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Germination percentage. a: germination percentages of seeds treated with chitosan coatings and fungicide, and control treatments. b: germination percentages of seeds with chitosan coatings, chitosan mixtures with Beauveria bassiana conidia, and control solution. c: germination data of seeds coated with chitosan mixtures with Trichoderma harzianum conidia, and control solution. Same letters indicate no significant differences (P <0.05).
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... the wide diversity of applied treatments and the 70% germination in some treat- ments, no significant differenc- es in seed germination percent- age were observed (p<0.05). This confirmed that chitosan can be useful as an adherent agent (Figure 1) since it did not affect the germination pro- cess. Seeds coated with 0.25% to 1% chitosan mixtures and their respective mixtures with fungicides showed no signifi- cant difference in germination rate (Figure 1a). ...
Context 2
... confirmed that chitosan can be useful as an adherent agent (Figure 1) since it did not affect the germination pro- cess. Seeds coated with 0.25% to 1% chitosan mixtures and their respective mixtures with fungicides showed no signifi- cant difference in germination rate (Figure 1a). Furthermore, germination of seeds coated with the two types of chitosan and at different concentrations was not statistically different from the control. ...
Context 3
... germination of seeds coated with the two types of chitosan and at different concentrations was not statistically different from the control. In addition, none of the two types of chi- tosan mixed with conidia of fungal species negatively af- fected seed germination (Figure 1b and c). These re- sults show that application of these chitosan coatings and derivatives did not affect the hydration process or germina- tion percentages of bean seeds. ...
Context 4
... bassiana and T. harzia- num conidia were incorporated into coatings based on the two types of chitosan and were applied homogeneously. During the tests, no changes were ob- served in percentage of seed germination as shown above (Figure 1b and c). In the case of B. bassiana, mycelial growth in 45% of the treated seeds was recorded; while T. harzianum mycelia appeared on only 2% of the treated seeds. ...
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Citations
... Recently, biochar and chitosan have been applied as fillers/carriers for microbial seed coating. A biofunctional coating consisting of chitosan and Trichoderma conidia was explored to protect the coated seeds (Ruiz-de-La-Cruz et al., 2017). Recently, showed Pseudomonas putida coating onto cowpea seeds using silicon dioxide and starch significantly enhanced overall biomass and seed yield even under water scarcity. ...
... conidium germination at 2.0% w/v (Palma-Guerrero et al. 2008). This could be related to chitosan prevention of T. harzianum conidium germination (Ruiz-de-la-Cruz et al. 2017) or to the presence of antibiotic activity (El-Mohamedy et al. 2014). ...
Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) can cause large losses in vineyards. Diplodia seriata is an important GTD pathogen in Chile. Development and use of bioprotectors is a complementary alternative to the use of agrochemicals for disease management. To produce bioformulations for management of D. seriata, additives could be used to maintain viability and survival of biocontrol agents, such as Trichoderma harzianum and Clonostachys rosea. Effects of drying supports (inulin, maltodextrin, lactose, or talc) and adhesive polymers (carboxymethylcellulose, Aloe vera gel, or chitosan) were assessed on D. seriata conidium viability and mycelium development of T. harzianum and C. rosea, and for their biocontrol capacity against D. seriata. T. harzianum and C. rosea cultured in Potato Dextrose Agar containing inulin (at 10% w/v) maltodextrin (10% w/v), lactose (6% w/v), or talc (4% w/v), or the adhesive polymers carboxymethylcellulose (0.5% w/v), Aloe vera gel (0.5% w/v), or chitosan (1.5% w/v), maintained their biocontrol activity against D. seriata. These additives did not enhance D. seriata development. Therefore, these preparations, at the respective indicated concentrations, can be included in bioformulations for management of disease caused by this pathogen.
... Some substances, such as alginate, function as both binders and fillers [158,159]. In recent years, chitosan and biochar have also been utilized as binders and fillers [160,161]. In order to increase microbial survivability, binders are used. ...
Drought intensity that has increased as a result of human activity and global warming
poses a serious danger to agricultural output. The demand for ecologically friendly solutions to ensure the security of the world’s food supply has increased as a result. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) treatment may be advantageous in this situation. PGPR guarantees the survival of the plant during a drought through a variety of processes including osmotic adjustments, improved phytohormone synthesis, and antioxidant activity, among others and these mechanisms also promote the plant’s development. In addition, new developments in omics technology have improved our understanding of PGPR, which makes it easier to investigate the genes involved in colonizing plant
tissue. Therefore, this review addresses the mechanisms of PGPR in drought stress resistance to summarize the most current omics-based and molecular methodologies for exploring the function of drought-responsive genes. The study discusses a detailed mechanistic approach, PGPR-based bioinoculant design, and a potential roadmap for enhancing their efficacy in combating drought stress.
