30 years, yet how precipitation will evolve across the Northeast by the end of the twenty-first century remains uncertain. To examine the future of precipitation across the Northeast, we use the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) regional climate model driven by the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Earth System Model (CESM) to simulate precipitation for historical (1976–2005) and future (2070–2099) periods. We compare precipitation from CESM-WRF hindcasts to gridded observations (Daymet), finding a 4.6% dry bias and 7.7% wet bias for total and extreme precipitation, respectively. CESM-WRF projections have increases in both total (9.7%) and extreme (51.6%) precipitation by the end of the twenty-first century, with winter having the largest increases in total precipitation (16.4%) and extreme precipitation (109.3%). These results are consistent with additional WRF simulations forced with the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model and the North American Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment archive. To investigate the drivers of precipitation change, we analyze several atmospheric variables and find that the projected increases in extreme precipitation are strongly related to increasing precipitable water over the eastern USA and the Atlantic Ocean. Understanding projected increases in total and extreme precipitation is critical for stakeholders to prepare for the impacts of intensified precipitation.
... The Northeastern United States (NEUS) has experienced noteworthy increases in extreme precipitation events over the past five decades (Melillo et al., 2014;Walsh et al., 2014;Parr and Wang, 2015a). While the intensities of the most extreme precipitation events (or the heaviest 1% of all daily events) have increased in every region of the contiguous United States since the 1950s, the maximum change in precipitation intensity of extreme events occurring in the NEUS reached 71% (Melillo et al., 2014). ...
Study region: Northeastern United States (NEUS).
Study focus: We investigate the potential impacts of climate change on precipitation, streamflow, and inland flooding in the NEUS during the mid-21st century. Dynamically downscaled climate projections from three global climate models for historical (1995-2004) and future (2045-2054) periods under business-as-usual scenarios were used to force the hydrologic model WRF-Hydro at 200-meter resolution and create ensemble hydrologic simulations. Additionally, an extreme value model was developed to project the risks associated with low-frequency hydrologic events.
New hydrological insights for the region: Results from four major watersheds indicate a significantly wetter regime in winter months and potential drier conditions during late spring to early summer. Discharges in fall are projected to decrease in the northern watersheds and increase toward the south. Extreme flow and water depths resulting from extreme inland flooding are projected to increase by 5-20% and > 100%, respectively. The extent of the total flooded area is likely to be 20% greater by the mid-century. These increased risks can be attributed to (i) an approximate 25% increase in decadal mean and > 40% increase in decadal extreme precipitation intensity, (ii) up to 30% lower snow availability and 5-25% higher evapotranspiration throughout the year, and (iii) a projected 5% increase in soil moisture in all seasons except summer. Furthermore, rapid snow melting in winter will likely cause an earlier peak flow in the rivers.
... For example, Kuwayama et al. (2018) found that drought has an overall negative impact on the yield of corn and soybeans while Hodge (2021) found that flooding reduced land prices in the Fargo-Moorhead area. The projected increase in frequency of extreme weather events and associated economic losses necessitate adaptive responses that enable farmers to prevent and mitigate the losses (Rose, 2015;Walsh et al., 2014;Wang et al., 2019). Such adaptive measures include the implementation of conservation practices (such as no-till/reduced tillage, cover crops, diversified cropping, integrated crop-livestock grazing, and conversion from cropland to grassland) on conventional crop fields (Huang et al., 2015;Ding et al., 2009). ...
Extreme weather events have cost lives and financial losses across the United States. Moreover, they are expected to increase in frequency, and this will exacerbate their impact on vulnerable sectors such as agriculture. But how farmers could adapt to extreme weather events by adopting different conservation practices has received slight attention in the literature. This study examines how farmers' perceptions of drought and flooding influence their decisions to implement conservation practices in their conventional crop fields. Out of the 350 farmer responses we received, fewer than half indicated a likelihood to adopt no-tillage/reduced tillage (43%), cover crops (40%), crop diversification (37%), and integrated crop-livestock grazing (29%). Using this data and a multivariate probit modeling framework, we show that farmers’ decisions can be partly explained by their perception of drought but not by their perception of flooding. Specifically, the perceived number of drought years significantly increases the likelihood of adopting no-tillage/reduced tillage and diversified cropping in the future. However, the number of drought years is not significantly associated with the use of cover crops and integrated crop-livestock grazing. These results suggest that the effects of extreme weather events on adoption of conservation practices as adaptive measures vary across different practices. Therefore, adaptation policies that make use of conservation practices must be tailored to farmers’ needs and priorities to be effective.
