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Orchids are nature's most extravagant group of flowering plants distributed throughout the world from tropics to high alpine. They exhibit incredible range of diversity in size, shape and color of their flowers. Though orchids are grown primarily as ornamentals, many are used as herbal medicines, food, and other have cultural value by different cul...
Citations
... They are a highly vulnerable group of plants and are sensitive to even the least disturbances to their primary habitats (Zhang et al. 2015). According to most research findings, over-collection for trade, medicine, and food (Pant 2013) or habitat loss/fragmentation (Liu et al. 2023) are the primary causes of orchid depletions. In India, wild orchid diversity is high in the two biodiversity hotspots viz., the north eastern region accounts for about 800 species, and the Western Ghats have 375 species (Bose et al. 1999). ...
... Around 175 species of orchids occur in Karnataka of which 69 species has been reported from Kodagu district (Rao 1998). Wild orchids are indiscriminately exploited for the local traditional medicine and horticultural trade, thus facing the danger of being extinct (Pant 2013;Assédé et al. 2018). Unfortunately, little research has been done on this aspect and there is a dearth of information on distribution and trade. ...
Background and aims
Biodiversity is the buzzword of the day when it comes to addressing environmental issues, and India’s Western Ghats are a goldmine of amazing beauty and biodiversity. Orchids, known as jewels of the plant kingdom, are “Keystone resources’’ that play a significant role in maintaining the forest canopies. The indigenous Kodava culture of nature worship and the beautiful alpine landscape provide an idyllic area, which is a perfect habitat for wild orchids. Unfortunately, there is little available data and less investigation on this aspect. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diversity and host taxa preference of orchid species found in sacred groves of two different vegetation types in the Central Western Ghats Biodiversity Hotspot of India, specifically in the Kodagu District.
Methods
In this study, the orchid diversity was analyzed using the stratified random sampling technique. A 100-meter-long and 5-meter-wide belt transect was laid, with a sampling intensity of 1% of total area. A complete enumeration of both epiphytic and terrestrial orchid was done in each sampling plot. Using Johansson’s five zone classification, the distribution of orchids on each tree was assessed. The diversity indicators were calculated and the number of orchids on the host tree was correlated with its girth.
Results
Based on the results of the various diversity indices, semi-evergreen types of sacred groves had higher host tree and orchid diversity. There were 54 orchid species identified from the two types of vegetation namely semi-evergreen (42 species), and moist deciduous (34 species); 45 of them were epiphytes and 9 were terrestrial. The most dominant orchid species in semi evergreen groves were Dendrobium herbaceum and Pholidota pallida, while Pholidota pallida and Malaxis rheedi were dominated in moist deciduous groves. Artocarpus hirsute, Canarium strictum, Mangifera indica, and Vitex altisima were the most dominant host tree species in both vegetation types. Among the Johansson’s five zone classifications, Zone 3 was found to be the best. The highest numbers of orchids were found in the host trees with lower girth class (50 cm to 100 cm).
Conclusion
Orchid diversity is higher in sacred groves of both vegetation types, highlighting the importance of managing biocultural diversity. There is a long history of this small patchy forest, reserved for the worship of deities or ancestors, protecting the surrounding natural vegetation, which includes some very old trees.
Graphical Abstract
Diversity of orchids in sacred groves of Kodagu
... The Orchidaceae family has a significant economic impact because of its exotic beauty and long-lasting flowers, and they are especially valued in the horticulture industry. Their importance is also being acknowledged more and more in the pharmaceutical and fragrance sectors (Pant, 2013). ...
