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Geological map of the epicenter areas of the main shock and aftershocks. Q Quaternary system, J1-2 Lower and Middle of Jurassic system, J3 Upper layer of Jurassic system, K1 Lower layer of Cretaceous system, S Silurian system, γ granites. The complicated strata between S and K1 in the figure are from Cambrian system to Tertiary system
Source publication
The M
s 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake or “Great Sichuan Earthquake” occurred at 14:28p.m. local time on 12 May 2008 in Sichuan Province, China. Damage by earthquake-induced landslides was an important part of the
total earthquake damage. This report presents preliminary observations on the Hongyan Resort slide located southwest of the
main epicenter, sha...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... 2008 Sichuan earthquake, or “ Great Sichuan Earthquake ” occurred at 14:28:01.42 CST (06:28:01.42 UTC) on 12 May 2008 in Sichuan Province, China. Its estimated magnitude according to the Chinese Earthquake Administration was M s 8.0, M w 8.3 ( M w 7.9 according to the US Geological Survey). It is also known as the Wenchuan earthquake, after the earthquake ’ s epicenter in Wenchuan County, Sichuan Province. The epicenter (30.986° N, 103.364° E) was 80 km west-northwest of Chengdu, the capital city of Sichuan, at a hypocenter depth of 19 km. Official statistics (as of 6 July 2008) list 69,197 confirmed dead, including 68,636 in Sichuan Province, 374,176 reported injured, and 18,340 listed as missing. It is the deadliest and strongest earthquake to hit China since the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, which killed at least 240,000 people. On 25 May, a major aftershock of M w 6.0 occurred northeast of the original earthquake ’ s epicenter, in Qingchuan County, causing eight deaths, 1,000 injuries, and destroying thousands more buildings. On 27 May, two more major aftershocks, M w 5.2 in Qingchuan County and M w 5.7 in Ningqiang County in Shaanxi Province, collapsed more than 420,000 homes and injured 63 people. Aftershocks were distributed along the Longmenshan active fault system extending more than 300 km northeast from the main shock ( Fig. 1). This fault system is within the mountain front between the Chengdu basin and the Tibetan plateau and because of this, earthquake-induced landslides severely ham- pering rescues and relief and were a significant contribution to the total earthquake damage, causing about 15% of the earthquake deaths. From 12 to 16 June, 1 month after the main shock, some of the authors investigated some of the damage in the area (Fig. 2). From 5 to 9 July, we investigated this area again. Only those landslides that could be safely and easily accessed were observed because road access to some areas was still blocked by landslides. Figure 2 is an index map of landslides observed and described in this report. The investigated landslides included the Hongyan Resort slide located southwest of the main epicenter, shallow mountain surface failures in Xuankou village of Yingxiu Town (the most damaged area), the Jiufengchun slide near Longmenshan Town, the Hongsong Hydropower Station (HPS) slide near Hongbai Town, the Xiaojiaqiao slide in Chaping Town, Beichuan County slides which destroyed a large part of the county-town, the Donghekou slide and Shibangou slide in Qingchuan County which formed the second biggest landslide lake from this earthquake. Comparing Fig. 2 to Fig. 1, it is notable that the investigated landslides are distributed nearly linearly along the line of epicenters of the mainshock and aftershocks. Jurassic and Cretaceous strata are overlain by Quaternary alluvium in the Chengdu basin to the southwest of the Longmenshan active fault system (Fig. 3). On the northwest or mountainous side of the Longmenshan active fault, granite is mapped near the epicenter of the main shock in Wenchuan County. Northeast of the granite on the northwest side of the Longmenshan active fault, a compressed and fragmented sequence of Silurian sedimentary rocks is distributed to beyond Guangyuan City. Devonian strata can be found near Jiangyou City, and Cambrian strata can be found in Qingchuan County. During both investigations, we observed that the landslide topography and morphology were being rapidly changed by road reconstruction, and water levels in landslide-dammed lakes were decreasing. This report gives our initial impressions (including topographic, geological, and runout characteristics) and some brief information to those who want to further investigate landslides triggered by this great earthquake. The following general observations were noted in the investigated area: (1) distance of landslides from the main-shock epicenter increases from southwest to northeast. This may provide information on seismic ground-motion variability; for example, at Wenchuan County near the epicenter, the vertical acceleration component may be greater than the horizontal one, while in Beichuan and Qingchuan County at the northeast part, the horizontal component may be greater than the vertical one. (2) Granite is mapped in Wenchuan County and the nearby area, while slate and mudstone, sandstone