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Nagpur City located in semiarid area of central India is a fast-growing industrial centre. In recent years, rapid development has created an increased demand for drinking water, which is increasingly being fulfilled by groundwater abstraction. The present study was undertaken to assess major ion chemistry of shallow groundwater to understand geoche...
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... is situated on the western plateau formed in the western slope of Satpura mountain ranges. It is practically at geographical center of India situated at 312.2 m above mean sea level. It lies between latitude 21 • 06 -21 • 12 N and longitudes 79 • 0 -79 • 10 E (Fig. 1). The municipal limit of Nagpur encompasses 217.56 km 2 of land ...
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... (Fig. 1) major part of study area is covered by unclassified gneisses of Archaean age. The granitic gneisses are represented by pink- coloured coarse-grained rocks consisting of pla- gioclase and quartz with minor amount of mi- crocline, biotite and hornblende. Gneisses are Geological map of Nagpur urban showing sample locations (modified after ...
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Abstract
Coastal aquifers are highly vulnerable to salinization, especially by seawater intrusion. This problem is exacerbated by increasing demands for freshwater in coastal zones due to urbanization and industrialization. This paper investigates seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers of Kachchh district in Gujarat, an economic hub of the country...
A total of 228 groundwater samples were collected at a depth of 10–30 feet below ground level (bgl) during one year period from nineteen wells around Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, India which is known for nuclear installations. The studied aquifer mainly constitutes of sand and weathered charnockite with thickness varying from 3–12 m and is of unconfined...
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Groundwater samples were collected for physico-chemical analysis during pre-monsoon period (May, 2015) from fluoride affected Bhopalpatnam block, District-Bijapur. The major objective of this study was to locate the vulnerable areas of fluoride contamination. The results reveal that the fluoride concentration in the existing groundwater in Bij...
Hydrochemical studies were conducted in Chinnaeru river basin of Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh, India, to explore the causes of high fluorides in groundwater and surface water causing a widespread incidence of fluorosis in local population. The concentration of fluoride in groundwater ranges from 0.4 to 2.9 and 0.6 to 3.6 mg/l, stream water ran...
An attempt has been made in this present work to determine the groundwater quality in parts of Vedaraniyam region, Tamilnadu. Totally, eighty groundwater samples were collected from open and dug wells, covering three seasons (Postmonsoon, summer and premonsoon seasons) and analyzed for physicochemical parameters (pH, EC, TDS, TH, Na, K, Ca, Mg and...
Citations
... The average concentration of Cl and TH is 9.8 ± 4.5 and 31.9 ± 11.3 mg/L in pre-monsoon and 11.51 ± 3.97 and 17.63 ± 3.85 mg/L in postmonsoon. High chloride concentration may signify the inflow of municipal sewage into the water as it is highly soluble (Marghade et al., 2012). It is noteworthy that none of the samples have crossed the standard limit of chloride and hardness in both seasons. ...
Rudrasagar Lake, a vital habitat for diverse flora and fauna, supports over 2000 households to sustain their daily livelihoods. The current study attempts to examine the impact of human activities on spatio-temporal variation in the water quality of the study area. The study integrates extensive field surveys, sample processing, and statistical analysis to assess the recent status of wetland health. Latin Square Matrix (LSM) was employed to select the sampling sites while the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation technique was used for spatial variation mapping. Modified Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index (MWAWQI) and Comprehensive Pollution Index (CPI) were utilized for assessing seasonal variation water quality and pollution loads, respectively. The results showed that dissolved oxygen (DO) was strongly influenced by the tributaries, and recreational activities have substantially influenced the highest concentrations of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and total suspended solids (TSS). The central portion of the lake is particularly susceptible to pollution from extensive fishing and recreational activities while peripheral sites are strongly influenced by agricultural run-offs, seepages from brick industries, and municipal wastes characterized by high concentrations of pH, total hardness (TH), oxidation–reduction potential (ORP). The findings reveal remarkable spatio-temporal fluctuations and highlight the areas within the lake susceptible to anthropogenic activities. The study proposed a sustainable management model to ameliorate anthropogenic threats. Moreover, the study contributes to the scientific understanding of the challenges and ensures the long-term viability of wetland health as a vital ecological and socio-economic resource.
... In addition, The Cl − and NO 3 − contents of shallow groundwater samples showed a good correlation, suggesting that these two anions probably originated from the same anthropogenic sources. A positive correlation between TDS and (Cl − + NO 3 − ) / HCO 3 − (Fig. 6b) also supported the possibility of anthropogenic inputs (Marghade et al. 2012). ...
