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The purpose of the paper is to present an extended literature review with statistical results on natural environmental hazards relying on data from the last 117 years (1900–2016). More specifically, inspired by a statement in Smith’s (1996) book “the rich lose their money but the poor lose their lives” in this study we detect the high-risk areas an...
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Citations
... The linear Regression problem referred as the 1.1 case has been extensively discussed by Halkos (2019) from an Environmental point of view, while Kitsos (1999) discussed it through the Response Surface Methods (RSM). There is an extensively number of references, see Seber (1977), among others and the references cited there. ...
... The AR(1) models referred as 1.2 case above has been extensively discussed by Halkos (2019), while Kitsos (1986) in his unpublished PhD thesis faced it as a sequential design problem, and Lai and Siegmend (1983) considered it as a random walk. ...
... For the regression estimate see Halkos (2019). We discuss two extra cases of estimators: Bell and Smith (1986) proved that an estimator of 1 The function (⋅) is such that ( ) = ( < ), ( = 0) < 1 (2.4) ...
An artwork reveals concerns and aspects of environmental ethical issues, environmental philosophy, social ecology, evolved technology, environmental degradation, and social alienation. Teachers learn how to develop environmental education and encourage students and citizens to respect environmental behavior, through Trash Art and ecological thinking. This study aims to investigate the connection between Trash Art and nature through a literature review and quantitative research. The environmental awareness of teachers at Primary and Secondary Schools and to which degree the development of environmental awareness drives to respect environmental behavior has been examined. The connection between art and nature, using natural and artificial materials for art, results in the revaluation of human presence in the environment.
Keywords: Ecology, Trash art, Environmental Education, Environmental Communication, Actions
... The linear Regression problem referred as the 1.1 case has been extensively discussed by Halkos (2019) from an Environmental point of view, while Kitsos (1999) discussed it through the Response Surface Methods (RSM). There is an extensively number of references, see Seber (1977), among others and the references cited there. ...
... The AR(1) models referred as 1.2 case above has been extensively discussed by Halkos (2019), while Kitsos (1986) in his unpublished PhD thesis faced it as a sequential design problem, and Lai and Siegmend (1983) considered it as a random walk. ...
... For the regression estimate see Halkos (2019). We discuss two extra cases of estimators: Bell and Smith (1986) proved that an estimator of 1 The function (⋅) is such that ( ) = ( < ), ( = 0) < 1 (2.4) ...
Trash art is a new form of art that is made from waste materials and follows the rules of art. These objects are collected and transformed into art. Environmental art is an educational tool that is reinforced through art. This literature review aims to investigate how trash art affects people’s behavior toward the environment. The case study is the Skyros Project, where eight mosaics from trash art have been completed as part of this program. Skyros Project is a novel program of the Department of Public and Community Health of the University of West Attica that takes place at Skyros Port. Art as a tool cultivates and aware people of the environment. People that participated in Skyros Project adopted awareness and an active role in environmental issues.
Keywords: Trash art, Skyros Project, Environmental Education, Education for Sustainability
... Mozambique (CRI score equals to 2.67), Zimbabwe (CRI score equals to 6.17) and the Bahamas (CRI score equals to 6.50) were the countries most affected by the impacts of extreme weather events in 2019. It is stated that developing countries tend to be more affected by and vulnerable to extreme weather events (Mirza 2003), a statement that is also raised in Halkos and Zisiadou (2019). ...