A successful micropropagation method was developed via the in-vitro seed germination and seedling growth of the epiphytic and/or lithophytic orchid Bulbophyllum leopardinum, a species having horticultural and therapeutic significance. To enhance seed germination, several quantities and combinations of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP), indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA3), and coconut water (CW) were added to 0.8% (w/v) agar-solidified MS medium. Half-strength MS medium has been experimented with alone and in combination with BAP, Kinetin (Kn), and GA3 to promote shoot development. In-vitro-developed healthy shoots were chosen to establish roots in a half-strength MS (HMS) medium supplemented with various auxins. The best and earliest seed germination with the greenest protocorms (96.3±0.5% in 7 weeks) was achieved on HMS medium fortified with 15% CW (H15C). Further tests for the shoot as well as root development were continued with an H15C medium. H15C with 1 mg/l BAP and 1.5 mg/l Kinetin was most effective for early in vitro development and differentiation into seedlings with the many long shoots (9.3±0.1 shoots and 2.4±0.1 cm per culture) within 12 weeks of sub-culture. The most suitable rooting hormone was 1 mg/l NAA (4.2±0.26 roots per culture). This medium also produced the longest roots (1.9±0.09 cm per culture). By successfully developing a protocol for the mass propagation of B. leopardinum, this research has enhanced both the cultivation and the commercialization potential of this species.
... The occurrence records of orchids were identified from direct field surveys, the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (GBIF, 2022), the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) (IUCN, 2022), and scientific journals (Saputra, 2021). Each orchids's data, including the accepted name, occurrence, and distribution range were checked using online sources (De Vogel et al., 2022;Pfahl et al., 2022;POWO, 2022) and an orchid manual book (Ormerod, 2017). There are 160 occurrence records of orchids for all classes. ...
Climate change and land cover change often interactively affect plant species distributions. This study addresses the vulnerability of lowland and upland orchids to climate change and land cover change. Endemic orchids of New Guinea were grouped into four classes (lowland epiphyte, lowland terrestrial, upland epiphyte, upland terrestrial) based on their life form and elevation range. Forty occurrence records of endemic orchids were selected for each class, totaling 160 occurrence records. Ensemble modelling combining two machine learning algorithms was used to generate predictive current and future suitable areas for orchid classes. Model performance was evaluated using the AUC and TSS metrics. Suitable areas for both lowland and upland orchids (epiphyte and terrestrial) were predicted decrease in the future due to climate change and land cover change. The loss of suitable areas for upland terrestrial orchids was predicted to be most significant in the worst-case climate change scenario (SSP 5-8.5). Both lowland and upland orchids (epiphyte and terrestrial) tend to shift to higher elevation ranges from the present distributions. The predictive models have AUC values >0.90 and TSS value >0.80, indicating the models have excellent potential for predicting the impact of climate change and land cover change on orchid distributions.
... The Hebanaria genus is a part of this family which is very famous for foliclorik uses in the pain and inflammation Hussain et al. 2019). Conventional medicine used archids to treat a wide range of conditions, including stomach problems, acid reflux, heartburn, and even syphilis (Pant 2013;Mahmood et al. 2022). Cancer, fever, malaria, syphilis, and syphilis are all examples of STDs. ...
Habenaira plantaginea belong to orchid family which is native to Asia. Members of this family are commonly famous for the cure of pain and inflammation. To date, no research was found on isolation of compounds from this plant for the treatment of inflammation and analgesia nor has been published to our knowledge. The purpose of this study was to evaluate an analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity of the isolated compound from the most potent chloroform sub-fraction and the isolated compounds form the habenaria plantaginea. Anti-inflammatory analgesic and antioxidant potential of the various chloroform sub-fractions and isolated compounds from the most potent sub-fraction (HP-1 & HP-1) were screened for their in vitro enzymatic assays. Furthermore, prior to in-vivo investigation, the isolated compounds were subjected for their toxicity study. The potent compound was then examined for acetic acid-induced writhing, hot plate test, carrageenan-induced inflammation assays. Further various phlogistic agents were used for the evaluation of mechanism. In the COX-2 inhibitory assay the chloroform sub fraction Cf-4 demonstrated excellent activity as compared to the other sub-fraction with 92.15% inhibition. The COX-2 enzyme make prostaglandins which are directly involved in inflammation. Likewise against 5-LOX the Cf-4 was the most potent sub-fraction with IC50 3.77 µg/mL. The 5-LOX catalyzes the biosynthesis of leukotrienes which is a group of lipid mediators of inflammation derived from arachidonic acid. Free radicals can induce inflammation through cellular damage while chronic inflammation generates a large number of free radicals, whose eventually lead to inflammation. In antioxidant assays the Cf-4 fraction was displayed excellent results against ABTS, DPPH and H2O2 free radical with 88.88, 77.44, and 65.52% inhibition at highest concentration. Likewise, the compound HP-1 demonstrated 88.81, 89.34 and 80.43% inhibition while compound HP-2 displayed 84.34, 91.52 and 82.34% inhibition against ABTS, DPPH and H2O2 free radical which were comparable to the standard drug ascorbic acid respectively. This study's findings validate the use of this species as traditional use.