Heilongdong Spring Basin (HSB) is an ecologically and economically important area in northern China, with widespread and intensive anthropogenic activities (industrialization, mining, agriculture). To understand the hydrogeochemical characteristics and water quality status of groundwater in various aquifers, 33 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed by Piper diagram, Gibbs diagram, Entropy-Weighted Quality Index (EWQI) and Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) in the area. The results indicated that the groundwater was mainly derived from meteoric water, and rock weathering was the dominant source of ions in the area. The majority of the karst groundwater samples (KGWs) fell in the category of HCO3-Ca·Mg and HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg, the hydrochemical faces of pore groundwater (PGWs) and fissure groundwater (FGWs) samples were mainly SO4·HCO3-Ca type with a few of the HCO3·SO4-Ca·type. According to the EWQI, all the KGWs were within the EWQI of below 100 and were suitable for drinking, while the central and eastern parts of regions have elevated EWQI values, especially 3 samples of KGWs were within the EWQI value in the range of 83–95, closing to the “poor” bracket. In addition, 66.7% of FGWs and all the PGWs were unsuitable for drinking. The HCA results showed that local groundwater quality was mainly controlled by geogenic processes and anthropogenic factors. Especially, the shallow groundwater was more affected by anthropogenic activities. Moreover, it was worth noticing that a few karst groundwater samples were close to shallow groundwater samples, which might be related to coal mining and agricultural activities. The present results provide a scientific basis for the protection and utilization of groundwater in different aquifers.
... As a result, the ratio of Na + and Cl − was found more than 1, which indicated that the groundwater may contribute to ion exchange capability, as seen in other investigations. 41,47 All the groundwater samples revealed negative values, which suggested a cation−anion exchange in chloroalkaline (CA) disequilibrium conditions (Figure 7c). The strong correlation between Na + and Cl − was found to be 0.75 (Figure 4), which favors the precipitation of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ions on the exchangeable site of host silicate mineral and simultaneously releases K + and Na + during the ion-exchange reaction. ...
... The cation−anion exchange process is significantly contributed for the maximum concentration of Na + in groundwater and this observation was supported by other studies. 47,51,53,54 3.8. Socio-Demographic and Economic Characteristics of the Respondents. ...
... Geochemical Modeling in Mineral Phases. The saturation indices were computed using PHREEQC interactive version 2.11.47 The negative SI values were found for halite, anhydrite, and gypsum, while the SI values of dolomite, calcite, and fluorite were found to be positive. ...
The lower Gangetic Plain in West Bengal, India, has previously been reported to have groundwater fluoride (F–) contamination and its hazard; however, more information was needed about the precise location of contamination. The current study highlighted these knowledge gaps covering the toxicity of F– through groundwater by emphasizing the role of hydrogeochemical attributions in F– mobilization, people’s socioeconomic behavior, and assessing the possible health risks of the local population. Approximately, 10% of groundwater samples exceeded the recommended value of F– with a moderate contamination factor. The groundwater is highly saline (Na–Cl type) in nature. The intermediate zone between the area of ’rock dominance’ and ’precipitation dominance’ controlled the leaching of F– from host silicate minerals to groundwater. The saturation index established geogenic activity as the responsible factor and found silicate weathering mineral muscovite for F– leaching in groundwater. The average utility cost for 20 L of safe drinking water was US$ 7.58 per month from affordable households. Total hazard quotient (THQ) was observed maximum for infants and significant ingestion rate (IR), body weight (BW), and body surface area (SA) were the responsible factors for the studied age groups. Fluoride-safe drinking water supply strategies are a necessary step in the studied area.
KEYWORDS: Groundwater; Fluoride; Contamination factor; Hydrogeochemical attributions; Silicate mineral; Utility cost; Total hazard quotient (THQ)
... However, to understand the hydrogeochemical processes of this region, we used the Gibbs diagrams (Fig. 6a,b) which are useful to analyze major natural factors governing both the world's surface water and groundwater formation mechanisms (Marandi and Shand 2018;Marghade et al. 2012;Naseem et al. 2010). These diagrams represent the plots of the ratio of cations [(Na + K) / (Na + K + Ca)] versus TDS and anions [Cl/(Cl + HCO3)] against TDS and produce a boomerang shape (Fig. 6a,b). ...
