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1 Geological map of Serbia showing the defi ned geotectonic units and the location of the 13 bottled waters
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Chemical analyses of 13 bottled mineral waters were carried out at the BGR geochemical laboratories. The analyses included pH, electrical conductivity, alkalinity and concentrations of 69 elements and ions. An aquifer lithology impacts on the chemical composition of ground water significantly, especially on the explanation of conditions of forming...
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... studies on the conditions of formation and quality comparisons of bottled natural mineral waters have been published in many countries. Examples include a number of studies from Austria (Kralik et al., 2003), Croatia (Peh et al., 2010), Estonia (Bityukova and Petersell, 2010), Germany , Hungary (Fugedi, 2010), Italy Dinelli et al., 2010Dinelli et al., , 2012Quattrini et al., 2016), Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland (Frengstad et al., 2010), Poland (Gątarska et al., 2016) Romania (Feru, 2004), Russia (Vorornov, 2000), Serbia (Petrović et al., 2010(Petrović et al., , 2011, Slovenia (Brenčič et al., 2010), Turkey (Pehlivan, 2007, Baba et al., 2008, USA (Azoulay et al., 2001). The present paper considers only bottling of natural mineral waters in Bulgaria. ...
Bulgaria is rich in sources of mineral water of temperatures in the range of 25 °C–100 °C and various chemical compositions due to diverse geological and hydrogeological conditions. A large portion of the reservoirs of low-mineralisation water is suitable for bottling. Most of them are situated in Southern Bulgaria and related to fractured hydrothermal systems, while in Northern Bulgaria mineral waters of low mineralisation are formed in the relatively shallow levels of artesian aquifers. In the last 30 years, the utilisation of bottled mineral water has increased and, currently, there are at least 18 bottling facilities, while 12 others have closed down for various reasons. The purpose of the present study is to characterise the chemical composition of the Bulgarian mineral waters utilised for bottling, in terms of geological setting, quality, compliance with regulations and possible problems associated with mineral deposition and corrosion. The water type largely depends on the host rocks. In most cases, sodium-type waters are utilized and, in the case of anions, bicarbonate and sulphate. The only exceptions are the waters formed in limestone, dolomite and marble, which are calcium-bicarbonate and calcium-magnesium type.
... With respect to cation content, the selected water samples are predominantly Na–K, while with respect to anion content, samples are mostly HCO 3 to SO 4 (Fig. 3). Groundwater flowing through magmatic and metamorphic rocks is mainly HCO 3 –Na type (Petrović et al., 2012 ). The lithology of the sampled locations consists of the following rock types: the most widespread is schist, followed by granitoids whose mineral composition is dominated by K, Na and SiO 2 (feldspar minerals), leading to a high content of these elements in the water. ...
... High concentrations of B, Ge, Rb and F were generally found in all of the analyzed samples except in those from Prolom Banja and Ribarska Banja; high F concentrations are also present in all of the samples except those from Prolom Banja. Minerals such as tourmaline, apatite, fluorite and biotite in the igneous rocks at these locations (Petrović et al., 2012) are the source of these elements in the groundwater. Enrichment with these elements is a consequence of deep circulation of the water, residence time, and interaction between the water and the reservoir rocks. ...
... Fluoride (F) concentration is, in general, high in groundwater in the SCC (median 3.12 mg/L, maximum value 15.7 mg/L) except in the groundwater at Prolom Banja (extracted from andesites), and groundwater from wells B4 and B5 at Bujanovačka Banja (extracted from sandstone and marl). High concentrations of fluoride and carbon dioxide indicate the existence of very deep aquifers and groundwater circulation through joints and faults in metamorphic and igneous rocks (Petrović et al., 2012 ). The geological source of fluoride in groundwater is related to the mineral composition of fluorite, fluoroapatite, cryolite, amphibolites and micas (Dangić and Protić, 1995; Chae et al., 2007). ...
... According to new data, the production of bottled water in Serbia is threatened by the economic crisis as well as the good quality of the tap water in the country [1]. However, data available from the past years showed that the consumption of bottled water was increasing rapidly [2,3]. Due to the importance of drinking water for human health, their quality must be carefully and systematically controlled [4]. ...
... In the last few years many studies have been focused on the hydrogeochemical properties of bottled waters [2,[10][11][12][13][14][15], on the chemical composition of bottled waters and its health effects [16][17][18] and also on the radiation dose estimations in various water samples [19][20][21]. In Serbia, the quality of bottled waters was the subject of only several studies [2,4,14,22,23]. ...
... In the last few years many studies have been focused on the hydrogeochemical properties of bottled waters [2,[10][11][12][13][14][15], on the chemical composition of bottled waters and its health effects [16][17][18] and also on the radiation dose estimations in various water samples [19][20][21]. In Serbia, the quality of bottled waters was the subject of only several studies [2,4,14,22,23]. ...
Bottled waters were analyzed for different chemical parameters and activity concentrations of radionuclides. The hydrocarbonate ion was dominant in all samples, while the major cation composition was a combination of Ca-Mg-Na ions. Physicochemical properties of bottled water samples are influenced by underlying geology. The sum of trace element concentrations varied from 79.7 to 9349.7 µg/l. The dietary reference intake (DRI) system was applied and contributions of some essential elements were calculated according to age group and gender. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) grouped bottled water samples into four clusters based on the similarities of the groundwater quality and essential elements concentrations. The origin of radioactivity is natural and could be traced to minerals in felsic igneous rocks. Two brands exhibited elevated beta activity (1.087±0.134 Bq/l; 1.242±0.146 Bq/l). Effective doses were found to be below the reference level of 0.1 mSv/yr. © 2016, Association of Chemists and Chemical Engineers of Serbia. All rights reserved.
