Figure - available via license: CC BY
Content may be subject to copyright.
Geography of worldwide occurrence of human cryptosporidiosis outbreaks and sporadic cases. A color-coded distribution of the main cases of cryptosporidosis reported in the literature during the last decade (1998–2008) for the entire population (adults and children) is here represented. Waterborne and foodborne diseases are represented by red and grey color, respectively. Spreading of the infection due to HIV immunological impairment is represented by green and travel-related disease by pink color. When not applicable the definition of waterborne and foodborne disease, the term community disease has been applied to person-to-person contacts and represented by a pale blue color. For countries characterised by two or three coexisting transmission modes, a double color-filling effect plus thick border lines have been used, consistently with the above reported code. Putignani and Menchella, 2010.
Source publication
Cryptosporidium spp. are coccidians, oocysts-forming apicomplexan protozoa, which complete their life cycle both in humans and animals, through zoonotic and anthroponotic transmission, causing cryptosporidiosis. The global burden of this disease is still underascertained, due to a conundrum transmission modality, only partially unveiled, and on a p...
Citations
... The species from the Cryptosporidium genus are classified as intracellular coccidia with a cosmopolitan distribution. Cryptosporidiosis is a common gastrointestinal disease in children aged 1 to 5 years in developing as well as developed countries [14,15]. The protozoan Cryptosporidium is a leading cause of diarrhoea morbidity and mortality in children younger than five years. ...
... For the present study, respondents for whom a stool sample of the child was available were included in the analyses. Our sample consisted of 181 children aged 13-21 months (median [IQR]: 16 [15][16][17]). We included two populations in the sample: 76 children from marginalised Roma communities and 105 children from the Slovak majority population. ...
Background
Intestinal parasitic infections remain a significant global health issue, particularly affecting poor and marginalised populations. These infections significantly contribute to children’s diseases, malnutrition, poor school performance, cognitive disorders, and future economic losses. This study aimed to explore and compare the occurrence of intestinal parasites in early childhood among the group of infants from the Slovak majority population and from marginalised Roma communities (MRCs). Furthermore, it aimed to explore the health complaints of children with and without intestinal parasitic infection in the past month and assess the effect of various risk factors on the occurrence of intestinal parasitic infection in infants from MRCs.
Methods
We obtained cross-sectional data from mothers and stool samples of their children aged 13–21 months using the first wave of the longitudinal RomaREACH study. A total of 181 stools from infants were analysed: 105 infants from the Slovak majority population and 76 from MRCs.
Results
Infants from MRCs are significantly more often infected by Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Giardia duodenalis than their better-off peers from the majority population. Infection rates are 30% in infants from MRCs vs. 0% in the majority population (p < 0.001). Single and mixed infections were observed in children from MRCs. Infants with intestinal parasitic infections suffer significantly more often from various health complaints, particularly cough, stomach ache, irritability, and diarrhoea. Within MRCs, the risk of parasitic infections in infants is significantly increased by risk factors such as the absence of flushing toilets in households (OR = 4.17, p < 0.05) and contact with un-dewormed animals (OR = 3.61, p < 0.05). Together with the absence of running water in the household, these three factors combined increase the risk more than ten times (p < 0.01).
Conclusion
Maintaining hygienic standards in conditions of socioeconomic deprivation in MRCs without running water and sewage in the presence of un-dewormed animals is problematic. These living conditions contribute to the higher prevalence of parasitic infections in children from MRCs, causing various health complaints and thus threatening their health and healthy development.
... O equilíbrio delicado entre a vida selvagem e as comunidades rurais têm sido um tema de discussão contínua, especialmente no que diz respeito ao saneamento (Costa & Guilhoto, 2014;Putignani & Menichella, 2010;Resende et al., 2018). Enquanto os animais silvestres são componentes essenciais dos ecossistemas naturais, sua presença pode ter impactos significativos nas práticas de saneamento rural (Duarte et al., 2021;Santana et al., 2020). ...
... Uma das principais causas do conflito homem-vida selvagem é o aumento da população humana adjacente aos habitats da vida selvagem. À medida que a população humana aumenta e a demanda por recursos aumenta, a frequência e a intensidade de tais conflitos aumentam (Mendonça et al., 2011;Pozzi & Mundo Neto, 2017;Putignani & Menichella, 2010). ...