... Scientists have found that changes in climate have occurred quickly in the present, therefore earth's surface temperature has increased measurably over the past 100 years. Since the start of the twentieth century global average earth surface temperature has increased about 1 °C above, with most intensive changes occurring after 1980 (Walsh et al. 2014;Coffel et al. 2017). As global temperatures rise, extreme conditions will affect human health, demand of water, energy and agriculture products as well as wild nature and biodiversity/ecosystem. ...
Climate change is a reality for today. The warming temperature value for Azerbaijan is already around 1.6 ˚C. In this study, real flight data collected by Enhanced Airborne Flight Recorder of 787-8 aircraft, flight parameters and engine performance a re analyzed. It is seen that while the EGT is directly related to fuel flow, ambient temperature h as a strong effect to increase the EGT further than the MTOW of the aircraft. This causes the engine to b e used in a limited performance, decreased life-cycle and increased maintenance cost of the engine.
... Freshwaters of the Northeastern U.S. experienced significant geochemical shifts throughout the last two decades of the 20th century due to reduced atmospheric deposition from stricter regulation of industrial emissions. At the same time, the region has experienced changes in climate such as rising temperatures, loss of winter conditions, increasing extreme events, and earlier lake ice-out (e.g.. Reidmiller et al., 2018;Contosta et al., 2019;Walsh et al., 2014;Thibeault and Seth, 2014;Hodgkins et al., 2002) and land use over long (e.g., Thompson et al., 2013) and shorter term (Drummond and Loveland, 2010) timescales. Lakes integrate these multiple drivers of change through their close connection to the terrestrial and atmospheric environments, and chemical shifts in these systems have been well documented by research programs in the Northeast (Kahl et al., 2004;Strock et al., 2014;Sullivan et al., 2018). ...
... This research and the underlying data compilation also revealed that expanded investigation of potential climate change drivers is warranted. The Northeastern U.S. is warming more quickly than other regions of the U.S. with a significant increase in warming rate since 1960, and is also experiencing marked increases in precipitation with more frequent extreme events (Reidmiller et al., 2018;Walsh et al., 2014). Over the eighteen-year study period, these changes in climate were certain to have contributed to changes in the ELS-II lakes and were likely to have influenced the zooplankton communities. ...
Lakes in the northeastern U.S., as in other regions, experienced significant declines in water quality and ecosystem health in the mid to late 20th century as atmospheric deposition from industrial emissions caused surface waters to acidify. After the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 enhanced regulations to limit emissions of sulfur and nitrogen, many lakes in the Northeast recovered from acidification. The organisms that inhabit lakes are susceptible to these shifts, and zooplankton can serve as valuable indicators of lake ecosystem responses to shifts due to their position as primary consumer in the food web. We evaluated a large historical dataset from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Eastern Lake Survey (ELS) of 143 lakes throughout the northeastern U.S. to understand how recovery from acidification and subsequent chemical changes influenced zooplankton body size and community composition. We observed significant changes in chemistry; surface water sulfate concentrations decreased by 22% in the ELS lakes between the two sample years of 1986 and 2004. Increasing concentrations of DOC is common from the combined influence of deacidification and climate change, and the ELS lakes experienced a 26% increase in DOC. Notably, in the more developed regions of our study area, chloride concentration in lakes tripled, likely due to increased use of road deicers, and this is related to a subsequent increase in calcium and magnesium base cations. Zooplankton body size increased significantly between 1986 and 2004 across all taxa, and body size of Daphnia species, which require higher amounts of calcium than other zooplankton taxa, was positively associated with high calcium lakes. Shifts in zooplankton community structure, however, were most strongly influenced by variation in ANC, sulfate, and DOC. Our findings indicate that, while surface water acidity has a strong influence on zooplankton community structure, zooplankton populations are likely on a different trajectory than a simple recovery due to multiple chemical changes, such as increased chloride, occurring in lakes undergoing acid recovery. These, along with changes in climate and land-use, elicit multiple simultaneous responses in zooplankton communities.