and limestone are distributed in Beichuan County and Qingchuan County. In this paper, we describe the landslides in sequence, from southwest to northeast, so that the influences of geology and seismic conditions on landslide distribution and characteristics can be identified. Hongyan Resort is in the southwest of Wenchuan County. It is associated with Dujiangyan City, famous for the world-heritage Dujiangyan Irrigation System (DIS). The DIS lies on the Minjiang River in the northwest part of Dujiangyan City. It was built around 250 B.C. under the direction of Li Bing, the governor of the Shu Prefecture of the Qin State. Also, another beautiful world-heritage site, “ Mt. Qingchengshan, ” lies on the east side of the Hongyan Resort. Because the temperature is lower here in summer than in Chengdu City, Hongyan Resort is one of the more popular tourist destinations from Chengdu. Figure 4 shows a landslide at 103.480° E, 30.919° N (GPS coordinates) which destroyed a local road at Hongyan Resort. The sliding mass was dry debris that originated from weathered sandstone and conglomerate. The angle of repose of the landslide deposits was about 30°. It is reported that the landslide occurred almost simultaneously with the main shock. Forty-seven tourists from Chengdu Old Man Association and four local people were buried by the sliding mass as they walked along the road. The white dotted lines show the former location of the road connecting to a bridge, before the landslide buried it. Because the road was buried so deeply, it was not slated for cleaning and rebuilding (at the time of our investigation), and a new road had been built for local transportation. From evidence seen around the gully where the landslides occurred, such as landslide topography on the nearby mountain and the area around the gully itself, it was recognized that all of the area is associated with an ancient landslide. Hongyan Resort is built on an ancient landslide. The long run-out debris of the old landslide provided gentle slopes that were easier to develop than the surrounding steeper hill slopes. The ancient landslide may have been triggered by a past great earthquake and formed a landslide dam. A gully with steep sides had formed through the former landslide dam by weathering and erosion over a long period of time. During the main shock, both sides of this gully collapsed, and the debris hit the tourist group. Yingxiu Town was severely damaged in the main shock, with most of the old buildings damaged. Xuankou village at 103.478° E, 30.994° N, is located east of Yingxiu Town. Figure 5 illustrates the many mountain failures that were triggered by the earthquake. All of the newly exposed areas on the mountains are landslides; this area had a very good vegetation cover before the earthquake. The blue roofs are rescue tents built after the earthquake. Some tents and buildings are located at the bottom of a gully (right in the photo). This location will be exposed to a high risk of damage in the upcoming rainy season when debris from the collapsed slopes may remobilize in debris flows. Jiufengchun village is located between Longmenshan Town (near the Chengdu basin) and Yinchanggou Resort, a large resort valley in the mountains. Figure 6 is a series of photos of a landslide composed of weathered granite at 103.848° E, 31.294° N, in Jiufengchun village. Figure 6a is the front part of the slide which cut local traffic from Longmenshan Town to Yinchanggou Resort. Before the earthquake, more than 17 families lived along the ...
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Citations
... Earthquake-triggered landslides, characterized by high velocity and long-runout distance, are commonly one of the most serious hazards globally [1,2]. This type of landslide not only causes catastrophic damage to nearby infrastructures and even famous scenic areas but also results in a larger number of victims and more significant economic losses [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. ...
Earthquake-triggered landslides are one of the most significant hazards worldwide. These landslides, involving small or large volumes, can develop in debris flow or avalanche with high mobility and long-runout distance. The motion processes of this kind of landslide also quite complicated. This study reproduced the motion processes of two landslides using the LS-RAPID program. The Aso Bridge landslide occurred on April 16, 2016, with rapid and long-runout distance characteristics. The Kataragai landslide occurred on April 9, 2018, travelling with flow-like behavior. Through field investigations and laboratory experiments, features and mechanical parameters of these two landslides were obtained. In the LS-RAPID program, the pre-failure models and motion processes of these two landslides were established and reproduced. Results indicated that sliding speed and travelling morphology at different intervals were considered as two indicators to describe their motion process. However, while sliding speed of these two landslides have significant differences with sliding speeds of actual landslides, the final morphologies after failure were consistent with those observed in the field investigation.