... The first is to protect the seeds from the unfavorable conditions of the external environment of abiotic stressors such as soil salinity, drought, or detrimental temperature ranges as well as biotic stressors: insects and fungi. The seed coatings could contain also different protectants such as fungicides, pesticides, insecticides, nematicides, and herbicides which should protect the seed from diseases, threats, and competing plant species [3,[7][8][9][10]. It is known that many of the commonly used protectants have a detrimental effect on the environment, hence closing them in coatings helps to limit their widespread nature and action. ...
... Most seed coatings are based on biopolymers because of their eco-friendly characteristics (they are a renewable source) and production of nontoxic residues when these materials are biodegraded in soil. As a coating, the following materials were tested: starch [19], gum [20], gelatin and polyvinyl alcohol [14], cellulose derivatives [7], chitosan [7,20], amphiphilic polymers [21], dolomitic limestone and aluminum silicate [22], biomaterials based on protein [13], and others [6,23]. ...
... Most seed coatings are based on biopolymers because of their eco-friendly characteristics (they are a renewable source) and production of nontoxic residues when these materials are biodegraded in soil. As a coating, the following materials were tested: starch [19], gum [20], gelatin and polyvinyl alcohol [14], cellulose derivatives [7], chitosan [7,20], amphiphilic polymers [21], dolomitic limestone and aluminum silicate [22], biomaterials based on protein [13], and others [6,23]. ...
Pure silica sol obtained by hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane and the same silica sol doped with fertilizer Azofoska were used to cover the surface of pea seeds. The surface state of the coated seeds (layer continuity, thickness, elemental composition) was studied by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) detector. Different conditions such as sol mixing method, seed immersion time, effect of diluting the sol with water, and ethanol (EtOH) were studied to obtain thin continuous coatings. The coated seeds were subjected to a germination and growth test to demonstrate that the produced SiO2 coating did not inhibit these processes; moreover, the presence of fertilizer in the coating structure facilitates the development of the seedling. The supply of nutrients directly to the grain’s vicinity contributes to faster germination and development of seedlings. This may give the developing plants an advantage in growth over other undesirable plant species. These activities are in the line with the trends of searching for technologies increasing yields without creating an excessive burden on the natural environment.
... Chitosan has been used in agronomy for different purposes, including roles as an antimicrobial [1], antiviral [2], elicitor [3], and adjuvant [4] agent; in the gradual release of active ingredients [5]; as a soil amendment [6], abiotic stress reliever [7], promoter of growth [8], and absorbent [9]; and in agricultural water treatment [10] and postharvest coatings [11]. Advances in seed technology associated with the use of Ch have highlighted applications for agricultural uses, which must consider the origin, nature, application form and physical characteristics of Ch, as these could influence the functional responses and compatibilities of the seed's physiological performance [12][13][14][15][16]. The application of Ch as a coating might influence the way in which the seed comes into contact with Ch, for example, Ch applied to wheat seeds using the priming technique increased their germination by 18%, germination rate by 53% and seedling vigor by 27% [17]. ...
... The sesame seed cultivar 'Zirándaro' was obtained from the 2016 harvest in Michoacán, Mexico, and the common bean cultivar 'Pinto Saltillo' was obtained from the 2016 harvest in San Luis Potosí, Mexico; germination tests were carried out in 2019. Chitosan was obtained from commercial chitin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), with the methodology of Ruiz-de-la-Cruz et al. [15] with some modifications. A first deacetylation was carried out with 1.75 M NaOH; subsequently, it was washed and left to dry at 50 • C for 24 h, before a second deacetylation with 17.5 M NaOH. ...
