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![Geological map showing the area underlain by Kerri–Kerri Formation and the studied locations (enlarge in Fig. 4)
(modified after Dike [14])](publication/335628943/figure/fig5/AS:941939859943464@1601587371671/Geological-map-showing-the-area-underlain-by-Kerri-Kerri-Formation-and-the-studied.png)
Geological map showing the area underlain by Kerri–Kerri Formation and the studied locations (enlarge in Fig. 4) (modified after Dike [14])
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![Fig. 1 The Nigerian Benue Trough and study area (after Abubakar [19])](publication/335628943/figure/fig1/AS:799762945167362@1567689753926/The-Nigerian-Benue-Trough-and-study-area-after-Abubakar-19_Q320.jpg)
Geochemical and palaeocurrent analysis was carried out on the sediments of the Kerri–Kerri Formation in the Gongola Sub-Basin of the Northern Benue Trough, North-eastern Nigeria in order to infer their provenance, tectonic setting and palaeoweathering conditions in the source area. The sediments of the Kerri–Kerri Formation were geochemically class...
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Various geological studies have been done worldwide of Upper Cretaceous palaeosols, however similar extensive palaeosol studies are lacking in India. It is well established that palaeosols of any age are one of the best proxies for palaeoclimate reconstructions and for local to regional stratigraphic correlations of continental deposits. The Cretac...
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... Geological map of Nigeria showing the study locations (modified after[31]). ...
... The geochemical tectonic setting plots adopted in this research pointed out the rift basin of passive margin tectonic setting for the Upper Benue Trough. In the Gongola Subbasin, Abubakar et al. (2019) also suggested the rift of the passive margin tectonic setting of the Benue Trough based on the major oxide data of sandstones and clays from the Kerri-Kerri Formation. The tectonic setting interpretation of this study also conforms with the tectonic events that affected the WCARS during the Cretaceous (Genik, 1993). ...
Newly analysed major and trace element compositions of the Kanawa shales deposited in the Pindiga Formation
reveal the provenance history and depositional conditions during the late Cenomanian - early Turonian time in
the Gongola Sub-Basin of the Upper Benue Trough. We conclude that the source of the siliciclastic detritus in the
Kanawa shales of the Pindiga Formation are igneous rocks of predominantly intermediate chemistry with a
temporal trend towards more felsic compositions. The source rocks presumably underwent intense chemical
weathering with CIA, PIA and CIW values up to 89.51, 97.30, and 97.56, respectively, which led to enhanced
shale deposition in the Gongola Sub-basin. Obtained relatively high Fe/Mn and Zr/Rb ratios in the Kanawa shales
suggest deposition under relatively strong hydrodynamic conditions in presumably shallow water. Additionally,
integrated bivariate plots of Ga/Rb vs. K2O/Al2O3, SiO2 vs. Al2O3+K2O + Na2O with the ratios of Sr/Ba, Rb/K,
MgO/Al2O3x100, V/Cr, V/(V + Ni) V/(V + Cr), P/Ti and Ba/Ti indicate deposition under a warm, humid climate
in dominantly anoxic and brackish water conditions under relatively low primary productivity conditions. This
interpretation aligns with the global climate and redox conditions during the late Cenomanian – early Turonian
times. The tectonic setting bivariate diagrams of K2O/Na2O vs. SiO2 and SiO2/Al2O3 vs. K2O/Na2O, as well as the
high and low quartz multidimensional diagrams, reveal a rift basin in a passive margin depositional environment,
confirming earlier works on the evolution of the Benue Trough.
... The chemical alteration index (CIA) and the compositional variability index (CVI) can show whether the sediments have undergone more or less pronounced chemical weathering processes (Cox et al. 1995;McLennan et al. 1993;Abubakar et al. 2019). CIA values: ≈50% indicate no weathering, ranging from 60% to 80% suggest moderate weathering, and > 80% indicate the high intensity of chemical weathering (Nesbitt and Young 1982). ...