... O saneamento rural é uma área crucial da saúde pública e do desenvolvimento sustentável, que abrange uma ampla gama de atividades e infraestruturas destinadas a garantir o acesso seguro e adequado à água potável, ao tratamento de esgoto e ao gerenciamento de resíduos em comunidades rurais (Costa & Guilhoto, 2014;Putignani & Menichella, 2010;Resende et al., 2018). Diferentemente das áreas urbanas, onde sistemas de saneamento centralizados são mais comuns, as áreas rurais enfrentam desafios únicos devido à dispersão populacional, à falta de infraestrutura, além da presença de animais silvestres (Costa & Guilhoto, 2014). ...
In this article, we will explore the complex interaction between wild animals and rural sanitation, highlighting the different aspects of this relationship and analyzing its implications. Rural sanitation is a crucial area to ensure the health and well-being of communities living outside urban centers. Encompassing a variety of activities and infrastructure, rural sanitation aims to provide safe access to drinking water, adequate sewage treatment and effective solid waste management. The relationship between rural sanitation and wild animals is close and their interactions can have significant consequences for both public health and the preservation of fauna. While rural sanitation seeks to ensure safe access to drinking water, effective sewage treatment and adequate solid waste management, the presence of wild animals can introduce additional challenges to these initiatives. The influence of wild animals in the context of rural sanitation is a crucial factor to be addressed to promote public health and environmental sustainability in rural communities. Although these animals perform essential functions in natural ecosystems, their presence can pose significant challenges to sanitation practices, such as contamination of drinking water sources, inadequate management of solid waste and complexity in sewage treatment.
... Auramine rhodamine staining of stool sediment smears followed by modified Ziehl-Neelsen (acidfast) confirmatory staining is a sensitive and specific approach for the identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts in the stool. Since oocysts of Cryptosporidium species are indistinguishable from one another, molecular methods are essential for the identification of the 37 species, genotypes, and subtypes of Cryptosporidium to specifically identify the organism responsible for the infection and the source and routes of transmission [68]. ...
Abstract
Bovine cryptosporidiosis, caused by the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium, poses a significant threat to cattle health and productivity
worldwide. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of bovine cryptosporidiosis, focusing on its associated risk factors and diagnostic
methods. Understanding the risk factors contributing to the prevalence and transmission of Cryptosporidium in cattle populations is crucial
for effective disease management. Factors such as age, herd size, housing conditions, environmental contamination, and geographic
location play pivotal roles in the epidemiology of bovine cryptosporidiosis. Additionally, interactions between host susceptibility and
pathogen virulence further complicate disease dynamics.
Accurate and timely diagnosis is essential for implementing control strategies and mitigating the economic losses associated with
bovine cryptosporidiosis. Various diagnostic methods, including microscopy, immunological assays, molecular techniques such as PCR
(Polymerase Chain Reaction), and emerging technologies like loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), are discussed in detail.
Each method’s sensitivity, specificity, advantages, and limitations are evaluated, providing insights into their practical utility in different
settings. Furthermore, advancements in diagnostic tools and techniques, such as high-throughput sequencing and proteomic approaches,
offer promising avenues for enhancing our understanding of Cryptosporidium diversity, pathogenesis, and drug resistance patterns.
Integrating these innovative approaches with traditional diagnostic methods holds great potential for improving disease surveillance and
control strategies.
The aim of this review is to highlights the multifaceted nature of bovine cryptosporidiosis and underscores the importance of a holistic
approach encompassing risk factor identification, accurate diagnostics, and targeted interventions for effective disease management in
cattle populations. Continued research efforts aimed at elucidating the complex interactions between host, parasite, and environment will
be instrumental in developing sustainable control measures to mitigate the impact of bovine cryptosporidiosis on animal health and welfare.
Keywords: Calves, Cryptosporidium, Parvum, Prevalence
... This may be because parasites share the same ecological niche, spreading to new hosts through soil, water, and food contaminated with feces. 9 Regarding the epidemiological profile of patients with cryptosporidiosis, although most studies focused on adults with HIV infection, 10 in recent years, there has been an increase in research on children and adults with various types of immunodeficiency. 11 In our case series, of the 30 patients with DAI, only 1 patient had HIV infection, whereas solid organ transplant was recorded in 13 patients; kidney transplant was the most common type. ...
... Up to 20% of all occurrences of diarrhea in children in underdeveloped nations are caused by Cryptosporidium, which can be fatal for HIV-positive individuals [6]. Cryptosporidiosis is most common among people living in urban and rural areas where the risk of disease transmission and spread is high [7,8]. ...