In seed technology, the use of biocompatible materials, such as chitosan, has been demonstrated to improve the germination process and establishment of seedlings. This research is focused on the effect of a chitosan coating on the germination and development of sesame and bean plantlets. The seeds were treated with different coating techniques and combinations of chitosan: chitosan solutions at 0.1, 0.5 and 1% were used in film coating, chitosan flakes with particle sizes of 1.19 mm and 0.71 mm were used as a crusted coating, and chitosan flakes with a size of 1.19 mm were used for coating with acrylic resin. Images of the coatings were obtained by means of scanning electron microscopy; the effect on germination, germination speed, vigor index, length and root area of plantlets were also determined. Chitosan treatments increased germination by 26% in bean and 16% in sesame compared with the control; the germination speed index showed an increase of 61% in bean and 58% in sesame. The treatments with chitosan increased the length of the root in bean by 77%, and in sesame four times more, compared with the control treatments. Different forms of chitosan coatings improve germination and seedling establishment; however, the response to the type of coating at a given stage of seedling development will depend on the crop species.
... Certain compounds such as alginate work as both filler and binder (Lally et al. 2017;Anis et al. 2012). Recently, biochar and chitosan were also used for serving the dual purpose of filler and binders (Ruiz-de-La-Cruz et al. 2017;Glodowska et al. 2017Glodowska et al. , 2016. Binders are applied to extend microbial survival. ...
Increased severity of droughts, due to anthropogenic activities and global warming, has imposed a severe threat on agricultural productivity. This has escalated the need for environmentally sustainable solutions to secure global food security. In this context, the application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can be beneficial. PGPR through various mechanisms viz. osmotic adjustments, increased antioxidant activity, phytohormone production, etc., not only ensure the plant’s survival during drought but also augment its growth. Further, due to recent advances in omics technologies, better insights are emerging for PGPR, which facilitates the exploration of genes that are responsible for plant tissue colonization. This review extensively discusses the various mechanisms of PGPR in drought stress resistance; we have also summarized the recent molecular and omics-based approaches for elucidating the role of drought-responsive genes. The manuscript comprises the in-depth mechanistic approach along with designing the PGPR-based bioinoculants to combat drought stress and a possible flowchart for increasing their efficacy.
... This coating involves applying an exogenous material such as seeds, such as dyes and polymers that modify their shape and size. In addition, they facilitate the reduction of friction in agricultural machinery used in planting; but they can also contain biocontrol agents and microorganisms, which protect and improve the maintenance of seed quality and performance (Cruz et al., 2017;Rocha et al., 2019). Coatings on a large scale began in the 1960s (Sundhoro et al., 2017). ...
Chitosan is a renewable natural alkaline polysaccharide, and laponite is a multifunctional nanocomposite. Their use exists in several areas, mainly due to their non-toxicity and because chitosan is from natural resources. One primary use in seed coating processes consists of applying an exogenous material to the seeds, which can facilitate handling and planting. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the most appropriate uses in patented and publications related to the use of Laponite and Chitosan to access these materials' state of the art to identify perspectives for new research. One hundred two publications were explored in the scientific databases Scopus (53) and Web of Science (WoS) (79). Of these, duplicates were removed, totaling 93 articles with publications started in 2006. The number of publications on chitosan and laponite for the countries with the highest number of corresponding authors was from China (27), Iran (16), and the United States (15). Brazil also stands out and occupies the fourth position regarding the number of corresponding authors (7). There were prospected 109 patents, and most of them have been used in medical or veterinary hygiene, or hygienic devices and methods (A61K), in cosmetics (A61Q). The compilation and analysis of scientific, technological, and information use carried out in this work has allowed for identifying the new research perspectives and validated the potential use of chitosan and laponite association as a seed coating.
... Certain compounds such as alginate work as both filler and binder (Lally et al. 2017;Anis et al. 2012). Recently, biochar and chitosan were also used for serving the dual purpose of filler and binders (Ruiz-de-La-Cruz et al. 2017;Glodowska et al. 2017Glodowska et al. , 2016. Binders are applied to extend microbial survival. ...
Increased severity of droughts, due to anthropogenic activities and global warming has imposed a severe threat on agricultural productivity ever before. This has further advanced the need for some eco-friendly approaches to ensure global food security. In this regard, application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can be beneficial. PGPR through various mechanisms viz. osmotic adjustments, increased antioxidant, phytohormone production, regulating stomatal conductivity, increased nutrient uptake, releasing Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and Exo-polysaccharide (EPS) production, etc not only ensures the plant’s survival during drought but also augment its growth. This review, extensively discusses the various mechanisms of PGPR in drought stress tolerance. We have also summarized the recent molecular and omics-based approaches for elucidating the role of drought responsive genes. The manuscript presents an in-depth mechanistic approach to combat the drought stress and also deals with designing PGPR based bioinoculants. Lastly, we present a possible sequence of steps for increasing the success rate of bioinoculants.