... However, grazing remains an important part of the traditional livelihood of many residents of the Hengduan Mountain region Urgenson et al., 2014). This area is prone to natural disasters, such as earthquakes (Wang et al., 2009, floods, and mudslides (Ameca et al., 2019). Tourism and farming are vulnerable activities, whereas grazing provides a more stable economic income. ...
Free‐ranging livestock pose a threat to forest biodiversity, exerting a profound influence on the survival of several endangered species. The mountains of Southwest China represent a biodiversity hotspot enriched with pheasant species of global significance; however, the influence of free‐ranging livestock on the survival and population of forest pheasants remains unclear. We examined the impact of livestock on the habitat suitability of subalpine pheasants and the associated mechanism during the breeding season in Southwest China (forest with and without grazing) over 2 years (2018–2019). Artificial nest experiments monitored by infrared‐triggered cameras showed that the nest failure rate was 2.18 folds higher in livestock‐active areas, where livestock directly accounted for 26.09% of all nest predation events, compared with other areas. Small animal trapping and vegetation quadrat surveys showed a 46% lower abundance of ground invertebrates, a critical food resource for breeding pheasants and their chicks, in grazing areas than in grazing‐free areas. Thus, livestock grazing markedly reduces the habitat suitability of subalpine pheasants during the breeding season. These results highlight the impacts of grazing on endangered pheasant species and the underlying mechanisms, necessitating centralized livestock management in these protected areas from April to July, coupled with livelihood transformation initiatives.
... Although the thickness of the landslide mass may vary depending on the site geology and material properties, a large number of failures in fine-grained soils can be described as relatively shallow slides, with an average thickness of 1-3 m [12,16,18]. The larger-sized landslides are typically associated with either coarse-grained deposits or the ancient landslide mass that was re-activated by a strong earthquake [12,19]. ...
This article seeks to investigate the cyclic behaviour of fine-grained soils and clarify the mechanism of earthquake-triggered landslides in this material. Six soils with different plasticity and mineralogy were tested in a series of undrained ring-shear experiments using different stress histories. The obtained results were analyzed in relation to the soil plasticity, clay mineralogy, and soil microfabrics to better understand the main factors leading to failure. It was found that the low-plasticity soil mixtures containing either kaolinite or illite were susceptible to liquefaction, while more plastic soil specimens that contained smectite were resistant to liquefaction. The mechanism of earthquake-triggered landslides and the factors affecting them were discussed, and it was experimentally shown that the failure in plastic fine-grained soils was not driven by the excess pore water pressure. Instead, it occurred mostly due to the large permanent shear displacements developed during cyclic loading.
... Earthquake-induced landslides have been one of the most serious types of natural disasters worldwide [3,16,30,45]. Anchor cables and piles are important retaining structures for enhancing slope stability under seismic loads. Anchor cables can actively reduce surface deformation of slopes, and piles can passively prevent deep deformation of slopes. ...
... For the approaches of Ditlevsen [7] and Low et al. [19], the P SF is calculated by Eqs. (26)(27)(28)(29)(30). ...
Anchor cables and piles are commonly adopted to improve the stability of slopes under seismic loading. System reliability analysis (SRA) is essential for assessing the stability of slopes stabilized with anchor cables and piles (SSCPs) due to the various uncertainties and complex interactions in geological and geotechnical engineering. A new SRA approach for SSCPs was proposed by considering the effect of the failure of local anchor cables and piles on the system. The failure event of the SSCP was decomposed into multiple failure events with different numbers and sequences of failed anchor cables and piles. The system failure probability (PSF) of the SSCP was calculated by summing the probabilities of all mutually exclusive failure events according to the total probability formulation. An example slope with weak layers in Yunnan Province, China, was employed to illustrate the proposed approach. The results show that this approach does not need to determine the correlation coefficients of multiple failure modes of SSCPs and is able to take into account the effect of the failure of the local anchor cables and piles on the SSCP system. The failure of the local anchor cables and piles significantly increases the failure probability of the remaining anchor cables, piles, and slopes due to stress redistribution, which may lead to cascading failures of anchor cables and piles failing one after another. The proposed approach provides a unique value for PSF rather than a range with upper and lower bounds, which is more precise and convenient for assessing the system reliability of SSCPs. The failure probability of SSCPs could be underestimated if the failure of local anchor cables and piles is ignored.