... Selain sebagai tanaman hias, tanaman ini juga dimanfaatkan sebagai tanaman obat. Rimpang anggrek ini digunakan sebagai obat menekan aktivitas bakteri, sedangkan rebusan akar digunakan untuk mengendalikan penyakit diabetes, tumor, hiperliposis, dan hepatitis (Pant 2015;Debnath et al. 2016). Anggrek bambu tumbuh di tepi sungai atau tebing, pada area dengan ketinggian 30-200 m di atas permukaan laut (dpl.). ...
Arundina graminifolia (D.Don) Hochr. merupakan salah satu jenis anggrek terrestrial yang banyak dijadikan sebagai tanaman hias karena memiliki bunga dengan bentuk dan warna yang menarik dan bervariasi, serta memiliki potensi sebagai tumbuhan obat. Mutasi dengan iradiasi sinar gamma dapat dilakukan untuk meningkatkan keragaman morfologi jenis ini, seperti tanaman yang berbatang lebih pendek dan masa berbunga yang lebih lama. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan radiosensitivitas protokorm A. graminifolia terhadap sinar gamma dan mengevaluasi keragaman pertumbuhan planlet yang telah diinduksi dengan sinar gamma sampai tahap subkultur kedua setelah iradiasi (tahap M1V2). Protokorm yang berumur 3 bulan setelah semai diiradiasi dengan dosis 0, 15, 30, dan 45 Gy. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa kemungkinan dosis yang mampu mematikan 20–50% populasi (LD20–50) berada pada kisaran 49,68–73,96 Gy. Dosis iradiasi 15–30 Gy telah mampu menurunkan rerata tinggi tanaman dan panjang daun, serta menekan pembentukan daun dan tunas pada tahap planlet. Planlet pada dosis iradiasi tersebut juga dapat bertahan hidup dan diharapkan memunculkan mutan baru untuk seleksi bibit unggul.
... In the last decades, plant tissue cultures have been instrumental in the rapid propagation and ex situ conservation of orchids, using different methods and explants including flower stalks, shoot tip nodes, stem bids, root tips, and rhizome segments [66]. The composi-tion of culture media plays a major role in in vitro seed germination and micropropagation using different explants [67,68]. ...
... Studies have reported the initial cultivation of orchids by the Chinese and documented orchids for their medicinal properties and use [137]. Researchers have traced orchid history and their medicinal uses to 120 million years ago, probably cultivated for their health-promoting effects [66]. Early documented evidence was found in the literature of Japan and China, approximately 3000 to 4000 years ago; they are regarded as pioneers in describing the medicinal attributes of different orchid species [138,139]. ...