... In the Inner Dinarides, there is a significant occurrence of Triassic limestones and dolomites, followed by the Jurassic diabase-chert formation (ophiolitic belt) with subordinate limestones in the overlying parts, and the Cretaceous formations with predominatly flysch. The Pannonian Basin, or its south-eastern part in Serbia, consists of Palaeogene, Neogene and Quaternary sediments with a total maximum thickness of about 4000 m (PETROVIĆ et al. 2012;FILIPOVIĆ et al. 2005). ...
Magnesium is chemical element commonly found in the environment and the main
constituent of many types of minerals and rocks. This element is also
essential to man. Owing to its abundance in nature, magnesium is present in
all water resources and generally occur as the dominant cation, with calcium,
in those that feature low TDS levels, whose origin is associated with large
formations of sedimentary rocks (limestones, dolomites), and to a lesser
extent with the degradation of silicate minerals that contain Mg. Magnesium
concentrations in groundwater of Serbia vary over a wide range and their
distribution is not uniform, but certain laws of nature do apply. The
variation in the concentrations of this ion depends on the considered
hydrogeological province, while within a single province it is a consequence
of Serbia’s highly complex geology. The best examples are the
Carpatho-Balkanides, with predominant karstified rock formations, and the
Vardar Zone where ophiolites prevail but the makeup is much more complex than
that of the Carpatho-Balkanides. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike
Srbije, br. 43004]
... The results of European ground water geochemistry (Tab. 3), using bottled water as a sampling medium, are described in the published geochemical atlas (Reimann and , in a special issue of the Journal of Exploration Geochemistry , and other publications (Birke et al., 2010b, c, d;Bityukova and Petersell, 2010;Bodiš et al., 2010;Brenčič and Vreča, 2010;Brenčič et al., 2010;Cicchella et al., 2010;Demetriades, 2010a, b;Dinelli et al., 2010;Dotsika et al., 2010;Frengstad et al., 2010;Fugedi et al., 2010;Lourenço et al., 2010;Peh et al., 2010;Reimann et al., 2010a, b;Petrović et al., 2010Petrović et al., , 2011Petrović et al., , 2012. Here, only some key results are presented in relation to Hellenic ground water geochemistry (Demetriades, 2010a). ...
A first impression of the geochemistry and quality of European ground water was obtained by using bottled mineral water as a sampling medium. In total, 1785 bottled waters were purchased from supermarkets of forty European countries, representing 1247 wells/drill holes/springs at 884 locations. All bottled waters were analysed for 72 parameters at the laboratories of the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) in Germany.
The European geochemical maps give a first impression of the natural variation in ground water at the continental scale. The majority of European bottled waters are classified as of Ca-HCO3 type, because of the widespread carbonate lithologies, but there is considerable variation from Na-HCO3 type related to granitic rocks to Na-Cl type associated with deep saline brines. Since, the dominating lithology in Hellas comprises limestone, dolomitic limestone, marble, and mafic-ultramafic rocks (ophiolites), the dominant major ions in Hellenic bottled waters are Ca2+, Mg2+, CO32- and HCO3-, and are, thus, classified in the Ca2+-Mg2+-HCO3- hydrochemical facies. The source aquifers of Hellenic bottled water are apparently continuously replenished by fresh water.
Chromium, V and U are discussed, because of their importance in Hellenic ground water. In Europe, the former is clearly related to ophiolites, whereas V indicates the presence of recent volcanism and basaltic rocks, and U is associated with granitic intrusions and Bunter (central England) and Keuper (central Europe) sandstone of early and late Triassic, respectively. It can, therefore, be concluded that geology is one of the key factors influencing the observed element concentrations for a significant number of elements.
Keywords: Ground water geochemistry, bottled water, ionic ratios, hydrochemical classification, Europe, Hellas
Full text available from: http://www.geosociety.gr/images/news_files/EGE_XLVI/3_DEMETRIADIS_p39-80.pdf
The systematically varying properties and generally coherent and predictable behavior of rare earth elements (REE) make them potential tracers for studying water/rock interaction and weathering processes. In this work, a compilation and analysis of REE data in mineral and thermal waters were performed, focusing on their content and distributions in different hydrogeological systems, to quantify the natural REE variability and to discuss the controlling factors of REE concentrations. Quantitative challenges presented by multiply censored data were addressed with nonparametric and multivariate statistical methods. Considering a regional character of the research the application of Q and R mode Hierarchical Cluster Analysis with spatial analysis was an important approach for meaningful interpretation of large data set. An efficient approach to analyze differences between obtained HCA groups (clusters) was using a plot of reference-normalized concentrations. The results showed that REE data along with anomalies of Ce and Eu and inter-element ratios were good indicators of the aquifer lithology (hydrogeological systems formed in granitoid and volcanic rocks of various age, two main types of hydrogeological basins, and carbonate aquifers). The important mechanisms controlling REE migration in water were hydrochemical conditions in aquifers. The significance of the applied statistical analyses was represented by defining specific hydrochemical fingerprints of identified hydrogeological systems with distinct geochemical characteristics where REE showed the necessity of understanding of complex geological and hydrogeological settings, geodynamic evolution, and hydrogeochemical processes in fluid flow systems.