... Because of the disaster, many connections may be lost. Thus, information must be available on the state of the transportation grid (Li and Tsukaguchi, 2003), as the rescue procedure results are significantly influenced by the period between the injury and medical intervention, which requires effective communication (Wang et al., 2009). To maximize the number of lives saved, ERCs use the information to plan the ordering of emergency vehicles and determine which roads are needed. ...
Purpose
The total capacity of ambulances in metropolitan cities is often less than the post-disaster demand, especially in the case of disasters such as earthquakes. However, because earthquakes are a rare occurrence in these cities, it is unreasonable to maintain the ambulance capacity at a higher level than usual. Therefore, the effective use of ambulances is critical in saving human lives during such disasters. Thus, this paper aims to provide a method for determining how to transport the maximum number of disaster victims to hospitals on time.
Design/methodology/approach
The transportation-related disaster management problem is complex and dynamic. The practical solution needs decomposition and a fast algorithm for determining the next mission of a vehicle. The suggested method is a synthesis of mathematical modeling, scheduling theory, heuristic methods and the Voronoi diagram of geometry. This study presents new elements for the treatment, including new mathematical theorems and algorithms. In the proposed method, each hospital is responsible for a region determined by the Voronoi diagram. The region may change if a hospital becomes full. The ambulance vehicles work for hospitals. For every patient, there is an estimated deadline by which the person must reach the hospital to survive. The second part of the concept is the way of scheduling the vehicles. The objective is to transport the maximum number of patients on time. In terms of scheduling theory, this is a problem whose objective function is to minimize the sum of the unit penalties.
Findings
The Voronoi diagram can be effectively used for decomposing the complex problem. The mathematical model of transportation to one hospital is the P‖ΣUj problem of scheduling theory. This study provides a new mathematical theorem to describe the structure of an algorithm that provides the optimal solution. This study introduces the notion of the partial oracle. This algorithmic tool helps to elaborate heuristic methods, which provide approximations to the precise method. The realization of the partial oracle with constructive elements and elements proves the nonexistence of any solution. This paper contains case studies of three hospitals in Tehran. The results are close to the best possible results that can be achieved. However, obtaining the optimal solution requires a long CPU time, even in the nondynamic case, because the problem P‖ΣUj is NP-complete.
Research limitations/implications
This research suggests good approximation because of the complexity of the problem. Researchers are encouraged to test the proposed propositions further. In addition, the problem in the dynamic environment needs more attention.
Practical implications
If a large-scale earthquake can be expected in a city, the city authorities should have a central control system of ambulances. This study presents a simple and efficient method for the post-disaster transport problem and decision-making. The security of the city can be improved by purchasing ambulances and using the proposed method to boost the effectiveness of post-disaster relief.
Social implications
The population will be safer and more secure if the recommended measures are realized. The measures are important for any city situated in a region where the outbreak of a major earthquake is possible at any moment.
Originality/value
This paper fulfills an identified need to study the operations related to the transport of seriously injured people using emergency vehicles in the post-disaster period in an efficient way.
... Because of the disaster, many connections may be lost. Thus, information must be available on the state of the transportation grid (Li and Tsukaguchi, 2003), as the rescue procedure results are significantly influenced by the period between the injury and medical intervention, which requires effective communication (Wang et al., 2009). To maximize the number of lives saved, ERCs use the information to plan the ordering of emergency vehicles and determine which roads are needed. ...
Purpose
The total capacity of ambulances in metropolitan cities is often less than the post-disaster demand, especially in the case of disasters such as earthquakes. However, because earthquakes are a rare occurrence in these cities, it is unreasonable to maintain the ambulance capacity at a higher level than usual. Therefore, the effective use of ambulances is critical in saving human lives during such disasters. Thus, this paper aims to provide a method for determining how to transport the maximum number of disaster victims to hospitals on time.
Design/methodology/approach
The transportation-related disaster management problem is complex and dynamic. The practical solution needs decomposition and a fast algorithm for determining the next mission of a vehicle. The suggested method is a synthesis of mathematical modeling, scheduling theory, heuristic methods and the Voronoi diagram of geometry. This study presents new elements for the treatment, including new mathematical theorems and algorithms. In the proposed method, each hospital is responsible for a region determined by the Voronoi diagram. The region may change if a hospital becomes full. The ambulance vehicles work for hospitals. For every patient, there is an estimated deadline by which the person must reach the hospital to survive. The second part of the concept is the way of scheduling the vehicles. The objective is to transport the maximum number of patients on time. In terms of scheduling theory, this is a problem whose objective function is to minimize the sum of the unit penalties.