This study was carried out with the objective of quantifying the concentrations of various physicochemical parameters of
the groundwater (GW) and evaluating the interactions between the groundwater and the carrier rocks. Forty-two (42) GW
samples were collected from different tube wells distributed in and around the Jashore University of Science and Technology (JUST) campus. The result showed that the cations and anions follow the order of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, and HCO3
-
,
Cl-
, and SO4
2-, respectively, for most cases. In general, the groundwater was found to be slightly alkaline and hard to very
hard. More than 50% of samples exceeded the permissible limit of arsenic and manganese contents. The Water Quality Index
(WQI) represented that 60% of waters are good to excellent in categories as per WHO guidelines. The Pearson correlation
showed statistically significant correlations between each pair of parameters, with maximum positive and negative r values
of 0.80 and -0.54, respectively. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) produced the six principle components among
the 21 tested parameters, which accounted for more than 81% of the total variance. Varius plots such as Piper, Durov, and
Stiff Patterns suggested that the hydrogeochemical facies was dominated by the Ca-Mg-HCO3 water type. Finally, it was
observed that the groundwater quality parameters in the southwestern region of Bangladesh were governed mostly by the
geochemical process of rock-water interaction, whereas the chemical weathering (dissolution) of calcite minerals was followed by the weathering of silicate mineral
... Those indices account for the ion exchange (concentrations in meq/L) between groundwater and host rocks (Marghade et al. 2012;Li et al. 2012). The positive CAIs (CAI-I) indicate the exchange of Na + and K + of the water with Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ of the rock while negative CAIs (CAI-II) show an opposite exchange between water and rock (Schoeller, 1977;Nagaraju et al., 2006;Thakur et al., 2016;Mahmoudi et al., 2017;Agyemang, 2020). ...
Geochemical investigations carried out on thermal waters over the Erzin-Hatay area allowed the collection of a suite of 9 samples from natural springs and one well characterized by outlet temperatures in the range from 19.6 to 31.5 °C. All of the springs have slightly acidic pH (in the range of 6) but one sample was marked by a pH value >11 as a consequence of serpentinization processes. The water chemistry denotes water/rock interactions with either magmatic or carbonatic rocks in a water reservoir equilibrated at temperatures estimated to be in the range of 58–162 °C. The stable isotope composition of the collected waters, in terms of dD and d18O, denotes a recharge from local meteoric waters. The dissolved gases denote the contribution of no atmospheric components. CO2 is the dominant dissolved component for most of the sample, while methane is the major component for the thermal water involved in serpentinization. Besides the main components CO2 and CH4, the dissolved gases show significant concentrations of He, H2, and CO. The isotopic composition of helium shows 3He/4He ratios well above that of Air Saturated Waters (ASW = 1.39 × 10–6) clearly indicating a significant contribution of 3He of mantle origin. Taking into account the location of some sampling sites nearby the Düziçi- İskenderun Active Fault Zone and the associated mantle helium contribution, we propose that fluids/faults relationships have to be considered as responsible for the feeding of deep-originated fluids to the shallow groundwater. As mantle-derived fluids are also carriers of thermal energy, the collected results strongly suggest improving the knowledge of the study area, where hydrological and geochemical considerations coupled with the tectonic setting of the area should focus on the geothermal potential of the circulating waters.
... The PC2 establishes 12.77% of total variance having high negative loadings of NO 3 − and positive loadings of HCO 3 − , Ca 2+ , and F − . The negative correlation of NO 3 − vs. HCO 3 − (r= −0.264) signifies the different sources of these ions (Marghade et al. 2012). The positive loadings of F − and HCO 3 − indicate bicarbonate is actively associated with the dissolution of F − (Khan et al., 2020). ...
Rapid urbanization, population growth, anthropogenic factors, and unprecedented climatic conditions have led to the degradation of water resources which is a serious concern in many parts of the world. The present work will investigate the groundwater quality, hydrogeochemistry, and health risk assessment of Bhubaneswar City, in the eastern part of India. pH values range from 5.38 to 8.57 ± mean 6.7±0.68, indicating an acidic nature of groundwater. TDS ranges from 93 to 913 ± 316±171 mg/l. Based on values of the water quality index (WQI), 90% of groundwater samples are in the good to excellent category. Based on F − and NO 3 − concentrations, human health risk assessment represents high risks for non-carcinogenic risks, like 94% for children and 95% for adults. Major hydro-geochemical facies are dominated by, Ca-Mg-Cl, and Ca-HCO 3 water types, indicating mixed water facies characteristics. Relatively higher levels of Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , and lower SO 4 2− concentrations with acidic pH have controlling the dissolution of ions in the sedimentary basin aquifer. Geochemical modeling of groundwater shows an undersaturation state to near saturation conditions for the carbonate phases and an undersatura-tion state with the sulfate phase minerals, respectively. The multivariate analysis reveals the contributions of geogenic and anthropogenic factors controlling groundwater chemistry. The study identifies the hydro-geochemical characteristics, probable health risks, and sustainable management plans for the protection of freshwater resources in urban areas.