Climate change has become an increasingly intense global phenomenon in recent years. A great number of researchers support the idea that climate change is strongly connected to some environmental hazards, and specifically, those correlated to extreme weather events. Following the Paris Agreement, and due to the increased concern regarding climate change impacts, several indices have been established. The Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) includes 59 countries and the EU, which cumulatively emit 92% of global greenhouse gases (GHGs), while the Global Climate Risk Index (CRI) analyzes to what extend countries have been affected by impacts of weather-related loss events. Both indices provide annual scores to each country and rank them based on those scores indicating the existing environmental situation. Our main purpose is to examine whether there is an interconnection between those two indices as well as testify whether economic growth is a great contributor to country’s environmental performance and as a result to climate risk. Using a sample of the reported countries for the year 2019, the latest reported year for both indices, and following a cross-sectional econometric analysis, we provide evidence regarding the connection of CCPI and CRI by using graphs, mapping visualization and econometric estimations in order to draw lines between indices. Moreover, we examine the interlinkages, and we estimate the influence caused by socio-economic factors and emissions levels per country. We provide evidence regarding the high-ranked and low-ranked countries and how they perform not only to an environmental base, but also to an economic base. Regarding the major finding, based on our analysis, no proven causality between CRI and CCPI was observed. Economic growth appears to have a significant impact on CRI but not on the CCPI, for the year 2019, while population density has an impact on both indices. Regarding greenhouse gas emissions, the econometric estimations provide evidence of significance for CRI but not for CCPI. An in-depth understanding of the current situation as well as of the factors affecting the climate conditions will give us the needed elements in order to minimize the adverse impact, if not improve the current situation. It is well known and stated that climate action should be taken so that we bequeath a safer and more sustainable planet to the next generations.
... Over the last years, the quality of the environment has changed dramatically. Halkos and Zisiadou (2019) mention that nature acts independently, and human beings cannot manipulate the results of this independency. Nevertheless, this statement refers to the natural phenomena that occur on Earth, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, etc., so even if we exclude human activity from the scheme, it is logical that the Earth will continuously transform. ...
This paper reviews the case of nuclear energy. Currently, the worldworld is facing one of the greatest energy crises due to the Russo-Ukrainian war. This conflict has lead to limited sources of gas, causing a dramatic decrease in energy supply, leading to emerging energy crisis risks. This is one on the main purposes of reviewing nuclear energy as a possible energy alternative in the future. Apart from presenting the basis of nuclear energy and nuclear reactors, we attempt to compare this source of electricity with other renewable energy forms, such as solar, wind and hydroelectric power. Furthermore, we illustrate the benefits and drawbacks that have been observed regarding nuclear power as well as its contribution to economic growth and the impact it has had on the environment. It has been said that, with the use of nuclear power, air pollution will be reduced because of the elimination of greenhouse gases. However, nuclear power, apart from the final product, generates waste that in this case is radioactive, meaning that the management and disposal techniques are of the utmost importance. Of course, unfortunate events that involved nuclear power do exist and are unfortunately engraved in our memories. Both the nuclear accidents, such as Three Mile Island, Chernobyl and Fukushima, and nuclear weapons usage by military forces, the well-known atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, bring great controversy regarding the adaptation of nuclear power. As is presented in the paper, since the beginning of the new millennium the scheme of energy production and electricity production appears to have changed drastically. By using available data reported by BR, we illustrated that the production of energy and electricity has increased over the last 22 years (2000–2021) due to excessive demand; however, what is more important to mention is the share of both electricity and energy derived from renewable forms such as solar, wind and hydroelectric power. It is shown that more and more countries adopt those sources of energy than did in previous decades. It is crucial to note that it is not the science that causes catastrophic events, but rather the errors of humans.
... Landslides have considered one of the prevalent types of natural disasters that have significant direct and indirect impacts on society, the economy, and individuals [1][2][3]. Landslides have both direct and indirect consequences. The direct impacts include loss of life and injuries, destruction of buildings and infrastructure, as well as damage to natural resources and the environment. ...
