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Glasgow Composite Pain Scale (GCPS)
Source publication
This study was performed in order to evaluate the postoperative analgesic management of geriatric dogs during the first 12 hours after the soft tissue surgery. The study was conducted on sixty dogs, aged between 8-16 years, that were presented at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest for soft tissue surgery procedures, between August-Nove...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... categories used to assess pain included vocalization, attention to wound area, mobility, response to touch, demeanor and posture/activity. A categorical score was assigned within each behavior category based on the severity of the behavior or the response observed (Table 1). Potential cumulative pain scores ranged from 0 (least painful) to 23 (most painful). ...Similar publications
Background
In veterinary clinical practice, orchiectomy is one of the most common surgical procedures for cats and is performed mainly in young animals. The purpose of this study was to compare three different epidural (EP) analgesic protocols used in cats undergoing orchiectomy in order to determine which protocol resulted in superior outcomes in...
This study presents the perianaesthetic management for eight dogs, aged between 3 and 9 years old that underwent a hemilaminectomy surgical procedure for medullar decompression. The patients were presented at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Bucharest for acute onset of posterior unilateral paresis. Following the examination through magnetic r...
Background: Propofol is a widely used drug for the induction of anesthesia and often causes severe, sharp, stinging, or burning pain on the injection that can be distressing to the patient. Premedication with opioids, lidocaine, slow injection, and using a large vein for injection has been tried to combat the problem though there is controversy.
Introduction
In horses, lidocaine infusion is administered intraoperatively for analgesia and for a reduction of inhalant anaesthetic requirement. The objective of the study was to describe the anaesthetic effects of lidocaine infusion in isoflurane anaesthetised foals.
Methods
Twelve foals (<3 weeks old) undergoing surgery were included in the st...
Citations
Pain can occur in small animals as a result of trauma, disease, or surgery. Although analgesia is an essential component of therapy for many patients, analgesic medications can have adverse effects. The objective of a balanced analgesic regimen is to combine medications to provide the best pain relief with the fewest complications. Opioids can be used for moderate to severe pain. Administration of opioids at therapeutic doses has little clinical effect on the cardiovascular system. Pethidine is mu agonist opioid that has excellent analgesic activity. Codeine has greater oral availability than any of the other opioids. Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a diverse group of medications that act to decrease the production of inflammatory mediators at the site of tissue injury. NSAIDs provide peripheral analgesia and, unlike opioids, are very effective at reducing pain during movement. Lidocaine is a sodium channel blocker that is primarily used as a local anesthetic agent.
This study presents the perianaesthetic management for eight dogs, aged between 3 and 9 years old that underwent a hemilaminectomy surgical procedure for medullar decompression. The patients were presented at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Bucharest for acute onset of posterior unilateral paresis. Following the examination through magnetic resonance imaging, medullar compression was diagnosed at different thoraco-lumbar levels and surgery was recommended (hemilaminectomy). Four of the patients were premedicated with Fentanyl 3 μg/kg and Midazolam 0.2 mg/kg administered intravenously (IV) and the other four received Dexmedetomidine 2 μg/kg, Butorphanol 0.2 mg/kg and Ketamine 2 mg/kg intramuscularly (IM). For induction Propofol was administered IV at a dose of 3 mg/kg and patients were intubated. All patients had an epidural anaesthesia with Lidocaine (2 mg/kg). Maintenance consists in the administration of a constant rate infusion (CRI) of Fentanyl (3 μg/kg per hour) and Ketamine (1 mg/kg per hour) for the first four patients and a CRI of Lidocaine (3 mg/kg per hour) and Ketamine (1 mg/kg per hour) for the other four patients. Post-surgery multimodal analgesia protocols ensured pain control during recovery.
Objective
To evaluate the evidence of analgesic efficacy of tramadol for the management of postoperative pain and the presence of associated adverse events in dogs.
Databases used
A comprehensive search using Pubmed/MEDLINE, LILACS, Google Scholar and CAB databases with no restrictions on language and following a prespecified protocol, was performed from June 2019 to July 2020. Included were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) performed in dogs that had undergone general anesthesia for any type of surgery. Two authors independently classified the studies, extracted data and assessed their risk of bias using Cochrane’s tool. RevMan and GRADE methods were used to rate the certainty of evidence (CoE).
Conclusions
Overall 26 RCTs involving 848 dogs were included. Tramadol administration probably results in a lower need for rescue analgesia in comparison with no treatment or placebo (moderate CoE; relative risk (RR): 0.47; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.26–0.85; I² = 0%), and may result in a lower need for rescue analgesia versus buprenorphine (low CoE; RR: 0.50; 95% CI: 0.20–1.24), codeine (low CoE; RR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.16–3.41) and nalbuphine (low CoE; RR: 0.05; 95% CI: 0.00–0.72). However, tramadol administration may result in an increased requirement for rescue analgesia versus methadone (low CoE; RR: 3.45; 95% CI: 0.66–18.08; I² = 43%) and COX-inhibitors (low CoE; RR: 2.27; 95% CI: 0.68–7.60, I² = 45%). When compared versus multimodal therapy, tramadol administration may make minimal to no difference in the requirement for rescue analgesia (low CoE; RR: 1.12; 95% CI: 0.48–2.60; I² = 0%). Adverse events were inconsistently reported and the CoE was very low. The overall CoE of the analgesic efficacy of tramadol for postoperative pain management in dogs was low or very low and the main reasons for downgrading the evidence were risk of bias and imprecision.