... Pollution from one aquifer is bound to spread to other aquifers if not protected from pollution. In addition, geochemical processes occurring within the groundwater and their reactions with aquifer matrix, are responsible for changes in groundwater chemistry (Marghade et al., 2012). Therefore, geochemical and microbiological studies of groundwater provide a better understanding of possible changes in quality as development progresses (Bhardwaj et al., 2010;Gupta et al., 2009). ...
... Sulphate (SO 4 2− ) is a naturally occurring ion in almost all kinds of water (Marghade et al., 2012). SO 4 2− concentration of more than 250 mg/L is not desirable for drinking and domestic purposes (WHO, 2011). ...
Groundwater chemistry and quality in poorly organized inland and coastal towns, southern Nigeria were investigated. The aim was to study the hydrochemical regime and evaluate the present quality status including human health risk. Hence, seventy-two groundwater samples were collected during wet and dry seasons and analyzed for physicochemical, heavy metals and microbiological parameters and heavy metals using standard methods. The data showed that pH (3.3–7.9), dissolved oxygen, DO (0.5–14.0 mg/L), iron (0.0–7.7 mg/L), manganese (0.0–0.07 mg/L), total heterotrophic bacteria, THB (1–1851 cfu/ml) and total coliform, TC (0.78–75 cfu per 100 ml) in most of the samples exceeded the WHO permissible limits. Bivariate plots and multivariate statistics showed the main hydrochemical process in the area are rock predominance source, silicate weathering and ion exchange. Moreover, seawater influence predominates in the coastal town, while anthropogenic activity predominates in the inland town. In terms of the drinking water quality, groundwater pollution index (GWPI) classified the pollution level of groundwater as insignificant to very high. However, the groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation application. The non-carcinogenic hazard index (HI) for adults in the dry (1.65–62.23 mg/kg/day) and wet (1.02–54.54 mg/kg/day) seasons, and for children during the dry (2.24–84.14 mg/kg/day) and wet (1.38–73.73 mg/kg/day) seasons indicated children are susceptible to contaminated groundwater relative to the adults through oral ingestion pathway. As recommendation, groundwater abstraction points should be sited away from waste dump sites, while the dump sites should be properly designed and regularly maintained for protection and sustainability of the resource.
... Although they may be input ingredients in the surface water due to human activities, the main chemical components are natural and can be evaporation-oriented, rainfall-oriented, or water-rock interaction-oriented (Li et al., 2013b). The Gibbs (1970) diagram helps to show the processes that control the formation of water parameters through the plot of Na + /(Na + + Ca 2+ ) and Cl -/(Cl -+ HCO 3 -) versus TDS (Marandi & Shand, 2018;Marghade et al., 2012). The Gibbs diagram (Fig. 4) demonstrates that the surface water chemistry is dominated by rock weathering on both sides of the Wei River but with significant evaporation on the north side. ...
Surface water is extensively used for irrigation and industrial purposes in the Wei River Plain. However, the surface water shows different characteristics in the southern and northern zones of the Wei River Plain. This study aims to investigate the differences in surface water quality between the southern and northern zones of the Wei River Plain and their influencing factors. To ascertain the hydrochemistry and its governing factors, graphical methods, ion plots, and multivariate statistical analyses were employed. The quality of the irrigation water was assessed using various irrigation water quality indices. In addition, water foaming, corrosion, scaling, and incrustation risks were determined to evaluate water quality for industrial uses. The spatial distribution of water quality was done using GIS models. This research revealed that the concentrations of EC, TH, TDS, HCO 3 − , Na + , Mg 2+ , SO 4 2− and Cl − on the north side of the plain were twice as high as those on the south side. On both sides of the Wei River Plain, water-rock interactions, ion exchange, and considerable evaporation were observed. Gypsum, halite, calcite, and dolomite all dissolve to produce significant anions and cations in the water, according to ion correlation analysis. However , additional sources of contaminants led to higher concentrations in the surface water on the north side than on the south side. Surface water in the south of the Wei River Plain has superior quality to that in the north, according to the overall findings of irrigation water and industrial water quality assessments. The findings of this study will boost better water resource management policies for the plain.