Findings
The Voronoi diagram can be effectively used for decomposing the complex problem. The mathematical model of transportation to one hospital is the P ‖Σ U j problem of scheduling theory. This study provides a new mathematical theorem to describe the structure of an algorithm that provides the optimal solution. This study introduces the notion of the partial oracle. This algorithmic tool helps to elaborate heuristic methods, which provide approximations to the precise method. The realization of the partial oracle with constructive elements and elements proves the nonexistence of any solution. This paper contains case studies of three hospitals in Tehran. The results are close to the best possible results that can be achieved. However, obtaining the optimal solution requires a long CPU time, even in the nondynamic case, because the problem P ‖Σ U j is NP-complete.
Research limitations/implications
This research suggests good approximation because of the complexity of the problem. Researchers are encouraged to test the proposed propositions further. In addition, the problem in the dynamic environment needs more attention.
Practical implications
If a large-scale earthquake can be expected in a city, the city authorities should have a central control system of ambulances. This study presents a simple and efficient method for the post-disaster transport problem and decision-making. The security of the city can be improved by purchasing ambulances and using the proposed method to boost the effectiveness of post-disaster relief.
Social implications
The population will be safer and more secure if the recommended measures are realized. The measures are important for any city situated in a region where the outbreak of a major earthquake is possible at any moment.
Originality/value
This paper fulfills an identified need to study the operations related to the transport of seriously injured people using emergency vehicles in the post-disaster period in an efficient way.
... Geological disasters, especially large long-runout landslides, seriously threaten the safety of mountainous regions [43,48,52,53]. Large long-runout landslides traveling further than common frictional models of landslides have large scale and high mobility, inevitably posing significant hazards to infrastructure, properties, and human life [10,48,49,52,53]. ...
... Geological disasters, especially large long-runout landslides, seriously threaten the safety of mountainous regions [43,48,52,53]. Large long-runout landslides traveling further than common frictional models of landslides have large scale and high mobility, inevitably posing significant hazards to infrastructure, properties, and human life [10,48,49,52,53]. Research found that large long-runout landslides are related to volume effect [4,8,16,25,36], with friction coefficient in the range 0.4-0.7 for volumes \ 10 6 m 3 , and below 0.1 when volumes [ 10 9 m 3 [25,29]. ...
Catastrophes are often caused by friction weakening, as shown by the empirical volume effect of landslides. We use velocity-dependent, normal stress-dependent, power density-dependent and constant friction coefficient friction laws to determine the dominant friction weakening factor among velocity, normal stress and power density. We observe that the power density-dependent friction law not only adequately reflects the volume effect, the apparent friction coefficient first rapidly decreases with average thickness and then gradually stabilizes, but also mirrors the topographical effect. The apparent friction coefficient typically increases with drop height and slope angle, except when the volume is too small (thickness < 5 m). Predictions based on the power density friction law show that if the volume is less than a certain threshold (thickness < 5 m), the factor affecting the topographical effect would be biased toward velocity, whereas if it was greater than the threshold (thickness > 5 m), the factor affecting the topographical effect would be biased toward normal stress. Although the influence of velocity is generally smaller than that of normal stress, its influence cannot be ignored on a small scale. Overall, we obtain the power density, product of velocity and shear stress, dominant friction weakening instead of velocity alone, and normal stress alone. Notably, the power density more appropriately reflects the energy dissipation of friction weakening. Further this paper will provide a theoretical basis for predicting the motion of large long-runout landslide based on the power density-dependent friction law.
... However, little attention has been paid to the risk associated with the air blast results from the ice/rock avalanche. Most research just describes the air blast phenomenon (Wang et al. 2009;Yin and Xing 2012;Lacroix 2016) or estimates the air blast velocity based on the Beaufort and TORRO Tornado Intensity Scale (Wieczorek et al. 2000;Kargel et al. 2016). These efforts are valuable in providing us with a preliminary understanding of the power of the avalanche-induced air blast, while further in-depth research needs to be conducted on its initiation mechanism and propagation process. ...
