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Geological map of Lasbela-Khuzdar belt of Balochistan, Pakistan with a stratigraphic column of the Pb-Zn deposits, (modified from Sillitoe, 1978; Naseem and Sheikh, 2002; Khan et al., 2002, Yu-cai Song et al., 2019)
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Lead and Zinc deposits are very much important economic booster for the country all over the world. Economic geologists are engaged in the search of these economy booster minerals and rocks for three decades. Lead and zinc are profuse resources in the Lasbela-Khuzdar belt of Balochistan province of Pakistan, with reserves of about 50 million tons a...
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Citations
... Windar Town is on the RCD highway, and Damb road connects Windar Town to Damb, providing access to the Somiani site (Naseem et al., 2002). This region is reported with an abundance of trace metals like Pb and Zn in soil (Naseem et al., 2002(Naseem et al., , 2012Valley, 2002;waliArain et al., 2020) and is unlike metropolitan cities where anthropogenic activities primarily contribute to elevating pollutants level. Furthermore, for the validity of the designed research, to ensure the sampling region is a possible rich source for TMs, the soil samples of the area were also analyzed for TMs before rainfall and fishing. ...
Trace metal transport mechanism via rainfall runoff from soil to the water body in the context of the bioaccumulation in seafood was unprecedentedly investigated. Instead of a conventional simulation experiment at a laboratory, the twelve soil sampling sites were selected in the region (Windar Valley, Balochistan-Pakistan) reported with high trace metal content, and Threadfin Sea Catfish and Belanger’s Croaker were caught from the adjacent coastal water body. The Pb, Cd, Ni, and Zn in soil samples were high in proportion; the average concentrations were 2793.8, 622.44, 331.33, and 440 in mg kg⁻¹, respectively, as per expectations. Using ArcGIS, the soil sample results were extensively illustrated by the spatial distribution in the sampling regions. The Zn > Pb > Ni > Cd was found in pre- and post-rainfall fish flesh samples. Trace metals were higher in post-rain fish flesh samples than pre-rainfall samples, indicating that rainwater runoff could be the significant source for trace metal transport except for Zn. The Pb, Cd, Ni, and Zn elevated results were 0.80828 ± 0.17752, 0.12102 ± 0.03027, 0.71064 ± 0.24188, and 6.49223 ± 3.65094 in mg kg⁻¹, respectively, in post-rainfall fish flesh samples. Appling chemometric tools revealed that Zn content depends on Zn-protein interaction, and Pb, Cd, and Ni contents significantly pertain to the rainwater runoff. Other probable transport routes for trace metals to the water body could be less responsible. The soil sampling region’s NOAA HYSPLIT backward air trajectory showed that the air direction was mostly from ocean to land.
... Zinc is normally present with other metals such as Cu, Au, Ag and preferably Pb. Zinc associated with Pb can be found either in ores or in rocks that have shale, sand and siltstone or even mixed in clastic rocks (Arain et al., 2021). ...
... including Ziarat Balanosh are on the record and may be part of ores or rocks (Kazmi and Abbas, 2001;Arain et al., 2021). There are very few studies related to Zn availability. ...
Prevailing Zn issue at the country level and some studies of fruit orchards highlighting Zn deficiency gave rise to the evaluation of apple orchards in Sanjavi Tehsil. Soil and leaf tissue samples were collected from twenty-five apple orchards (eight trees from each) covering four union councils (Sanjavi, Mana, Warchm and Poi) of Sanjavi Tehsil. Four cores were dug under each tree to have a representative soil sample. Leaves were collected from the middle of each newly emerged twelve shoots of each tree. According to the critical nutrient level (CNL) approach, there was no deficiency of plant available Zn in soil. All the samples (100%) were above the adequacy limit of 1.5 mg kg⁻¹. Nonetheless, 7 out of 25 orchards had relatively less available Zn (1.8 to 3.0 mg kg⁻¹) over others. In contrast to available Zn, the leaf tissue samples were at the edge of adequacy level. In other words, 100% samples were marginal (25-150 mg kg⁻¹) and if no application is carried out in near future, soil available and leaf tissue Zn, both may further lower down. Positive and significant relationships illustrated that organic matter contributed to soil available and leaf tissue Zn.
This study is the first attempt to assess the nature of the soil, especially on the western side of the Porali Plain in Balochistan; a new emerging agriculture hub, using weathering and pollution indices supplemented by multivariate analysis based on geochemical data. The outcomes of this study are expected to help farmers in soil management and selecting suitable crops for the region. Twenty-five soil samples were collected, mainly from the arable land of the Porali Plain. After drying and coning-quartering, soil samples were analyzed for major and trace elements using the XRF technique; sieving and hydrometric methods were employed for granulometric analysis. Estimated data were analyzed using Excel, SPSS, and Surfer software to calculate various indices, correlation matrix, and spatial distribution. The granulometric analysis showed that 76% of the samples belonged to loam types of soil, 12% to sand type, and 8% to silt type. Weathering indices: CIA, CIW, PIA, PWI, WIP, CIX, and ICV were calculated to infer the level of alteration. These indices reflect moderate to intense weathering; supported by K2O/AI2O3, Rb/K2O, Rb/Ti, and Rb/Sr ratios. Assessment of the geo-accumulation and Nemerow Pollution indices pinpoint relatively high concentrations of Pb, Ni, and Cr concentration in the soils. The correlation matrix and Principal Component Analysis show that the soil in this study area is mainly derived from the weathering of igneous rocks of Bela Ophiolite (Cretaceous age) and Jurassic sedimentary rocks of Mor Range having SEDEX/MVT type mineralization. Weathering may result in the undesirable accumulation of certain trace elements which adversely affects crops.