... At present, the establishments are slowly picking up its pace. The C1S1 and C2S1 samples can be used for irrigation in almost all types of soils with little danger of exchangeable sodium (Marghade et al. 2012). Only 7% of samples were seen in the C4S2 zone during LD; however, the sample percentage has increased to 20% (C4S3 and C4S2 zones) in PLD clearly indicating the effect of unlock phase influence on RWQ. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic and sudden lockdown have severely hampered the country's economic growth and socio-cultural activities while imparting a positive effect on the overall fitness of the environment especially air and water resources. Increased urbanization and rapid industrialization have led to rising pollution and deterioration of rivers and associated sectors such as agriculture, domestic and commercial needs. However, various available studies in different parts of the country indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic has changed the entire ecosystem. But it is noted that studies are lacking in the southern Western Ghats region of India. Therefore, the present study attempts to investigate how the continuous lockdowns affect the River Water Quality (RWQ) during lockdown (October 2020) and post-lockdown (January 2021) periods in the lower catchments (Eloor-Edayar industrialized belt) of Periyar river, Kerala state, South India. A total of thirty samples (15 samples each) were analyzed based on drinking water quality, irrigational suitability, and multivariate statistical methods to evaluate the physical and chemical status of RWQ. The results of the Water Quality Index (WQI) for assessing the drinking water suitability showed a total of 93% of samples in the excellent and good category during the lockdown, while only 47% of samples were found fit for drinking during the post-lockdown period. Irrigational suitability indices like Mg hazard, KR, PI, SAR, and Wilcox diagram revealed lockdown period samples as more suitable for irrigational activities compared to post-lockdown samples with site-specific changes. Spearman rank correlation analysis indicated EC and TDS with a strong positive correlation to Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, TH, SO42-, and Cl- during both periods as well as strong positive correlations within the alkaline earth elements (Ca2+ and Mg 2+) and alkalis (Na+ and K+). Three significant components were extracted from principal component analysis (PCA), explaining 88.89% and 96.03% of the total variance for lockdown and post-lockdown periods, respectively. Variables like DO, BOD, Ca2+, NO3-, and Cl- remained in the same component loading during both periods elucidating their natural origin in the basin. The results of health risk assessment based on US EPA represented hazard quotient and hazard index values below the acceptable limit signifying no potential noncarcinogenic risk via oral exposure except As, suggesting children as more vulnerable to the negative effects than adults. Furthermore, this study also shows rejuvenation of river health during lockdown offers ample scope to policymakers, administrators and environmentalists for deriving appropriate plans for the restoration of river health from anthropogenic stress.
... it shows a slope of − 0.56, which indicates cation exchange processes taking place and affecting the groundwater geochemistry of the area (Kumar, 2014). The verification of the ion exchange process happening in the study area can be done by studying the chloro-alkaline indices (CAI-I and CAI-II) that have been proposed by Schoeller (1965) and subsequently used by many studies (Li et al., 2013;Marghade et al., 2012). Negative values of CAI-I and CAI-II indicate the occurrence of an ion exchange process where Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ions of groundwater are getting exchanged with Na + or K + in the aquifer materials, whereas positive values of CAI-I and CAI-II indicate the occurrence of a reverse ion exchange. ...
This study characterises the quality of groundwater for the Ludhiana district of Punjab, India by analysing water samples collected from 152 locations spread across 3767 km². The samples were analysed for 18 parameters consisting of pH, EC, TDS, TA, TH, major anions and cations. The parameter values have been used to calculate the drinking water quality index of the study area which suggests that 2.6, 57.9, 32.9, 4 and 2.6% of the samples fall under the excellent, good, poor, very poor and unsuitable categories, respectively. The sequence of abundance for ions (in meq/l) as revealed from the laboratory tests is Na⁺ (37.1%) > Ca²⁺ (30.8%) > Mg²⁺ (29.1%) > K⁺ (2.8%) for cations and HCO3⁻ (80%) > Cl¯ (8.9%) > CO3²⁻ (6.5%) > SO4²⁻ (3.9%) > NO3⁻, F⁻, PO4³⁻ (< 1%) for anions. The spatial variability of these parameters has been depicted through the use of interpolation maps. Evaluation of different ionic ratios indicates that carbonate weathering and silicate weathering are both significantly affecting the groundwater chemistry with a slight dominance of carbonate weathering. Also, the ion exchange process is taking place in the area as confirmed by CAI index values. In terms of saturation index, the groundwater is undersaturated with respect to halite, fluorite and sylvite, whereas it is supersaturated for calcite, dolomite and aragonite minerals. The principal components in PCA explained 75.4% of the total variance with 29.1 and 28.3% contributions from PC1 and PC2. Both of these components indicate towards the geogenic and anthropogenic influence on groundwater mineralization of the area. The analysis suggests that groundwater for the study area is suitable for drinking in most of the region expect in a few places. Such a study could be used to understand the current status of groundwater quality in the area, the results of which can be used to prevent further contamination and sustain the resource for the future.
