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![Geological map of Tambora volcano [4].](publication/317702476/figure/fig3/AS:507539432448000@1498018238893/Geological-map-of-Tambora-volcano-4.png)
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![Figure 2. Pacific Ring of Fire, including all volcanoes in Indonesia [1].](publication/317702476/figure/fig2/AS:507539433287680@1498018238843/Pacific-Ring-of-Fire-including-all-volcanoes-in-Indonesia-1_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 3. Geological map of Tambora volcano [4].](publication/317702476/figure/fig3/AS:507539432448000@1498018238893/Geological-map-of-Tambora-volcano-4_Q320.jpg)
Tambora volcano is located at Sumbawa island, Indonesia. Geological study shows a successive of geomorphological development of Tambora Volcano. During 190 to 86 K-Years BP, shield-like or effusive volcano were formed; During 86 to 4 K-Years BP, a strato or explosive-volcano was formed; However, during 80 to 4 K-Years BP flank eruptions occurred in...
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... Kemudian, 60% siswa sudah mengetahui letusan gunung berapi yang mempengaruhi perubahan iklim di Indonesia. Seperti yang dikatakan oleh [31] letusan gunung berapi Tambora pada tahun 1815 membawa dampak pada banyak fenomena di dunia terutama perubahan pola iklim dunia seperti tahun 1816 yang disebut sebagai tahun tanpa musim panas. Kemudian 63,1% mengetahui bahwa Indonesia adalah penghasil gas rumah kaca terbesar di dunia. ...
... It is already known that the year 1816 was called "the year without Summer" in Europe (Trigo et al., 2009), as a consequence of the volcanic eruption in 1815 of the Tambora (Sumbawa Island, in modern-day Indonesia). The eruption was responsible for a subsequent cooling episode with global temperatures decreasing about 0.4 to 0.7°C (Wirakusumah & Rachmat, 2017). According to these authors, more than 200 000 people, in the world, died directly and indirectly because of the cold weather conditions and food shortages. ...
The building of dunes and sand drifts along the European coastline are generally related to climatic variability and sea-level fluctuation. The last phase of dunes formation in south-western Europe coincides with the Little Ice Age (LIA) period characterized by pronounced climate variability. Historical sources retrieved from archives also report sand-drift events along the Portuguese coast. The sand invaded many agricultural fields, and settlements, forcing the inhabitants to move elsewhere. The article explores the temporal relationships between sand drift occurrences and climate, as a principal trigger for coastal dune migration. We used historical sources about sand-drift events as documentary proxies to infer the past climate variability on the Portuguese coast. Three spatial scales of climate variability were considered: i) the global climatic variability induced by the cold abrupt events over the last Millennium (LIA); ii) the regional (mesoscale) climate variability (NAO index), and iii) the local climate variability (extreme meteorological events). The paleoclimatic interpretation indicates that drifts in Portugal are related to both NAO modes, providing new insights into coastal dunes dynamics, as a response to natural drivers. However, the analysis of human activity on the coast also allowed us to better understand the relation of the local populations with their environments, highlighting those anthropogenic actions caused an additional disturbance on coastal dune dynamics.
... This research selected the eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815 as the problem presented in the lesson. This is because the eruption of the Mount Tambora gave several impacts in which one of them was the close of the sunshine, even in the region of Europe at that time was known as the year without summer [9]. Whereas it is well known that the sun is the main energy source of life. ...
... This had a huge socioeconomic impact, especially in terms of poor agricultural production, malnutrition, and consequently increasing the potential for disease and epidemic. [9,12]. This problem is well suited to be chosen as a problem in energy learning in the living system. ...
Critical thinking skills have not been optimally trained to students in the learning activity. This research aims to develop Tambora erupts in 1815 as a learning material to train the critical thinking skills especially on the aspects of interpretation and inference on the subject of energy learning in the living system. This research was conducted on 32 junior high school students through the learning material from the real event of the eruption of Mount Tambora. The responses to the students' critical thinking on the aspects of interpretation and inference were analyzed by the students' worksheet integrated with critical thinking skills. The critical thinking skills on the aspect of interpretation show that 80% of the students in the total amount are able to make question appropriately according to their knowledge. On the aspect of inference, it shows that 75% of the students in the total amount are able to make hypotheses of the questions that they have made. The result shows that the learning material can be used to train the critical thinking skills. However, this learning material does not train critical thinking skills in the aspects of self-regulation, explanation, evaluation, and analysis. Therefore, the future researchers need to develop the subject of energy learning in the living system that can be used to train those skills.
As a Muslim, the guidance used in worship comes from the Quran and Hadiths. One of the authentic Hadiths by Muslim states that Arabia will turn green again. This research aims to explain the greening of Arabia in the past and future perspectives from a geological and meteorological point of view. The method used in this study is a review study, combining the theory of plate tectonics on the Arabian Plate and the meteorological cycles that will occur in the future using the theory of natural radiative forcing in climate change. Discoveries of mollusks and fossils that lived in water in hot deserts provide evidence of past wet conditions before it turned hot again. There have been 18 warm climate cycles and 17 climate cycles since 5.3 million years ago. The results of this research indicate that Arabia will turn green again, both from a geological and meteorological approach. The geological approach estimates that Arabia will turn green again in approximately ~25 million years, while the meteorological approach suggests at least 13,000 years in the future when the Earth reaches its opposite precession peak. The influence of meteorological cycle periods is shorter compared to the long-term effects of plate movements. The possibility of Arabia turning green in the future is indeed true, in line with the statements of the Prophet's Hadith.
