Figure 1 - uploaded by Hajime Ishida
Content may be subject to copyright.
Geographical locations of archaeological sites of the Okhotsk culture where specimens analyzed in the present study were excavated.
Source publication
In order to further understand the genetic status of the Okhotsk people, who were distributed in southern coastal regions of the Okhotsk Sea during the 5th-13th centuries, nucleotide variations in the hypervariable region (HVR) and the coding regions of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were analyzed. Targeting the coding regions provides reliable genetic...
Similar publications
Barbus xanthos, a new species, is described from the Eşen, Dalaman, Tersakan and Büyük Menderes rivers in south‐western Anatolia. It differs from other Barbus species in the adjacent basins by having 53–60 lateral line scales, a weakly ossified last unbranched dorsal‐fin ray (about 33–50%), numerous small irregular‐shaped black or dark‐brown spots...
The tench Tinca tinca is a freshwater species with human‐mediated translocations, aquaculture interest and limited information on its genetic structure. mtDNA sequencing analysis of control region and two genes in 50 individuals from five European populations identified two phylogroups, with greater variability than that reported until now, and a h...
Citations
... (Komesu et al., 2008;Matsumura et al., 2009;Sato et al., 2007Sato et al., , 2009aSato et al., , 2009bSato et al., , 2010年 8 月には，東京大学の駒井和愛と早稲田大学の桜井清 彦らが 4 回にわたる発掘調査を行なった。駒井らによる 一連の調査では，文化遺物や動物遺存体に加えて，続縄 文期に比定される墳墓と人骨 4 体が発見されたが，正式 な報告書は出版されておらず，公表されている成果は断 片 的 で あ る( 駒 井，1952, 1959,1961,1973; 泉 ほ か， 1961; 桜井，1967a, b; 大坂・福田，2005) 。また，1952 年 7 月に函館東高等学校考古学部が，1980 年 9 ～ 10 月 に森町教育委員会が本遺跡の発掘調査を行なっている (千代・近藤， 1954; 千代ほか， 1981) 。1980 年の調査では， 出土土器の 95% を続縄文期前半の恵山式土器が占め， 次いで縄文時代晩期の土器が多く，ほかに続縄文後期初 頭の後北 C 1 式土器片と擦文期の須恵器片が各 1 点確認 された(石本，1981) 。数量は報告されていないものの， 駒井らによる一連の調査においても，縄文時代晩期末葉 から恵山式を経て続縄文後期初頭(後北 C 1 式)までの 土器，及び擦文期の土器片が採集されている(駒井， 1973; 大坂・福田，2005) 。 人骨の出土状況に関して，駒井らの第二次調査(1952 年 10 月 19 日～ 25 日；駒井，1954a)では，厚さ 2 メー トルの火山灰層下の黒土層内上部から 1 体の人骨が発見 された。1 号人骨と命名されたこの個体は，副葬品と思 われる恵山式の甕形土器の完形品 1 点，磨製石斧 6 点， 鉄製品の残片が付着した石斧未完成品 1 点， 石鏃 22 点 (桜 井，1967a) ，及び「暗緑色の小玉」 (駒井，1959)を伴っ て出土した。行政への報告書(駒井，1954a)には「頭 骨及び骨片が発見され」たと記されており，頭骨以外の 保存状態は不良であったらしいが， (おそらく墓壙のサ イズから)屈葬人骨と推定された(駒井，1973) 。続く 第三次調査(1953 年 10 月 15 日～ 21 日；駒井，1954b) では，火山灰層下の黒土層内上部で 2 体の合葬人骨が発 見された。2 号及び 3 号人骨と命名された両者は，頭を 北 側 に し て， 向 か い 合 っ て 屈 葬 さ れ て い た( 駒 井， 1973) 。これらの人骨には，実用に適さない軽石製の石 斧と石鏃数点が副葬されていた(桜井，1967b; 駒井， 1973) 。第四次調査(1958 年 8 月)では，墓壙のサイズ から屈葬と推定される人骨の一部が出土し，その傍らか らは打製石器 1 点，垂飾様石製品 2 点，琥珀製品 1 点， 把手にクマを象ったものを含む続縄文土器片が発見され た(駒井，1959) 。 1952・1953 年調査出土人骨は鑑定のために北大医学 部に移送された(小林ほか，1980) 。鑑定は伊藤昌一が 担当し，その結果は，駒井が出版を計画していた尾白内 貝 塚 の 報 告 書 に 掲 載 さ れ る 予 定 で あ っ た が( 駒 井， 1973) ，出版されておらず，伊藤の原稿の存在も確認で きていない。駒井(1973)によると，伊藤は，1 号を 20 歳から 40 歳の男性，2 号を 50 ～ 60 歳の男性，3 号を 50 歳前後の女性と推定したという。今日なお北大医学 部にはこれら 3 体の人骨が保管されている。2 号と 3 号 の 四 肢・ 体 幹 骨 は， 「 尾 白 内 貝 塚 昭 和 二 十 八 年 十 月 二十五日」と書かれた紙片とともに，一箱に混蔵されて いたため，主にサイズを基に分別した。以下，個体ごと に調査結果を記す。 尾白内 1：1952 年調査で発見された 1本研究は，北海道大学大学院医学研究院の「先史人類学 資料整理事業」による助成を受けて実現した。調査環境を 整えていただいた北海道大学の笠原正典名誉教授，故吉岡 充弘教授，畠山鎮次医学研究院長を始めとする関係者各位 に感謝申し上げる。また本研究は， 科研費基盤研究(A) (一 般 )21H04352， 新 学 術 領 域 研 究( 研 究 領 域 提 案 型 )16H06408 ...