... Wu and Liu (2008) reported gradual nitrogen release, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) coated with acrylic acid-coacrylamide and chitosan. In another study, Ruiz-de-La-Cruz et al. (2017) used two different chitosan sources (shrimp and insects) coatings in mixture with fungicide on black bean seeds; they found out that at 1 and 0.25% chitosan concentrations under infection conditions, 35% of sampled seeds retained the fungicide and prevented rapid release into the medium. ...
... Chitosan was obtained from commercial chitin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.), following the procedure of Ruiz-de-La-Cruz et al. (2017). Chitin deacetylation was carried out in 70% NaOH solution (1:4 w/v ratio) for 1 h; the mixture was left to stand for 12 h, then it was washed using distilled water. ...
... In seeds case, it is necessary to consider the particle size and chitosan concentration, in addition to the seeds characteristics, such as morphological features, time of emergence, vigor and strength to ensure that they can break the coating, and not affect the emergence or the development during the initial germination stages. This research results agree with those reported by Ruiz-de-La-Cruz et al. (2017) where the retention action of chitosan was verified in seed coatings with agrochemicals and biological agents in concentrations of 0.25% and 1%. Journal of Seed Science, v.43, e202143036, 2021 ...
Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from deacetylation of chitin; it has multiple applications in agriculture as an antifungal, soil conditioner, inducer of defense mechanisms, fruits postharvest coating, leaves and seeds, among others. The objective in this research was to evaluate the effect of chitosan coatings mixed with fungicide (dithiocarbamate) on the germination and germination speed of bean and maize seeds in storage and to determine the retention capacity of the fungicide in the coated seeds under different times of imbibition. Two coating treatments at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.5% chitosan in water, two coatings treatments at 0.1 and 0.5% chitosan supplemented with 0.5% fungicide and a coating without chitosan using only 0.5% fungicide in water were used in bean and maize seed; and as control seeds imbibed in distilled water were used; after treatments, germination percentage and germination speed were determined, also fungicide release were determined at 0, 1, 2 and 6 h of imbibition, and the effect of storage time on germination and germination speed was determined at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days of storage at 4 °C and 45% relative humidity. The fungicide release effect was determined by inhibiting Fusarium oxysporum conidia germination. There were no negative effects of coatings on seed germination after storage. The treatment that provided both greater retention of the fungicidal agent and released it gradually, was 0.5% chitosan mixed with fungicide concentration. Chitosan coating seeds mixed with fungicide do not cause negative changes in seed germination or germination rate.
... Polymeric materials can be used as stabilizers, film-coating formers, thickeners or viscosity enhancers, delivery systems, suspending agents, bio-adhesives, etc. (Guo et al. 1998). Beneficial agents can be mixed with adhesive polymers, including methylcellulose, xanthan gum, chitosan, latex derivatives and synthetic adhesives to produce seed or root coatings (Brownbridge et al., 2012;Benhamou et al. 1998;Tefera and Vidal 2009;Colla et al. 2015;Ruiz-de-La-Cruz et al. 2017). In this study, the possible agricultural applications of a polymer obtained from the leguminous plant Ceratonia siliqua (L.), commonly known as carob tree and widely distributed in the Mediterranean basin, have been investigated. ...
Restrictions about the use of chemicals have limited the availability of control measures against plant-parasitic nematodes. The search
for more sustainable approaches has focused the attention on biological control agents, such as Trichoderma species. In recent years, there has been
a growing interest in the use of biopolymers for a wide range of applications. These polysaccharide-based compounds may be 20 good carriers of
microbial agents or act as barriers against pathogens or pests for their ability to form coating films. In this study, we evaluated the combination of a
biopolymer obtained from the leguminous plant Ceratonia siliqua and T. harzianum M10, T. atroviride P1 or T. longibrachiatum MK1, as root
protector or adjuvant agents, for the management of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Coating tomato roots with the carob
galactomannan biopolymer followed by soil application of selected Trichoderma strains reduced the root galling index caused by M. incognita and
soil nematode population in comparison to untreated control under greenhouse conditions. 25 Scanning electron microscopy revealed that coated
tomato roots were embedded within a polymeric material. The sedimentation test showed that the addition of this biopolymer retarded the tendency
of Trichoderma spores to settle in the bottom of aqueous suspension. In conclusion, beneficial fungi combined or formulated with a biopolymer
could represent a promising strategy to increase their activity in plant protection and enhance their proliferation or distribution into rhizosphere.