Orchids constitute the largest and most diverse group of flowering plants and are classified in the family Orchidaceae. Exhibiting significance as the most exotic and ubiquitous flowering plant, the cultivation of orchids on a commercial level is gaining momentum worldwide. In addition to its ornamental and aesthetic value, the orchid industry has successfully generated employment for people in developing countries. Recent advances in biotechnological interventions in orchids have substantially contributed to the development of exotic varieties with novel traits, not to forget the inputs of traditional plant breeding methods and tissue culture approaches. In addition, the scientific developments in orchid biology have remarkably bridged the knowledge gaps in areas of orchid classification, phytochemistry, and cultivation strategies. This has facilitated the commercialization of novel varieties, opening new avenues in the orchid industry, and their global marketing as cut flowers and artificially propagated plants. Orchids constitute the first floriculture crops that revolutionized the orchid industry; however, they also hold several challenges in the natural propagation and conservation of several species that are on the verge of extinction. International organizations like CITES have come forward to address challenges associated with illegal global trade and indiscriminate use of orchid varieties, aiming for conservation and legal commercial goals. This thematic review is one-of-a-kind in providing comprehensive insights into the emerging momentum of orchid biology and how its globalization projects to considerably impact the orchid industry in the coming times. However, it is imperative to understand the challenges in the cultivation and conservation of orchid varieties and ensure legislative guidelines both on domestic and global levels to ensure a multipronged approach to the conservation and commercialization of orchids.
... Zih-Rou et al. [16]; Shi et al. [17]; Nayak et al. [18]; Bartnik et al. [19]; Yong et al. [20]; Madrona et al. [21]; Pant et al. [22]; Saloni et al. [23]; Meechaona et al. [24]; Adsul et al. [25]; Oon et al. [26]; Kasture et al. [27] and Scortichini et al. [28] explained the medicinal important of Azadirachta indica (Neem) as follows: ...
... Sumado a lo anterior, las orquídeas son de gran importancia debido a que presentan funciones ecológicas dentro de los ecosistemas que habitan; por ejemplo, contribución al mantenimiento y al flujo de servicios ecosistémicos, como el aumento de la cantidad de masa vegetal en el dosel y la regulación hídrica (Gutiérrez, 2020). De igual forma, las orquídeas han sido ampliamente manejadas por su valor como plantas ornamentales, medicinales, alimenticias y por su valor cultural en diferentes culturas y tribus en varias partes del mundo (Bijaya, 2013). ...
Como resultado de investigación, en esta publicación, titulada Orquideario El Manantial: un sitio de conservación participativa en el municipio de Isnos (Huila, Colombia), se registraron 41 especies de orquídeas, agrupadas en 20 géneros. De estas especies, 11 son cultivadas y 30 son de origen silvestre. Las orquídeas descritas hacen parte del proceso de conservación y rescate que se genera en la finca El Manantial, de la Asociación de Reservas Naturales de la Sociedad Civil El Cedral. Así, la presente obra es un instrumento para el aprendizaje de las orquídeas a través del reconocimiento del nombre científico, el hábito de crecimiento, el origen y el estado de conservación. Además, cada especie está acompañada de un registro fotográfico en campo para facilitar su reconocimiento. Los autores buscan continuar la co-construcción de estrategias que permitan la preservación de las orquídeas desde la participación comunitaria y el trabajo colaborativo entre los distintos actores sociales.
... Chinese was the first researchers to discover and develop orchids with therapeutic properties [5]. Orchids contain a wide range of bioactive substances that have been utilized to treat various diseases [6]. The bioactive components extracted from orchids include alkaloids, dactylorhins, sinensols, and spiranthols. ...
... [8] Calanthe tricarinata Lindl The paste of the leaf is used to treat sores and eczema. [6] Coelogyne cristata Lindl Treat wounds, burns, and skin disease. [9] Coelogyne prolifera Lindl Headache and fever relief using the paste of pseudobulbs. ...
... The older stem of D. crepidatum is used for actions that promote neuroprotection [16] . The paste made from nodal is used to treat broken and dislocated bones [17] . The goal of the current work was to create a dependable, rep eatable, and effective strategy for the bulk multiplication of the commercially demanding Dendrobium crepidatum orchid. ...