Combined with archival and osteological researches and radiocarbon dating, this study reports the provenance and chronology of the human skeletal remains of about 40 individuals derived from 11 Jomon or Epi-Jomon prehistoric sites in South and Central Hokkaido. They were found by 1960s and once deposited in Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University School of Medicine. Update of information on age and sex for each individual is also a part of the present study. It confirmed that these skeletal remains were probably younger than previously documented. Although ¹⁴C date of human remains in this region show the marine reservoir effects through the marine resource consumption, a complicated oceanography around Hokkaido makes it difficult to estimate local reservoir ages (ΔR). Hence, we calculated two corrected ages for each specimen using local ΔR and another larger ΔR values, the latter of which was originated from East Sakhalin Current area from where seasonally migrated sea mammals travelled. The ranges of thus corrected ¹⁴C dates for the human remains were roughly consistent with but tended to be younger than those expected from the archaeological contexts or pottery chronology. Correction method for marine reservoir effects in human remains and pottery residues needs to be further discussed.
... Elsewhere in Hokkaido, the Epi-Jomon adopted horticultural practices from Honshu, leading them to be recognized archaeologically as a new culture, the more terrestrially Satsumon culture. In some combination, the Okhotsk and Satsumon gave rise to the Ainu, the Indigenous people of northern Hokkaido today, and-until the end of World War II-in southern Sakhalin, the Kurils and southern Kamchatka (Sato et al., 2009;Takase 2018). Building on trends pioneered by their predecessors, the Ainu became increasingly entangled in the East Asian commodities trade, as producers of wild products and active intermediaries in trade between the wealthy states of China and Manchuria on the one hand and Japan on the other (Hudson, 1999;Walker, 2001;Tezuka, 2009). ...
Using 14 proxy human population time series from around the North Pacific (Alaska, Hokkaido and the Kuril Islands), we evaluate the possibility that the North Pacific climate and marine ecosystem includes a millennial-scale regime shift cycle affecting subsistence and migration. We develop both visual and statistical methods for addressing questions about relative population growth and movement in the past. We introduce and explore the use of a Time Iterative Moran I (TIMI) spatial autocorrelation method to compare time series trends quantitatively-a method that could prove useful in other paleoecological analyses. Results reveal considerable population dynamism around the North Pacific in the last 5000 years and strengthen a previously reported inverse correlation between Northeast and Northwest Pacific proxy population indices. Visual and TIMI analyses suggest multiple, overlapping explanations for the variability, including the potential that oscillating ecological regime shifts affect the North Pacific basin. These results provide an opening for coordinated research to unpack the interrelated social, cultural and environmental dynamics around the subarctic and arctic North Pacific at different spatial and temporal scales by international teams of archaeologists, historians, paleoecologists, paleoceanographers, paleoclimatologists, modelers and data management specialists.
