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Geological map of the area surrounding the Zápoľná Cave (based on Biely et al., 1992, 1997; Havrila, 2011). 1. volcanites of the Malužiná Formation (tholeitic basalts and andesites, Upper Permian); 2. sediments of the Malužiná Formation (variegated sandstones and shales, Upper Permian); 3. Benkové Formation (sandstones, sandy and clayey shales, Lower Triassic); 4. Šuňava Formation (sandstones, clayey and sericitic shales, limestones, marly limestones, Lower Triassic); 5. grey dolomites (Middle-Upper Triassic); 6. Gutenstein Formation (black to dark grey limestones, Middle Triassic); 7. Ramsau Dolomite (grey dolomites, Middle Triassic); 8. Reifling Limestone (grey cherty limestones, Middle-Upper Triassic); 9. Lunz Beds (sandstones with black shales, Upper Triassic); 10. Haupt dolomite (light grey dolomites, Upper Triassic); 11. Fatra Formation and Dachstein Limestone (light grey and pink limestones, Upper Triassic); 12. grey limestones with nodules of silicites (Lower Jurassic); 13. light grey and beige muddy limestones (Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous); 14. river terraces (Quaternary); 15. deluvial sediments (Quarternary); 16. alluvial plains (Holocene); 17. faults (from top to bottom): observed, expected, nappe thrust lines.
Source publication
The Zápoľná Cave is located in the SW part of the Kozie chrbty Mountains in the valley of the Čierny Váh River. It is formed in the carbonates of the Gutenstein Formation, right above the décollement plane of the Svarín Partial Nappe (belonging to the Hronic Unit). The rocks bear marks of intensive brittle deformation indicating that the nappe empl...
Similar publications
The fault displacement monitoring network EU-TecNet was established to define microdisplacements across faults in the territory of Central Europe (www.tecnet.cz), using three-dimensional optical-mechanical extensometers. The results of long-term neotectonic activity obtained from two caves localized in eastern part of the Slovenský kras Mts. (SE Sl...
Citations
... Caves represent natural archives of information beneath the Earth's surface; they can be more than 100,000 or even more than a million years old and can be treated as "natural boreholes". Caves and karst areas can preserve evidence of palaeoseismic events (Kagan et al. 2005;Šebela 2008;Becker et al. 2012;Sanz Pérez et al. 2016), and especially caves are also highly suitable locations for studies of neotectonic deformations (Mariani et al. 2007;Šebela et al. 2010a, b;Littva et al. 2017). With regard to such studies, some researchers have suggested the term "cavitonics" (Littva et al. 2015), because a generally accepted term for the study of tectonics in caves is lacking. ...
In situ micro-displacement monitoring in caves at the seismically active junction of the Southern Alps, Dinarides and Southwestern Pannonian Basin revealed active tectonic micro-deformations. The largest total vertical movement of 0.35 mm (2008–2018) occurred at Kostanjeviška Jama (Southwestern Pannonian Basin–Dinarides). Two abrupt displacements observed at that cave location correspond to pre- and post-seismic episodes in 2014 and 2015. At Pološka Jama (Southern Alps), more gradual and continuous displacement on a monitored bedding plane of 0.13 mm down-slip (2008–2018) was observed. This movement is attributed to slope relaxation as well as tectonic activity on the Julian Alps thrust fault and the seismogenic Ravne Fault, which generated earthquakes at M w = 5.6 in 1998 and M w = 5.2 in 2004. At Jama pri Svetih Treh Kraljih in Dinarides, activity on the Ravne Fault was shown as sinistral-horizontal (0.1 mm) and vertical (0.15 mm) movement along an E–W-oriented tectonic structure. This shallowly buried site also experienced cyclic seasonal displacements. At Županova Jama, multiple short-term horizontal dextral and sinistral strike-slip pulses (2016–2018) demonstrated active tectonic micro-deformations within the wider zone of the Dobrepolje and Želimlje faults. At Postojnska Jama, two episodes of vertical movement on a NW–SE-oriented fault are associated with earthquake swarms: the first episode was in 2010 ( M LV = 3.7) and the second in 2014 ( M LV = 4.3). In-cave flood events do not coincide with periods of micro-displacement activity in the studied caves, and therefore are not the drivers of the micro-displacement.