A multiproxy approach involving grain size, geophysical (resistivity, magnetic susceptibility, and P-wave velocity), mineralogical (XRD), and geochemical (elemental, stable isotopes) data has been applied to core SP9 (128 cm long) to reconstruct natural and anthropogenic changes since ≈1850 AD (anno domine) (dating by ²¹⁰Pb and ¹²⁷Cs methods) in a distal region of Sepetiba Bay (SB), Rio de Janeiro State (SE Brazil). The analyzed core is a fine-grained sedimentary sequence (except its upper 20 cm). It comprises detrital particles derived from felsic and intermediate source rocks, as suggested by the fields defined by the biplot Zr vs TiO2 and the Al2O3/TiO2 ratios. Despite the increase in particle size at the top of the core, there was a progressive increase in the organic matter and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) contents and nutrients such as N and P. The geophysical data allowed us to identify the presence of subsurface (biogenic) gas, which suggests the occurrence of eutrophication processes in the study area despite its location in the outer region of the bay. Core SP9 records cyclical changes over the last ≈170 years in the mineralogical and elemental composition of the sediments and type of organic matter supplied to the bottom. These changes are associated with phases of more significant oceanic influence, salinity variations in the study area, and greater or lesser oxygen depletion in the sediment. These changes may have resulted from climatic oscillations or variations in the configuration and extension of the Ponta da Pombeba spit. The extent of this structure and the anthropic activities have contributed to the contamination of this area since 1975 AD. However, statistical analyses (Pearson correlations and principal components analysis) suggest that the transport and accumulation of PTEs (mainly Cd and Zn) did not strictly follow the general pattern of sedimentary dynamics prevailing in the studied area. Results indicate that this area became strongly polluted by Cd and Zn and with high ecological risk due to dredging and spoil disposal activities at sites close to the study area. It is noted that the environmental degradation reached higher levels here than in areas close to the primary source of the metals, the disabled Ingá Mercantil Company, in Madeira Island. This work demonstrates the temporal effect of dredge disposal activities in a distal region of Sepetiba Bay for the first time. It is a strong indicator that dredged spoil areas must be selected carefully, since healthy areas can become degraded due to the dumping of polluted waste.
... Geographically, the geology of the study area could be related to two major formations which are the Kerri-Kerri Formation (older of the laterite caps) and a younger one that postdates the Chad Formation. According to Abubakar et al. (2019), the palaeocurrent analysis of the Kerri-Kerri Formation suggested southwestern direction, which indicates that the sediments were sourced from the north-eastern direction. ...
The effect of cement content, compaction energy and compaction delay on cement-treated lateritic gravels from northeastern Nigeria was investigated in this study. The natural and cement-treated soils were subjected to classification, compaction and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests according to British standards. To investigate the effect of cement content, cement was added in the range of 2-10% by dry weight of the soil, while compaction was delayed by 1 hour, 3 hours and 5 hours, respectively. The results showed that the maximum dry unit weight (MDUW) increased with cement content and delay in compaction time. At low cement content and for all compaction energies, the highest values of MDUW were observed at 3 hours delay time, while the MDUW dropped at 5 hours delay time. However, no significant trend was observed on the effect of cement content, compaction energy, and compaction delay on the optimum moisture content (OMC). The CBR value of the soil was observed to reduce with cement content and delay in compaction time. This behaviour was attributed to the high coarse fraction of the lateritic gravel.
... The Pearson correlation matrix for the investigated shales is shown in Table 7. Except for Al 2 O 3 and K 2 O, SiO 2 having negative correlation with all the major oxides, as shown by the matrix (Fe 2 O 3 , CaO, MgO, MnO, Na 2 O, TiO 2 ). Quartz is the primary source of silica because SiO 2 has a negative correlation with all the major oxides (Abubakar et al. 2021(Abubakar et al. , 2019Sonfack et al. 2021;Ahmad and Chandra 2013). The fact that SiO 2 is positively correlated with Al 2 O 3 and K 2 O indicates that clay mineral is a secondary source of silica (Nagarajan et al. 2017). ...
... Al 2 O 3 has a significant negative correlation with Fe 2 O 3 , CaO, MgO, MnO, Na 2 O, TiO 2 , and P 2 O 5 , indicating that it is dissociated from clay minerals (Abubakar et al. 2021). The decomposition of K-feldspars could be a source of kaolin minerals, based on the strong positive relationship between Al 2 O 3 and K 2 O (Abubakar et al. 2019). Fe 2 O 3 exhibits a strong positive relationship with CaO, MgO, MnO, Na 2 O, TiO 2 , and P 2 O 5 , implying that these elements are associated with heavy mineral fractions (Sonfack et al. 2021). ...
