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Context 1
... The area belongs geologically to an intramountainous basin, subsequently filled with debris originating from the surrounding mountain ranges (Lang, 1968 and1971;Reineke, 2006). The neogenic, more or less horizontally bedded sediments can be distinguished into four strata, which are shown in figure 4. Starting with the Eocene Dokani-Formation (> 80 m sandy carbonates and anhydrite) and the Zohak-Formation (> 1000 m red conglomerates), the so called Buddha-Formation is deposited in the Oligocene and is built up by > 70 m yellow-brown pellites, sandstones, conglomerates and some volcanic material. ...
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... 1960s, finally strengthened and mitigated in the impact by the Archaeological Survey of India in the 1970s. Since the buttress seems to be connected to the cliff with bolts, it is possible that the sunk of this structure may produce a horizontal stress towards the external, inducing additional instability as testified by the intervention of ASI ( fig. 24, courtesy Prof. Maeda, Kyoto University). Nowadays, there is some evidence (e.g. widening of small cracks) from which it is possible to hypothesize that the buttress hangs from the cliff, rather than sustaining it. This situation might increase the existing ...
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... 15 m.; violet is for stainless steel passive anchors with diameter = 26 mm and a length 5-10 m.; green is for short passive anchors with diameter = 16 mm and length about 5 m, placed on the internal side of the niche (topographic data from Pasco, 2003) Table 3 Type and length of each installed anchor and nail (for numbers refer to fig. 32) Fig. 34a Large crack in the corridor at the rear of the niche before the grouting Fig. 34b Large crack in the corridor at the rear of the niche during the grouting Fig. 34c Large crack in the corridor at the rear of the niche after the grouting Giant Buddha Niche was close to collapsing. UNESCO was prompt to undertake an emergency ...
Context 4
... length 5-10 m.; green is for short passive anchors with diameter = 16 mm and length about 5 m, placed on the internal side of the niche (topographic data from Pasco, 2003) Table 3 Type and length of each installed anchor and nail (for numbers refer to fig. 32) Fig. 34a Large crack in the corridor at the rear of the niche before the grouting Fig. 34b Large crack in the corridor at the rear of the niche during the grouting Fig. 34c Large crack in the corridor at the rear of the niche after the grouting Giant Buddha Niche was close to collapsing. UNESCO was prompt to undertake an emergency intervention to secure the remains of such an outstanding cultural heritage and, thanks to ...
Context 5
... about 5 m, placed on the internal side of the niche (topographic data from Pasco, 2003) Table 3 Type and length of each installed anchor and nail (for numbers refer to fig. 32) Fig. 34a Large crack in the corridor at the rear of the niche before the grouting Fig. 34b Large crack in the corridor at the rear of the niche during the grouting Fig. 34c Large crack in the corridor at the rear of the niche after the grouting Giant Buddha Niche was close to collapsing. UNESCO was prompt to undertake an emergency intervention to secure the remains of such an outstanding cultural heritage and, thanks to the generous financial support from the Government of Japan, work started in November ...
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... In fact, the present concept-project defines a series of subprojects, in the Valley, that are common to the various proposals for the physical revitalisation of the niches. Such subprojects have been reorganised starting from the experience of Andrea Bruno in the last 55 years and more recently of Claudio Margottini ( Fig. 3) (Margottini 2007(Margottini , 2009a(Margottini , b, 2014(Margottini , 2015aCrippa et al. 2013). ...
The present proposal have been developed by taking into consideration the need of an integrated and sustainable development of the whole Country as well as of the local Bamiyan community. In this view, the revitalization of Bamiyan valley must be integrated in a wider perspective, defined “downstream approach”, that has been starting from the southern branch of the Silk Road, including Jam, Band-i-Amir, Bamiyan and Shar-i-Zohak. The present proposal(s) are then a first step in cultural development of the country, where the Silk Road is the ideal and physical backbone of such model. The proposal is composed by an overall/modular approach with fixed elements (mitigation of soil erosion in Shahr-e-Zohak, rehabilitation of the many minor sites in Kakrak, reconstruction of the bazaar in front of the Great Western Buddha, revitalization of Shahr-e Gholghola, removal of fragments of the Statues still in front to the niche, little museums in front to each niche) and four alternative solutions for the valorization of niches. The latter varying from empty niches to temporary reconstruction with local marble/stone realized with anthropomorphic robots.
The paper describes the joint missions of UNESCO and ICOMOS in Bamiyan, starting with the first investigations and initial safeguarding works at the particularly endangered Eastern Buddha niche in 2003. The problems of salvaging fragments of giant sculptures within a dangerous mix of conglomerate rock pieces, debris, and unexploded devices and the challenges of conservation works in a war-torn country are delineated. The making of the Buddhas is explained on the basis of the latest research on stone materials and loam components. Based on that, the conservation methods for sculpted conglomerate rock and the remaining parts of the loam rendering are described. Furthermore, the complex challenges of assembling a special scaffold structure within the tall niches are explicated. A variety of discussions on the reconstruction or restoration methods by international experts were slowing down the conservation process after 2013. The current state as of 2019 is a stabilized niche with the in situ remains of the Eastern Buddha statue and an installed scaffold structure at the Western Buddha, waiting for the upcoming task to stabilize the instable rock surface of the niche. The paper concludes with the importance of building up local conservation capabilities and finding a consensus on future conservation missions.