Landslides are a significant geological hazard that annually cause extensive damage and loss of life worldwide. Therefore, it is crucial to have reliable prediction models for landslide susceptibility in order to identify high-risk areas and implement proactive measures to prevent or mitigate their impacts. The purpose of this study is to propose and evaluate a novel approach called BCM-DeepNeuralNets for spatial prediction of the areas most susceptible to landslides. The study focuses on a tropical cyclone area in three districts of central Vietnam, namely Nam Tra My, Bac Tra My, and Phuoc Son. Accordingly, ten input factors were considered: slope, aspect, elevation, relief amplitude, land use, soil type, road distance, geology, fault distance, and rainfall. The proposed BCM-DeepNeuralNets method leverages the power of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) to develop a deep-learning model capable of inferring landslide susceptibility indices. To optimize this model, the study employs the Balancing Composite Motions (BCM) optimization technique. Additionally, Logistic Regression (LR) and Support Vector Machines (SVM) are used as benchmark models to confirm the efficacy of the proposed approach. To evaluate the prediction performance of the models, popular metrics such as mean squared error (MSE), accuracy (Acc), and Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC) are employed. The results show that the BCM-DeepNeuralNets model exhibits high prediction performance, with an MSE of 0.038, Acc of 93.4%, and AUC of 0.971. This model outperforms the benchmark models, LR and SVM. Consequently, BCM-DeepNeuralNets emerges as a new tool with significant potential for landslide susceptibility mapping. The landslide susceptibility map generated by this research aids in the identification of landslide-prone areas, providing a more accurate understanding of associated risks. As a result, it can be instrumental in policy and decision-making processes, enabling the implementation of appropriate measures to mitigate the impact of landslides in the study area.
... The linear Regression problem referred as the 1.1 case has been extensively discussed by Halkos (2019) from an Environmental point of view, while Kitsos (1999) discussed it through the Response Surface Methods (RSM). There is an extensively number of references, see Seber (1977), among others and the references cited there. ...
... The AR(1) models referred as 1.2 case above has been extensively discussed by Halkos (2019), while Kitsos (1986) in his unpublished PhD thesis faced it as a sequential design problem, and Lai and Siegmend (1983) considered it as a random walk. ...
... For the regression estimate see Halkos (2019). We discuss two extra cases of estimators: Bell and Smith (1986) proved that an estimator of 1 The function (⋅) is such that ( ) = ( < ), ( = 0) < 1 (2.4) ...
... Опыт таких исследований имеет-ся в литературе. Например, составлены карты природных опасностей мира [20,36], регионов Российской Федерации [3], Индии [52]. Но в их основе лежали природные, а не административные границы, что представляется не совсем верным. ...
A comparative assessment and analysis of risk of environmental management across the African Union has been carried out. It is mainly characterized by two types of natural hazards: lithospheric — earthquakes, volcanism and related processes, and hydrometeorological — droughts, floods, accompanying landslides and soil degradation caused by global climate change and anthropogenic changes in the landscapes. A great hazard for tourist business, which is a basis of economy of island states with high enough level of development, is a sharp rise in the level of World Ocean as a result of melting of glaciers in Antarctica and Greenland. The sector most exposed to natural hazards in the African Union is agriculture, which suffers from soil erosion and degradation, droughts, desertifi cation and landslides. Vast areas of the African continent are at low risk of exploitation because they are uninhabited and undeveloped. Th ese are pristine areas with naturally developed landscapes where extreme natural processes and phenomena certainly occur, but there is simply no one and nothing to affect them. Good disaster resilience is related to the overall high level of economic development of the countries — Seychelles, Mauritius, South Africa, the political will of the governance structures and well-established security systems — Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, and the growing infl uence of private capital in recent years on national disaster protection policies — Nigeria, Ghana, Cape Verde. Countries with low disaster resilience are the poorest countries in the world, with widespread famine, epidemics, forced migration due to ongoing military conflicts and coups d’état, poverty, etc. Correlation and regression analysis for the countries of the African Union has shown the dependence of the risk of environmental management coeffi cient on nominal GDP per capita per year, although the correlation coefficientis rather low. The highest risk is observed in the poorest countries that are unable to cope with natural disasters on their own, where natural hazards are widespread — Ethiopia, Rwanda, Burundi, Somalia and Eritrea. Low risk is ensured in countries with developed economies and eff ective government — Mauritius, South Africa, Algeria, Tunisia, etc.
... Other scholars demonstrate that the effect of pandemics is heterogeneous among sectors, a trait shared with most disasters (Halkos and Zisiadou 2019). In Egypt, pandemics depleted the rural workforce necessary for the maintenance of the crucial centralized irrigation system, which remained in a state of disrepair, hampering the well-being of the region for centuries (Borsch 2005(Borsch , 2015. ...