rganic-rich shale samples from the Miocene Miadol Formation were collected from seven exploration wells in the Melut Rift-Basin, South Sudan and analyzed using organic geochemical analyses coupled with microscopic examination. We report the geochemical and petrological characteristics of 23 cuttings shale samples to provide information on the quantity, quality, and thermal maturity, thereby contributing to organic matter characteristics and their potential for oil and gas generation. The geochemical results indicate that the analyzed shale samples have moderate-to-high organic matter content with total organic carbon (TOC) content between 0.57 wt. % and 2.88 wt. %. The organic matter in the Miadol shale samples are primarily of Type III kerogen, with a small amount of Type II kerogen, as implied by the broad range of hydrogen index values (56 and 548 mg HC/g TOC), thereby exhibiting the ability to generate gas with some oil. The kerogen is consistent with the distributions of normal alkanes and isoprenoids in the aliphatic hydrocarbon. The n-alkane and isoprenoid distributions, with their ratios and parameters, suggest that the examined Miadol shale samples contain a mixture of organic matter and were deposited under suboxic to relatively anoxic environmental conditions. The analyzed Miadol shale samples at relatively shallow burial depths (470–820 m) are still immature as implied from their VR values of less than 0.50 VRo % (0.28-0.39% VRo). Therefore, these Miocene organic-rich shales in the deeper burial depths may be promising source rocks for primarily gas and limited oil production in the Melut Rift-Basin where they may reach high thermal maturity levels of oil- and gas-generation windows.
... The Pearson correlation matrix for the investigated shales is shown in Table 7. Except for Al 2 O 3 and K 2 O, SiO 2 having negative correlation with all the major oxides, as shown by the matrix (Fe 2 O 3 , CaO, MgO, MnO, Na 2 O, TiO 2 ). Quartz is the primary source of silica because SiO 2 has a negative correlation with all the major oxides (Abubakar et al. 2021(Abubakar et al. , 2019Sonfack et al. 2021;Ahmad and Chandra 2013). The fact that SiO 2 is positively correlated with Al 2 O 3 and K 2 O indicates that clay mineral is a secondary source of silica (Nagarajan et al. 2017). ...
... Al 2 O 3 has a significant negative correlation with Fe 2 O 3 , CaO, MgO, MnO, Na 2 O, TiO 2 , and P 2 O 5 , indicating that it is dissociated from clay minerals (Abubakar et al. 2021). The decomposition of K-feldspars could be a source of kaolin minerals, based on the strong positive relationship between Al 2 O 3 and K 2 O (Abubakar et al. 2019). Fe 2 O 3 exhibits a strong positive relationship with CaO, MgO, MnO, Na 2 O, TiO 2 , and P 2 O 5 , implying that these elements are associated with heavy mineral fractions (Sonfack et al. 2021). ...
Aptian to Campanian sediments from the Western offshore to Central Orange Basin were studied by integrating molecular geochemistry, inorganic and isotopic studies to recognize their geochemical characteristics via the reconstruction of the Orange basin’s paleoweathering, paleosalinity, paleovegetation, paleoclimate, and tectonic records. Molecular analyses of both aliphatic and aromatic compounds reveal an input dominantly from a marine source. The source rocks accumulated in a reduced, anoxic, saline water column. Based on various biomarker proxies and vitrinite reflectance data, some samples are thermally mature to produce petroleum, while others are not. According to the V/Ni ratio, samples from the Orange Basin in South Africa are mainly anoxic, with only a few samples ranging from suboxic to anoxic. This is congruent with biomarker and isotope analyses that further indicate the presence of marine-derived source rocks with some terrestrial remains generating hydrocarbons. The investigated sediments are made up of intermediate igneous rocks that have undergone moderate chemical weathering. Geochemical figures on tectonic setting discriminant function diagrams revealed a continental rift of passive margin settings. As a result, the extrapolated crustal processes are directly analogous to the genesis and evolution of the Orange Basin, demonstrating Gondwana’s breaking up and the opening of the Atlantic Ocean Margin.
... The provenance history of terrigenous sediments can be evaluated from their geochemical compositions (Abubakar et al., 2019;Armstrong-Altrin et al., 2016;Etemad-Saeed et al., 2015;Hayashi et al., 1997;Schneider et al., 2017;Tawfik et al., 2017). The geochemical data also provide information about the intensity of weathering activities in the provenance area (Descourvieres et al., 2011;Nagarajan et al., 2017;Tawfik et al., 2011), and tectonic setting of the depositional basin (Armstrong-Altrin, 2015; Bhatia, 1985;Roser & Korsch, 1988;Verma & Armstrong-Altrin, 2013. ...
... The concentrations of some major and trace elements are employed to rebuild the paleoclimatic conditions under which terrigenous sediments were deposited (Abubakar et al., 2019;Li et al., 2020;Liang et al., 2018). C value is regarded as a valuable pointer of paleoclimatic condition and is computed as the Σ(Fe + Mn + Cr + Ni + V + Co)/ Σ(Ca + Mg + Sr + Ba + K + Na), all in ppm (Li et al., 2020). ...