Large ice/rock avalanches have been known to generate extremely powerful air blasts capable of causing fatalities and destruction far beyond the runout of the movement mass. Thus, an appraisal of their possible destructive air blast should be considered during the risk assessments. However, much less is known about how avalanche-induced air blasts occur and how destructive they are. Here an existing DEM-CFD coupled method was innovatively employed to quantitatively analyze the initiation and propagation mechanism of the air blast caused by the largest ice-rock avalanche during Nepal’s 2015 Gorkha earthquake, and compared the results with some recorded events. Our results highlighted the contribution of valley morphology to air blast generation. Large high-velocity ice/rock avalanches that have an airborne trajectory or a travel path with turning points can suddenly release tremendous energy and more probably cause destructive air blasts. Additionally, the Langtang air blast presented a propagation of 1 km from the avalanche impact point and equivalent destruction to an EF2–EF5 tornado, causing mass casualties. The large impact region and destructive force of avalanche-induced air blasts suggests their disastrous consequences that should provoke assessment of such type of cascading effect during the landslide risk assessment, especially for the long-term sustainability of planned infrastructure in high-altitude regions.
... It is well 29 understood that the surficial landslide often occurs to natural mountain sloped soils that are usually 30 shallowly rock bedded; in this case the infinite slope stability model can suffice the prediction of 31 shallow translational landslides (Griffiths et al., 2011a;Du et al., 2018). However, earthquake 32 could also cause deep rotational failure in both natural slopes (Keefer, 1984;Wang et al. 2009) 33 and engineered slopes (Seed, 1979). Comparing with the surficial landslides, the deep rotational 34 landslides are more destructive because of their higher volume of failure mass (Ji et al. 2021). ...
Seismic slope stability analysis at regional scale (e.g., landslide hazard mapping, infrastructure slope management) is essential in areas that are susceptible to earthquake. Analytical infinite slope model is well suited and widely used for regional analyses which involve hundreds and thousands of slopes. Use of infinite slope model implicitly assumes shallow translational failure mechanism. However, earthquake can also cause deep rotational failure, which is more destructive and should also be considered. This study aims to develop closed-form solutions that can be efficiently used for seismic slope stability analysis at regional scale considering deep rotational failure mechanism. The existing research is critically reviewed first, and their shortcomings are identified. In contrast to the conventional “two-step” approach, a more efficient and versatile “one-step” approach is proposed in this study. The “one-step” approach can be used to calculate factor of safety for pseudo-static analysis and yield coefficient for displacement-based seismic analysis. To consider the effects of uncertainty from soil properties and seismic loading, the “one-step” approach is further extended for probabilistic analysis and application is demonstrated through a case study. The efficiency and versatility of the proposed “one-step” approach make it well suited for regional seismic slope stability analysis.
... In particular, roads traversing steep mountainous terrain and tunnels are directly exposed to landslides and are threatened continuously by rockfalls on both sides of the road. This type of destruction is typical in southwest China and the Tibetan Plateau (Pan and Tang 2010;Wang et al. 2009). ...
Landslides in mountain settlements are among the most widespread and dangerous geohazards. In this study, we aimed to assess landslide susceptibility using Wenchuan, southwest China, as a case. For this purpose, we constructed an optimization method that combines a convolutional neural network with the machine learning algorithm of support vector machines, quadratic discriminant analysis, Bayesian optimized gradient boosting tree, and Bayesian optimized random forest. The model inputs were 13,886 historical seismic-induced landslide events interpreted from remote sensing imagery and ten evaluation features: elevation, slope angle, slope aspect, plan curvature, profile curvature, distance to roads, distance to rivers, distance to faults, land use pattern, and soil texture. The output was the probability of landslide occurrence for each prediction unit. Finally, we evaluated the assessed outcomes using both the receiver operating characteristic curve and 1074 latest recorded landslide dataset (2013–2020). The calculations showed that the overall susceptibility values to landslides in the high–very high interval produced by the hybrid convolutional neural networks was 9.95%–16.91%, which is close to the actual landslide susceptibility of the region. The receiver operating characteristic curve and statistical analysis of the latest landslide event outcomes demonstrated that the hybrid Bayesian optimized gradient boosting tree model had a higher classification accuracy than the other classifiers presented in this study. The research findings are available to local governments and disaster management authorities in guiding disaster prevention, mitigation policy formulation, and land use and provide reference value for evaluating landslide susceptibility in other mountainous areas.