Pandemics have been a long-standing object of study by economists, albeit with declining interest, that is until COVID-19 arrived. We review current knowledge on the pandemics’ effects on long-term economic development, spanning economic and historical debates. We show that all economic inputs are potentially affected. Pandemics reduce the workforce and human capital, have mixed effects on investment and savings, but potentially positive consequences for innovation and knowledge development, depending on accompanying institutional change. In the absence of an innovative response supporting income redistribution, pandemics tend to increase income inequalities, worsening poverty traps and highlighting the distributional issues built into insurance-based health insurance systems. We find that the effects of pandemics are asymmetric over time, in space, and among sectors and households. Therefore, we suggest that the research focus on the theoretical plausibility and empirical significance of specific mechanisms should be complemented by meta-analytic efforts aimed at reconstructing the resulting complexity. Finally, we suggest that policymakers prioritize the development of organizational learning and innovative capabilities, focusing on the ability to adapt to emergencies rather than developing rigid protocols or mimicking solutions developed and implemented in different contexts.
... Although the potential loss of capital can be reduced using techniques such as hedging and portfolio diversification, there are some cases in which the potential loss cannot be predicted. The act of nature is such a case (Halkos and Zisiadou 2018a). Nature acts independently, and a common example of that independence is the tectonic plate movement (Halkos and Zisiadou 2018a). ...
... The act of nature is such a case (Halkos and Zisiadou 2018a). Nature acts independently, and a common example of that independence is the tectonic plate movement (Halkos and Zisiadou 2018a). Distinguished sciences such as geology and seismology, do have the techniques to monitor, observe and examine the geophysical events caused by those tectonic plate movements. ...
... More specifically, there is a proven regional distribution regarding the geophysical events, initially mentioned by Bolt (1988) as the "Ring of Fire". Based on CRED database (EM-DAT 2017) and with the use of R-studio packages and routines, maps of occurrence have been created for different types of disasters over the last 197 years (Halkos and Zisiadou 2018a, b, c, 2019. The technique of hazard mapped locations was also discussed by Pollner (2001) proposing it as a tool to illustrated high-risk and low-risk areas in an attempt to help the insurers establish the risk-based premium pricing. ...
The purpose of this paper is to examine whether there is a possible hedging technique against a potential unexpected hazard, that can secure the capital invested by individuals or corporations. More specifically, the traditional hedging techniques are presented and illustrating whether they can be applicable against unexpected environmental disasters. Moreover, the evolution of hedging techniques regarding the catastrophe disasters are presented in the papers. After illustrating hazard-prone areas with the use of mapping visualization, techniques or catastrophe risk management and risk minimizations are proposed in an attempt to reduce the direct and indirect losses after a disastrous events while at the same time increase the trustworthiness of corporations and governments.
Supplementary information:
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41885-021-00085-4.
... In the last two decades, extant literature has extensively studied the relationship between H&S and the performance of SMEs'. In contrast, occupational injuries, accidents, and diseases are continuously increasing at the workplace as shown in Figure 2. Halkos and Zisiadou (2019) reported that approximately 2.3 million workers had died due to occupational hazards and workplace accidents in SMEs yearly. The better working conditions and performance of SMEs may enhance the policy formulation and accomplishment of HSP management at the workplace (Hofaidhllaoui et al., 2014). ...
The study was conducted to ascertain the role of health and safety practices (HSPs) in improving the performance of the firm and safety performance. The study was conducted in Pakistan, a developing country from South Asia. This study collected data from various small and medium enterprises (SMEs) located in Karachi and Sindh, Pakistan. Data were analyzed through statistical packages for scientific solutions. The feasibility of survey data was primarily tested with the help of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, .80, which shows the construct items to have interitem consistency. Subsequently, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistic techniques (Pearson correlation coefficient of significant [two-tailed] and simple regression) were used. The study findings reveal that HSPs have a significant effect on the performance of SMEs and safety performance. Firms in developing countries need to pay more attention to HSPs so that the positive benefits of increased SME performance and safety performance can be attained. The implications are discussed in detail.