The shales of Sekuliye Formation were investigated to interpret their provenance history, weathering, and tectonic setting based on major and trace element geochemistry. The major and trace element geochemistry revealed derivation of the shales from felsic igneous rocks with little influence from intermediate igneous rocks and quartzose sedimentary rocks. Weathering proxies such as plagioclase index of alteration (PIA), chemical index of alteration (CIA), index of chemical variability (ICV) and Rb/Sr ratios show that the source rock undergoes high degree of chemical weathering activities. Also, the plot CIA vs. ICV shows that all the studied shales were plotted below Post Archean Australian Shale. The ICV value of 0.85 also indicates high intensity of weathering activities in the provenance area. The paleoclimatic indicators (C values and Sr/Cu) and some trace elements ratios (Ni/Co and Cu/Zn) displayed deposition under humid conditions and oxic depositional environment, respectively. The Sr/Ba ratios revealed high salinity during the deposition of the studied shale, reflecting a marine depositional environment. Through geochemical studies, these sediments were classified as shales that are texturally immature and compositionally matured. The geochemical data plotted on tectonic setting discriminant function diagrams suggested a continental rift of passive margin settings. Accordingly, the inferred tectonic settings are comparable to the accepted model on the origin and evolution of the Benue Trough.
... The Benue Trough ( Figure 3) is regarded as rift basin in central West Africa that extends NNE-SSW for over 1000km in length and 150km in width. The Benue Trough is bounded to the North and South by Chad and Niger Delta basins, respectively (Nwajide, 2013;Matheis, 1976;Abubakar, 2014;Abubakar et al., 2019). Cretaceous sediments with some Tertiary sediments filled in the Benue Trough ( Figure 3) and attained a total thickness of about 6000 m (Carter et al., 1963;Abubakar, 2014;Abubakar et al., 2019;Zaborski et al., 1997). ...
... The Benue Trough is bounded to the North and South by Chad and Niger Delta basins, respectively (Nwajide, 2013;Matheis, 1976;Abubakar, 2014;Abubakar et al., 2019). Cretaceous sediments with some Tertiary sediments filled in the Benue Trough ( Figure 3) and attained a total thickness of about 6000 m (Carter et al., 1963;Abubakar, 2014;Abubakar et al., 2019;Zaborski et al., 1997). The sediments were associated with some Tertiary volcanism (Zaborski et al., 1997). ...
Soil samples from 31 shallow boreholes were acquired at depths 0m, 1m, 2m, 3m, 4m, 5m, 7m, 10m, 15m, 20m, 25m, 30m, 35m, 40m, 45m, 50m, 55m, and 60m in Pingida (Kolmani Field) in Ako LGA, Gombe State, Nigeria. Using the same boreholes, seismic refraction data was also acquired. The aim of the survey was to delineate the near-surface lithology and velocity layering. The boreholes were drilled using rotary drilling rig and the core samples acquired and described using Wentworth Scale. Seismic refraction data acquired using a single trace Stratavisor NZXP portable digital recorder. The recording spread consisted of a single SM4- 10Hz geophone positioned at depths where the soil samples were taken. A hammer was used as the energy source and placed 3m away from the hole to obtain the first breaks. The refraction data was interpreted using UDISYS Version 1.0.0.0 software. The soil layers in the Kolmani Field have three distinct layers specified as follows, namely, top weathered and sub-consolidated layers made up of intercalation of sandstone, gravel ash clay and muddy coal shale. The lithologic strata do not correlate throughout the field resulting from the highly variable elevation which ranged from 317m and 524m with average of 389.16m. The top weathered layer of laterite intercalated with cobblestones with compressional wave velocity ranging from 342 ms-1 to 517 ms-1 with an average of 405.03 ms-1. Beneath the weathered layer is the sub-consolidated Clay layer intercalated with silt and laterite of compressional wave velocity ranging from 440 ms-1 to 1854 ms-1 of average of 826 ms-1. The underlying consolidated layer is the shale and coal layer having compressional wave velocity ranging from 1518 ms-1 to 4201 ms-1 with an average of 2162.65 ms-1. The dominant lithologic sequences encountered are laterite, clay, silt, sand, gravel, coal and shale. The results of this work can be used for static corrections in seismic reflection processing, planning and assessing risk for engineering structures, and for groundwater exploration. The laterite, clay, silt, sand, gravel, coal and shale can be utilized in agriculture, construction, process industries, and environmental remediation.