... However, their eastward migration necessitated a subsistence shift in response to changing winter sea ice conditions: the east Hokkaido Okhotsk did not keep pigs and relied heavily on marine mammals (Yamaura, 1998;Yamaura and Ushiro, 1999;Hudson, 2004;Tsutaya et al., 2014). After remaining distinct for centuries, the Okhotsk were replaced by/assimilated with Satsumon groups, who had Jomon ancestry, at the end of the 10th century AD in north Hokkaido and during the 12th century AD in east Hokkaido (Amano, 2003;Hudson, 2004;Sato et al., 2007Sato et al., , 2009Tsutaya et al., 2015). The site of Moyoro (Figure 1) is an east Hokkaido Okhotsk shell midden from which ~250 individuals were excavated between 1926 and 2011 (Kodama, 1948;Komai, 1964;Kiyono, 1969;Abashiri City Board of Education, 2014). ...
This paper discusses a probable case of pediatric mandibular osteomyelitis (OM) from the east Hokkaido Okhotsk (5th–13th century AD) site of Moyoro, Japan. The remains of a young child present an unusual mandibular lesion exhibiting two main features: (1) cortical thickening reflecting periosteal new bone formation, and (2) lytic alveolar destruction with associated antemortem tooth loss. The lesion was examined macroscopically, microscopically, and via computed tomography imaging. A differential diagnosis—considering lesion appearance, location, and the age of the child—is most consistent with OM, while alveolar and dental involvement suggest an odontogenic source such as an infected tooth germ. The infection appears to have been active at the time of death and chronic (i.e. of 4+ weeks) in duration, an interpretation supported by enamel hypoplastic evidence of physiological stress in the preceding 12–18 months. The lesion’s unique appearance highlights the diverse manifestation of OM, especially in the jaws and in the absence of modern therapeutic treatment. Despite being considered a relatively common condition among non-adult individuals in the past, surprisingly few cases of pediatric OM have been reported from archaeological contexts. This case, only the second documented on a mandible, contributes to the general paucity of paleopathological literature on OM.
... It remains an open question whether the Okhotsk were active intermediaries in a northern trade route between central Japan and Manchuria, but Okhotsk settlements on Okushiri Island (off southwest Hokkaido) and burials in Abashiri (in eastern Hokkaido), attest to such connections. Genetic and isotopic analyses of human remains indicate that the Okhotsk were not only connected to the Amur region through trade, but they may even have migrated between the Amur and Hokkaido at this time (Adachi et al., 2011;Sato et al., 2009Sato et al., , 2021. ...
Drawing together evidence and insights from other chapters in this volume, this final chapter examines the archaeological history of Maritime Northeast Asia from Japan and Korea to the Bering Strait, as it unfolded over the past 17,000 years. With coasts and islands lining the Northwest Pacific and three marginal seas, from the subtropical Ryukyu Islands to the arctic latitudes of the Bering strait, the Northwest Pacific represents an environmentally unique context for the development and subsequent ‘evolution’ of maritime adaptations. This uniqueness is shaped by the interaction of weather and ocean currents that fueled high but variably productive near-shore ecosystems. Through the Holocene, these ecosystems drew people into complex relationships with the submarine world. Those relationships changed through time, as they were mediated by innovations in maritime technologies and the maturation of systems of traditional knowledge, social networks, and emergent complex societies and economies. Geographically, the chapters in the volume transect the gradient from temperate to polar environments and they bring forward evidence of the history of maritime developments, adjustments, and sometimes abandonments. The settled coastal life and intensified maritime economies of the early to mid-Holocene “Maritime Neolithic” and the eventual incorporation of coastal people into larger scale, late Holocene political economies developed in and affected the temperate latitudes communities sooner and more completely than they did subarctic and arctic ones before the entire region was absorbed into the global ‘world system’ of recent centuries. Even so, the broad scale consideration of Northeast Asian maritime developments, in connection to trends in adjacent terrestrial regions, reminds us that even residents at the Bering Strait (and into Alaska) were influenced by—and played a part in—the expanding social, material, economic and political processes of greater Northeast Asia. Archaeologists need to pay greater attention to these larger contexts when trying to understand the culture histories of the regions involved. Exploration of the long-term archaeological histories of the Northeast Asian maritime zone is of vital interest to Northeast Asian cultural history, our understanding of the ‘evolution’ of complex maritime adaptations and interconnected social networks on the North Pacific Rim.