... Since actual watersheds generally include multiple land use types, identifying the origin and bioavailability of PP exported from those watersheds and the temporal variability in the exported PP based on hydrologic conditions can improve P management. In addition, in some regions, large-scale rainfall events have increased in recent years due to global warming (Walsh & Wuebbles, 2014;Westra et al., 2014;Japan Meteorological Agency, 2021), making it particularly important to elucidate the impact of hydrological conditions on P dynamics in the watershed. ...
... Therefore, a quantitative observation during rainfall is important, especially in watersheds where the bioavailability of PP exported during base flow is large, because a large difference between the bioavailability of PP during rainfall and under base-flow conditions can be expected. In addition, due to climate change, an increase in large-scale rainfall is predicted in many regions of the world (Walsh & Wuebbles, 2014;Westra et al., 2014;Japan Meteorological Agency, 2021), such that P export from the watersheds is likely (Ockenden et al., 2017). In this case, PP export during rainfall may have a lower bioavailability than during base flow. ...
Several studies have demonstrated the importance of the bioavailability of particulate phosphorus (PP) exported from various watersheds, especially agricultural land. However, few studies have documented the influence of hydrological conditions on the sources and bioavailability of PP exported from watersheds with multiple land uses. In this study, to assess the sources and bioavailability of PP under different hydrological conditions, we conducted synoptic monitoring of compositional changes in the chemical fractions of PP exported into the Yasu River, whose watershed is covered with a mixture of forest (57.7%) and rice paddy (20.5%) areas. In this river, total phosphorus was composed mainly of PP at all monitoring sites and time points. The sequential extraction of PP revealed that a fraction bound to redox‐sensitive iron and manganese, regarded as bioavailable, was specific to the drainage waters of rice paddies, while a fraction bound to organic matter, regarded as less bioavailable, was specific to a forested stream. In the downstream area of the Yasu River covering the whole watershed, PP exported under the base flow and small rainfall conditions was composed mainly of the rice paddy‐derived fraction, while most of the PP exported under heavy rainfall conditions was the forest‐derived fraction. These results suggest that the sources and bioavailability of PP can vary dynamically, depending on the hydrological regimes and land use pattern in the watershed. Even taking into account the fact that the large amount of PP exported during heavy rainfall is considered to be forest‐derived PP with low bioavailability, the monitoring results suggested that the annual amount of bioavailable PP exported is larger than that of dissolved phosphorus, and can have a large impact on phosphorus recycling in the lake ecosystem through sedimentation and regeneration. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... Global studies show that the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere has increased over both land and oceans. As a result, increasing evaporation affects the intensity and frequency of precipitation [11] [8]. ...
The effects of climate change are becoming more evident and a worrying threat to Europe and the world. There is a growing social and political awareness of the upcoming threat of climate change, and it is a global issue that requires the implementation of coordinated actions by both International Institutions and National Governments. However, local governments have gained increasing importance for tackling climate change since the cause and impacts of climate change are experienced locally, although climate change responses have resulted from international and national initiatives to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.
Climate change issues have usually been separated into two categories, the issues related to mitigation and the issues related to adaptation. Acting for the climate means not only mitigating the effects of climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions but also implementing a range of adaptation actions to prevent or minimize impacts on socio-economic systems and the territory. Since 80% of CO2 emissions are associated with urban activities, local governments have a decisive role in implementing climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies.
This research project aims to analyze the Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan (SECAP) implementation in the Sicilian territory. The SECAP is the key program of the Covenant of Mayors initiative, which is promoted by the European Commission to support local sustainable development. The regional government played a decisive role in the success of this initiative by supporting local governments through a program called "Start-up Covenant of Mayors"
The report is divided as follows: the first chapter addresses the issue of climate change by discussing the adverse effects on the Sicilian territory; the second chapter analyzes the role of local authorities in mitigation and adaptation strategies; the third chapter explains the Covenant of Mayors' initiative and Sustainable Energy - Action Plans for Climate and Energy (SECAP) and examines climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies in the EU policy context; the fourth chapter describes the key inventories and the principles for the successful SECAP implementation; the fifth chapter investigates Sicilian municipalities' participation in the Covenant of Mayor Initiative and tries to demonstrate the active members who regularly submit the key SECAP monitoring inventories; the sixth chapter analyzes the factors that have favoured and/or hindered the participation of Sicilian municipalities in the Covenant of Mayors' initiative and the policies and measures applicable to SECAP in the implementation phase for the nine Sicilian provincial capitals; the seventh chapter identifies the benefits and the main obstacles to a successful SECAP.