... The Benue Trough ( Figure 3) is regarded as rift basin in central West Africa that extends NNE-SSW for over 1000km in length and 150km in width. The Benue Trough is bounded to the North and South by Chad and Niger Delta basins, respectively (Nwajide, 2013;Matheis, 1976;Abubakar, 2014;Abubakar et al., 2019). Cretaceous sediments with some Tertiary sediments filled in the Benue Trough ( Figure 3) and attained a total thickness of about 6000 m (Carter et al., 1963;Abubakar, 2014;Abubakar et al., 2019;Zaborski et al., 1997). ...
... The Benue Trough is bounded to the North and South by Chad and Niger Delta basins, respectively (Nwajide, 2013;Matheis, 1976;Abubakar, 2014;Abubakar et al., 2019). Cretaceous sediments with some Tertiary sediments filled in the Benue Trough ( Figure 3) and attained a total thickness of about 6000 m (Carter et al., 1963;Abubakar, 2014;Abubakar et al., 2019;Zaborski et al., 1997). The sediments were associated with some Tertiary volcanism (Zaborski et al., 1997). ...
Soil samples from 31 shallow boreholes were acquired at depths 0m, 1m, 2m, 3m, 4m, 5m, 7m, 10m, 15m, 20m, 25m, 30m, 35m, 40m, 45m, 50m, 55m, and 60m in Pingida (Kolmani Field) in Ako LGA, Gombe State, Nigeria. Using the same boreholes, seismic refraction data was also acquired. The aim of the survey was to delineate the near-surface lithology and velocity layering. The boreholes were drilled using rotary drilling rig and the core samples acquired and described using Wentworth Scale. Seismic refraction data acquired using a single trace Stratavisor NZXP portable digital recorder. The recording spread consisted of a single SM4-10Hz geophone positioned at depths where the soil samples were taken. A hammer was used as the energy source and placed 3m away from the hole to obtain the first breaks. The refraction data was interpreted using UDISYS Version 1.0.0.0 software. The soil layers in the Kolmani Field have three distinct layers specified as follows, namely, top weathered and sub-consolidated layers made up of intercalation of sandstone, gravel ash clay and muddy coal shale. The lithologic strata do not correlate throughout the field resulting from the highly variable elevation which ranged from 317m and 524m with average of 389.16m. The top weathered layer of laterite intercalated with cobblestones with compressional wave velocity ranging from 342 ms-1 to 517 ms-1 with an average of 405.03 ms-1. Beneath the weathered layer is the sub-consolidated Clay layer intercalated with silt and laterite of compressional wave velocity ranging from 440 ms-1 to 1854 ms-1 of average of 826 ms-1. The underlying consolidated layer is the shale and coal layer having compressional wave velocity ranging from 1518 ms-1 to 4201 ms-1 with an average of 2162.65 ms-1. The dominant lithologic sequences encountered are laterite, clay, silt, sand, gravel, coal and shale. The results of this work can be used for static corrections in seismic reflection processing, planning and assessing risk for engineering structures, and for groundwater exploration. The laterite, clay, silt, sand, gravel, coal and shale can be utilized in agriculture, construction, process industries, and environmental remediation.
... The Pearson correlation matrix for the investigated shales is shown in Table 7. Except for Al 2 O 3 and K 2 O, SiO 2 having negative correlation with all the major oxides, as shown by the matrix (Fe 2 O 3 , CaO, MgO, MnO, Na 2 O, TiO 2 ). Quartz is the primary source of silica because SiO 2 has a negative correlation with all the major oxides (Abubakar et al. 2021(Abubakar et al. , 2019Sonfack et al. 2021;Ahmad and Chandra 2013). The fact that SiO 2 is positively correlated with Al 2 O 3 and K 2 O indicates that clay mineral is a secondary source of silica (Nagarajan et al. 2017). ...
... Al 2 O 3 has a significant negative correlation with Fe 2 O 3 , CaO, MgO, MnO, Na 2 O, TiO 2 , and P 2 O 5 , indicating that it is dissociated from clay minerals (Abubakar et al. 2021). The decomposition of K-feldspars could be a source of kaolin minerals, based on the strong positive relationship between Al 2 O 3 and K 2 O (Abubakar et al. 2019). Fe 2 O 3 exhibits a strong positive relationship with CaO, MgO, MnO, Na 2 O, TiO 2 , and P 2 O 5 , implying that these elements are associated with heavy mineral fractions (Sonfack et al. 2021). ...