... Ancient DNA and morphological analyses indicate that the origins of the Okhotsk (400-1200 AD) was through immigrant fishers from the region around the lower Amur River and Sakhalin to the northeastern coast of Hokkaido (Hudson, 2004;Ishida, 1996;Sato et al., 2007Sato et al., , 2009Sato et al., , 2021. The Okhotsk culture is again characterized by a heavy reliance on marine food sources. ...
Stable isotope analysis is one of the most effective methods of reconstructing human fishing practices and changes in past marine ecosystems. The effectiveness of this method can be further improved when considering diachronic changes in stable isotope ratios of archaeological remains of several different fish species that exhibit different behavioral or ecological traits. In this study, diachronic changes in human fishing practices and marine ecosystems were investigated for Epi-Jomon (299–258 BC) and Okhotsk (489–1200 AD) periods in prehistoric Hokkaido, northern Japan, by utilizing the stable isotope analysis of archaeological fish bone collagen. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of 242 fish bone samples, representing 12 taxa, excavated from the site of Hamanaka 2 on Rebun Island revealed significantly lower (p < 0.05) nitrogen isotope ratios in cod from the Okhotsk period than the Epi-Jomon period. This difference could be related to the development of fishing gear and/or to changes in fishing strategies in the Okhotsk period, as well as to changes in the behavior of cod because of the rapid cooling climate event separating the two periods. Our results demonstrate that some aspects of past human fishing practices and marine ecosystem change can be reconstructed by considering diachronic changes in the stable isotope ratios of several fish species together.
... In addition, the results of mitochondrial DNA analysis support the morphological evidence. Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups Y1, G1b, and N9b, which were shared among the Lower Amur populations at high frequencies, were commonly detected from Okhotsk skeletal remains (Sato et al. 2009b), which suggests that the Okhotsk people originated in the Lower Amur region; however, because of a lack of comprehensive genome-wide data of the Okhotsk people, a final conclusion has yet to be reached. Therefore, the primary motivation behind this study was to understand the genetic origins of the Okhotsk people based on genome-wide data analyses. ...
... Based on archaeological evidence, the Okhotsk culture disappeared around the thirteenth century, the cause of which is also still unclear. In connection with this, the relationship between the Okhotsk and subsequent Ainu cultures has been investigated (Yamaguchi 1981;Utagawa 2002;Komesu et al. 2008;Sato et al. 2009b;Adachi et al. 2018). Archaeologists have considered that bear worship, which is a religious practice widely observed among the northern Eurasian ethnic groups, including the Ainu, Finns, Nivkh, and Sami, was also shared by the Okhotsk people. ...
... These findings have been interpreted as potential gene flow from Northeast Asia to northern Japan. Moreover, ancient mtDNA and cranial nonmetric variation studies have suggested close relationships between the Okhotsk people and the Lower Amur populations, as well as gene flow from the Lower Amur populations to the Ainu intermediated by the Okhotsk people (Komesu et al. 2008;Sato et al. 2009b;Adachi et al. 2018), which supports the archaeological hypothesis regarding the contribution of the Okhotsk people to the establishment of the Ainu culture. However, these studies are based on a small number of morphological or genetic markers and cannot provide a final conclusion on the genetic contribution of the Okhotsk people to the Ainu because such studies cannot statistically assess the population admixture. ...