Infectious disease cryptosporidiosis is caused by the cryptosporidium parasite, a type of parasitic organism. It is spread through the ingestion of contaminated water, food, or fecal matter from infected animals or humans. The control becomes difficult because the parasite may remain in the environment for a long period. In this work, we constructed an epidemic model for the infection of cryptosporidiosis in a fractional framework with strong and weak immunity concepts. In our analysis, we utilize the well-known next-generation matrix technique to evaluate the reproduction number of the recommended model, indicated by R 0 . As R 0 < 1 , our results show that the disease-free steady-state is locally asymptotically stable; in other cases, it becomes unstable. Our emphasis is on the dynamical behavior and the qualitative analysis of cryptosporidiosis. Moreover, the fixed point theorem of Schaefer and Banach has been utilized to investigate the existence and uniqueness of the solution. We identify suitable conditions for the Ulam-Hyers stability of the proposed model of the parasitic infection. The impact of the determinants on the sickness caused by cryptosporidiosis is highlighted by the examination of the solution pathways using a novel numerical technique. Numerical investigation is conducted on the solution pathways of the system while varying various input factors. Policymakers and health officials are informed of the crucial factors pertaining to the infection system to aid in its control.
... Auramine rhodamine staining of stool sediment smears followed by modified Ziehl-Neelsen (acidfast) confirmatory staining is a sensitive and specific approach for the identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts in the stool. Since oocysts of Cryptosporidium species are indistinguishable from one another, molecular methods are essential for the identification of the 37 species, genotypes, and subtypes of Cryptosporidium to specifically identify the organism responsible for the infection and the source and routes of transmission [68]. ...
Bovine cryptosporidiosis, caused by the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium, poses a significant threat to cattle health and productivity worldwide. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of bovine cryptosporidiosis, focusing on its associated risk factors and diagnostic methods. Understanding the risk factors contributing to the prevalence and transmission of Cryptosporidium in cattle populations is crucial for effective disease management. Factors such as age, herd size, housing conditions, environmental contamination, and geographic location play pivotal roles in the epidemiology of bovine cryptosporidiosis. Additionally, interactions between host susceptibility and pathogen virulence further complicate disease dynamics.
... Cryptosporidium is the parasite cause cryptosporidiosis through the consumption of fecally contaminated food or water [65,66]. Cryptosporidium parvum and C. hominis are the two species. ...
ackground
Multi-factorial reasons are an induction to cause cancer. Different infections and infestations with viruses, bacteria, and parasites have been detected for many years to be related to human carcinogenesis.
Purpose
The study aimed to review all ideas of tumor carcinogenesis and its associations with parasitic infections and infestations.
Methods
We reviewed several articles (published and imprinted) by selecting, extracting, and synthesizing data about the relationship between cancers and parasites.
Results
Several helminths infections as schistosomiasis, are highly carcinogenic agents for bladder cancer, whereas trypanosomiasis has a bi-model role in cancer development. Leishmaniasis may be a cause of hepatocarcinoma, skin cancer, and lymphomas. In addition, malaria appears to be causative in the carcinogenesis of some cancers; as Burkitt lymphoma. Also, data from previous studies suggested that Strongyloides stercoralis may be a relevant co-factor in lymphomas.
Conclusion
There are different mechanisms of parasitic infection to be enhancing in carcinogenesis of cancer in human.
... So, cryptosporidiosis is usually a gastrointestinal illness, although some species and hosts also reveal respiratory cryptosporidiosis (Robertson et al. 2020). The oocysts are shed with an infected host's feces, and these oocysts are directly infective (Putignani and Menichella 2010), and contain four sporozoites. They survive environmental conditions for months and are infectious for susceptible hosts (Krauss et al. 2003). ...
... They survive environmental conditions for months and are infectious for susceptible hosts (Krauss et al. 2003). Infection is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, aerosolized droplets, or indirectly through contaminated water or food or contact with fomites contaminated by coughing (Putignani and Menichella 2010). The human infectious dose is approximately nine oocysts, and 50 oocysts for calves (Moore et al. 2003). ...
... Additionally, chlorination is insufficient to clear Cryptosporidium oocysts from water sources (Betancourt and Rose 2004). Cryptosporidium is also transmitted through aerosolized droplets from infected hosts or via contact with contaminated fomites by coughing (Putignani and Menichella 2010). Unpasteurized raw milk from infected animals becomes another source for transmission of Cryptosporidium (Harp et al. 1996). ...
... Cryptosporidium, the causative agent of cryptosporidiosis, is a gastrointestinal pathogen of both humans and animals spread through fecal-oral route and has a global distribution [1]. Human infections of Cryptosporidium, thought to be caused primarily by C. parvum or C. hominis [2], represent a serious opportunistic infection in immunocompromised individuals including those living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [3]. ...
Background:
Cryptosporidium is a gastrointestinal pathogen that presents a serious opportunistic infection in immunocompromised individuals including those living with human immunodeficiency syndrome. The CRYPTOFAZ trial, previously published, was conducted in Malawi to evaluate the efficacy of clofazimine in response to an unmet need for drugs to treat cryptosporidiosis in HIV populations. A combination of rapid diagnostic tests, ELISA, qPCR, and conventional sequencing were employed to detect Cryptosporidium in 586 individuals during pre-screening and monitor oocyst shedding and identify enteric co-pathogens in 22 enrolled/randomized participants during the in-patient period and follow-up visits.
Methodology:
Oocyst shedding as measured by qPCR was used to determine primary trial outcomes, however pathogen was detected even at trial days 41-55 in individuals randomized to either clofazimine or placebo arms of the study. Therefore, in this work we re-examine the trial outcomes and conclusions in light of data from the other diagnostics, particularly ELISA. ELISA data was normalized between experiments prior to comparison to qPCR. The amount of all identified enteric pathogens was examined to determine if co-pathogens other than Cryptosporidium were major causative agents to a participant's diarrhea.
Conclusion:
ELISA had higher sample-to-sample variability and proved to be equally or less sensitive than qPCR in detecting Cryptosporidium positive samples. Compared to qPCR, ELISA had equal or greater specificity in detecting Cryptosporidium negative samples. Sequencing identified several Cryptosporidium species including viatorum which has never been identified in Malawi and Southern Africa. In addition to Cryptosporidium, enterotoxigenic E. coli was also identified as a pathogen in diarrheagenic amounts in 4 out of 22 participants.
... hominis), and the zoonotic Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) [3]. The oocysts of C. parvum and C. hominis appear morphologically identical by microscopy, therefore molecular-based detection methods are required to fully speciate this parasite [1,4]. ...
Cryptosporidium , the most frequently reported parasite in Scotland, causes gastrointestinal illness resulting in diarrhoea, nausea and cramps. Two species are responsible for most cases: Cryptosporidium hominis (C. hominis) and Cryptosporidium parvum ( C. parvum ). Transmission occurs faecal-orally, through ingestion of contaminated food and water, or direct contact with faeces. In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic led to global restrictions, including national lockdowns to limit viral transmission. Such interventions led to decreased social mixing, and reduced/no local and international travel, which are factors associated with transmission of multiple communicable diseases, including cryptosporidiosis. This report assessed the impact of the pandemic on Scottish cryptosporidiosis cases, and identified changes in circulating molecular variants of Cryptosporidium species. Molecular data generated using real time PCR and GP60 nested-PCR assays on laboratory-confirmed cryptosporidiosis cases reported during 2018–22 were analysed. The Scottish Microbiology Reference Laboratories (SMiRL), Glasgow, received 774 Cryptosporidium -positive faeces during 2018–22, of which 486 samples were successfully subtyped. During this time period, C. hominis ( n = 155; 21%) and C. parvum ( n = 572; 77%) were the most commonly detected species. The total number of cases during 2020, which was greatly affected by the pandemic, was markedly lower in comparison to case numbers in the 2 years before and after 2020. The most predominant C. hominis family detected prior to 2020 was the Ib family which shifted to the Ie family during 2022. The most common C. parvum variant during 2018–22 was the IIa family, however a rise in the IId family was observed ( n = 6 in 2018 to n = 25 in 2022). The dominant C. hominis subtype IbA10G2, which accounted for 71% of C. hominis subtypes in 2018–19 was superseded by three rare subtypes: IeA11G3T3 ( n = 15), IdA16 ( n = 8) and IbA9G3 ( n = 3) by 2022. Frequently reported C. parvum subtypes in 2018–19 were IIaA15G2R1 and IIaA17G1R1, accounting for 59% of total C. parvum subtypes. By 2022, IIaA15G2R1 remained the most common ( n = 28), however three unusual subtypes in Scotland emerged: IIdA24G1 ( n = 7), IIaA16G3R1 ( n = 7) and IIaA15G1R2 ( n = 7). Continuous monitoring of Cryptosporidium variants following the pandemic will be essential to explore further changes and emergence of strains with altered virulence.