Recent studies on paleogenomics have reported some Paleolithic and Neolithic genomes that have provided new insights into the human population history in East and Northeast Asia. However, there remain some cases where more recent migration events need to be examined to elucidate the detailed formation process of local populations. Although the area around northern Japan is one of the regions archaeologically suggested to have been affected by migration waves after the Neolithic period, the genetic source of these migrations are still unclear. Thus, genomic data from such past immigrant populations would be highly informative to clarify the detailed formation process of local populations in this region. Here, we report the genome sequence of a 900-year-old adult female (NAT002) belonging to the prehistoric Okhotsk people, who have been considered to be the past immigrants to northern Japan after the Neolithic period. We found a close relationship between NAT002 and modern Lower Amur populations and past admixture events between the Amur, Jomon, and Kamchatka ancestries. The admixture dating suggested migration of Amur-related ancestry at c. 1,600 BP, which is compatible with the archaeological evidence regarding the settlement of the Okhotsk people. Our results also imply migration of Kamchatka-related ancestry at c. 2,000 BP. In addition, Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing detected the HLA-B*40 allele, which is reported to increase the risk of arthritis, suggesting the genetic vulnerability of NAT002 to hyperostosis, which was observed around her chest clavicle.
... Recognized as a unique setting for exploring hunter-gatherer lifeways and human ecodynamics in Hokkaido, the Hamanaka 2 site has been subject to multiple interdisciplinary studies in the past ten years (Sato et al., 2009;Naito et al, 2010;Leipe et al., 2017;Lynch et al., 2018;Schmidt et al., 2019;Junno et al., 2020). The site features a stratified >3000-year occupation sequence extending from the Late Jomon to the Historical Ainu period, where a favorable burial environment has supported the preservation of organic materials (Hirasawa and Kato, 2019). ...
... Present at the site is also a shell midden-type sequence attributed to the maritime Okhotsk Culture, emerging in the region around 400-500 CE (Ono and Amano, 2008). The Okhotsk show a diverse cultural background traced to Sakhalin Island and the lower Amur region in Russia (Sato et al., 2009). The Okhotsk were engaged in long-distance trading activities, expanding out to the northern and eastern coasts of Hokkaido during a climate cooling period (Büntgen et al., 2016), and interacting with multiple native prehistoric groups over the course of the second half of the first millennium CE (Hudson, 2004;Ono, 2008). ...
Archaeological radiocarbon dating in coastal northern Hokkaido is challenged by the marine reservoir effect and the scarcity of materials with terrestrial carbon sources. This has contributed to gaps and general uncertainty in the timing of the region's culture-historical periods. The Late Holocene site of Hamanaka 2 on Rebun Island, featuring a stratified shell midden context with excellent preservation of organic remains, provides an ideal setting for addressing this issue. A Bayesian chronological model was deployed to study the timing of the site using a series of radiocarbon-dated macrobotanical samples. This resulted in narrowed-down estimated age-ranges in eight of thirteen phases examined, providing the site with a more accurate radiocarbon chronology than before. These temporal data were consequently integrated with local palaeoecological evidence, revealing synchrony between cultural chronology and human-induced landscape transformations. The study demonstrates that the technique should permit more efficient building of archaeological chronologies in similar maritime environments.
... This could be an influence of the Hokkaido Ainu who are likely to be direct descendants of the Jomon people. The ancestor of the Ainu people could have admixed with the Okhotsk people 57 who were genetically as well as morphologically close to Ulchi and Nivkh in the the Primorye region [58][59][60][61][62] . The second explanation is that the track of the earliest-wave was erased in the inland but left over in the coastal region. ...
Anatomically modern humans reached East Asia more than 40,000 years ago. However, key questions still remain unanswered with regard to the route(s) and the number of wave(s) in the dispersal into East Eurasia. Ancient genomes at the edge of the region may elucidate a more detailed picture of the peopling of East Eurasia. Here, we analyze the whole-genome sequence of a 2,500-year-old individual (IK002) from the main-island of Japan that is characterized with a typical Jomon culture. The phylogenetic analyses support multiple waves of migration, with IK002 forming a basal lineage to the East and Northeast Asian genomes examined, likely representing some of the earliest-wave migrants who went north from Southeast Asia to East Asia. Furthermore, IK002 shows strong genetic affinity with the indigenous Taiwan aborigines, which may support a coastal route of the Jomon-ancestry migration. This study highlights the power of ancient genomics to provide new insights into the complex history of human migration into East Eurasia. Takashi Gakuhari, Shigeki Nakagome et al. report the genomic analysis on a 2.5 kya individual from the ancient Jomon culture in present-day Japan. Phylogenetic analysis with comparison to other Eurasian sequences suggests early migration patterns in Asia and provides insight into the genetic affinities between peoples of the region.
... In Eastern Hokkaido, where this periodization is not applicable, the end of the Okhotsk is attributed to the culture's amalgamation with the Satsumon Culture and the subsequent formation of the Tobinitai Culture (for instance, see Hudson, 2004). Later, in Eastern Hokkaido the Tobinitai are replaced by the Ainu Cultures -seen as the genetic and cultural descendants of the Okhotsk and Satsumon people (Sato et al., 2009) -in the 13th century (Onishi, 2003;Amano, 2003). In Hokkaido, the Ainu would inhabit various ecological niches and practice a mixed economy (hunting, fishing and gathering, as well as animal husbandry (Sakaguchi, 2019). ...
Hamanaka 2 is a multi-phase coastal site in Rebun Island with a ~ 3000-year occupation sequence extending from the final-stage Jōmon and Okhotsk to the Ainu Culture period (1050 BCE-1850 CE). To examine long-term trends in food processing at the site, we collected 66 ceramic sherds across six distinct cultural layers from the Final Jōmon to the Late Okhotsk period for lipid residue analysis. Given the site's beachfront location in an open bay, with ready access to abundant maritime resources, we predicted that the pottery would consistently have been used to process aquatic resources throughout all cultural periods. Though aquatic lipids dominated across the site sequence, the history of pottery use at the site proved more complex. Evidence of plant processing was found in all cultural phases, and from the Epi-Jōmon/Late Final Jōmon transition onwards 30% of the vessels were being used to process mixed dishes that combined both marine and terrestrial resources. By the start of the Okhotsk phase, separate sets of resources were being processed in different pots, suggesting functional differentiation in the use of pottery, and the rise of new kinds of cuisine – including the processing of millet. We tentatively explain these results as a consequence of the growing incorporation of Rebun Island into wider regional trade and interaction networks, which brought new kinds of resources and different social dynamics to Northern Hokkaido in the Late Holocene.
... Siberian connections, particularly in Hokkaido, have also been a recurring theme of Jōmon-related genetic studies. Several of the mtDNA haplogroups prevalent in the Japanese and Jōmon but rare in mainland East Asians, especially G1b, can be found in southeastern Siberians, highlighting potential contacts along the coast in northern East Asia as well (Sato et al., 2009;Adachi et al., 2011). ...
Formally, the Farming/Language Dispersal hypothesis as applied to Japan relates to the introduction of agriculture and spread of the Japanese language (between ca. 500 BC-AD 800). We review current data from genetics, archaeology, and linguistics in relation to this hypothesis. However, evidence bases for these disciplines are drawn from different periods. Genetic data have primarily been sampled from present-day Japanese and prehistoric Jomon peoples (14,000-300 BC), preceding the introduction of rice agriculture. The best archaeological evidence for agriculture comes from western Japan during the Yayoi period (ca. 900 BC-AD 250), but little is known about northeastern Japan, which is a focal point here. And despite considerable hypothesizing about prehistoric language, the spread of historic languages/dialects through the islands is more accessible but difficult to relate to prehistory. Though the lack of Yayoi skeletal material available for DNA analysis greatly inhibits direct study of how the pre-agricultural Jomon peoples interacted with rice agriculturalists, our review of Jomon genetics sets the stage for further research into their relationships. Modern linguistic research plays an unexpected role in bringing Izumo (Shimane Prefecture) and the Japan Sea coast into consideration in the populating of northeastern Honshu by agriculturalists beyond the Kanto region.
