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Geographical location of the Appin & West Cliff Colliery at Southern Coalfield in Australia overlaid on ©Google Map. Longwall panels highlighted with blue colour were mining active between June 2007 and January 2011 while panels marked with yellow colour were mining active between July 2015 and June 2016.
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Advanced Time Series InSAR (ATS-InSAR) generally refers to those TS-InSAR methods with an external distributed scatterer selection module, e.g. SqueeSAR™, and GEOS-ATSA (Advanced Time-Series Analysis). It is being known as a very efficient tool for monitoring ground deformation over suburban or non-urban regions with great success. However, researc...
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The Ardabil plain, with an approximate area of 1097.2 km2 in northwestern Iran, has experienced land subsidence due to intensive groundwater withdrawal and long seasons of drought in recent years. Different techniques have been used to investigate and evaluate subsidence in this region including: Global Positioning Systems (GPS), Levelling, and Geo...
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... Moreover, there are some restrictions, such as the need for point-to-point measurements and their labor-intensive nature (Strozzi et al., 2017;Zhang et al., 2018;Mehrabi et al., 2019;Mehrabi et al., 2021). In the meantime, InSAR has rapidly developed in recent decades, which is considered one of the useful and accurate techniques for ground subsidence detection, landslide and glacier deformation monitoring, earthquake spatial-temporal distribution, flooding susceptibility, and earth observations (Qu et al., 2017;Du et al., 2018;Cao et al., 2019;Yellala et al., 2019). We make use of a Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) InSAR technique, which overcomes several shortcomings of the earlier InSAR techniques. ...
Environmental monitoring of mining regions using satellite imagery is crucial for sustainable exploitation and preventing geohazards. Movements due to the failure of the roof in underground coal mining, by migrating upwards and outwards from the seam being mined, could eventually appear as ground deformation. To investigate the matter further, the surface deformation that occurred over the Pabdana mining area was monitored in three time periods, between October 2, 2014, and July 27, 2019. Persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) was used based on 150 ascending and descending Sentinel-1A images. The maximum mining subsidence rate during the studied periods was about 30 to 35 mm/yr. The PSI analysis shows that the subsidence rate varied both temporally and spatially during the three studied periods. The time series and the displacement rate for various cross-sections highlight a clear quantitative relationship between coal extraction progress and subsidence, which proceeded southward throughout the three study periods. So, considering coal mining subsidence as a geohazard, land developments and structures over the mining area may be safeguarded. The approach used in this investigation can be implemented in other similar coal mining zones.
... However, abandoned goafs are still subject to illegal prospecting and random mining [11,12]. It is difficult to meet the stability evaluation requirements of the building (structure) foundation by acquiring detailed information about the abandoned gob area only based on mining information collected by several parties [13,14]. The use of reasonable and efficient detection methods to achieve accurate detection of the abandoned goaf location and overburden morphology is particularly important. ...
Subsidence deformation of abandoned goafs can induce cracking, distortion and even collapse of surface buildings (structures), and thus, subsidence deformation poses a great threat. Accurate detection of the abandoned goaf location and overburden morphology is an important prerequisite for stability evaluation and scientific management of surface buildings (structures), and effective detection methods are bottlenecks for accurate detection. Taking the abandoned goaf in the Tengzhou section of China’s Mu Shi expressway as an engineering example, step-by-step detection, traditional detection and combination methods are used to determine the location of the underlying abandoned goaf and overburden morphology. First, we conduct disaster investigation on the expressway and surface within the affected area of the abandoned goaf and initially determine the detection area. Then, according to the principle that the detection range can be examined step-by-step from large to small, the high-density resistivity method is used for detection, and the high-resolution seismic method is further selected to analyze the target area. Then, based on the results of the resistivity method, the position of the abandoned goaf is evaluated with the high-resolution seismic method, and the distributions of the overburden subsidence, the water-filled fractured zone and the caving zone (the three belts) are determined. Finally, boreholes are drilled deep into the bottom of the abandoned goaf at specific locations and the distributions of the abandoned goaf and three belts are verified and corrected with drilling data, acoustic detection and borehole TV imaging technology, thereby providing accurate data on abandoned goafs for highway stability evaluation.
... One of the challenges of PSI and SBAS is the reduction of pixel density due to the required high coherence of point scatterers (Du et al., 2018). Future studies to improve these time series techniques will enable a more accurate collection of EO data. ...
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) came into practical use as a geohazard monitoring tool in the 1990s. The uptake of this remote sensing technique however is geographically varying, and Australia has been one of many continents not fully utilizing the available InSAR data. As a result, limited knowledge exists on the application of InSAR data to obtain insights and benefits in geohazard risk monitoring and management. Due to the said limitation, this research carried out a concise technical background study and investigated a suite of case studies to demonstrate the potential for geohazard monitoring and assessment in Australia using InSAR. The differential InSAR workflow was applied to sites that experienced heaving and subsiding of the ground surface, mining, earthquake, landslides, and tunnelling in West Metro Melbourne (VIC), Musgrave (SA), Crinum mine (QLD), Pelham (TAS), Lake Muir (WA), and Sydney (NSW). The results of the Differential InSAR analysis resulted in acceptable ground movement and deformation estimates when compared with measured field data. Future opportunities related to new applications of the InSAR technique on geohazard reduction considering climate change contributions and probable coupling with artificial intelligence techniques were also discussed. This research has formed a conducive and scientific learning medium, which may encourage the growth of multidisciplinary research combining the fields of remote sensing and geotechnical engineering to investigate the impact of geohazards.
... Research on the small baseline subset (SBAS) interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technique is currently receiving significant global attention (Berardino et al., 2002;Corsetti et al., 2018). This technique is widely utilized in monitoring different types of surface deformation with a large-scale and long timeseries, such as mining areas, cities, and seismic fault zones (Du et al., 2018;Xing et al., 2018;Yan et al., 2012). Since initial development, the theory and data processing methods of SBAS InSAR have relatively matured. ...
This study investigated the role of the number of differentialinterferograms and coherent threshold values on the accuracy of SBAS InSAR (small baseline subset interferometric synthetic aperture radar) results for specific applications in Jiyang Coal. Fifty-eight imageswere utilized to form fourdifferential interferogram timeseries with different numbers of interferograms and coherence thresholds. The four SBAS InSAR-monitored results, mining information of 15 working faces, and levelling-monitored results of 260 levelling points werecompared.The greater number of differential interferograms and lower coherent threshold values could better reflect the spatial distribution and variation trend of mining subsidence and demonstrate the advantages of SBAS InSAR. However, an excessive number of differential interferograms and excessively low coherent threshold values would increase the data processingdifficulty and the differences between SBAS InSAR- and levelling-monitoredresults. Location, spatial distributionandscopeofSBAS InSAR-monitored mining subsidence were consistent with the mining progress of the working faces.The accuracy ofSBASInSAR-monitored subsidence values followed a certain spatio-temporal variation law. The variation trend of absolute differences between SBAS InSAR-and levelling-monitored subsidence values was similar to the shape of the levelling-monitoredsubsidence basin, which was helpful to study the correction method of SBAS InSAR-monitored results.
... Land subsidence is a common geological disaster with the characteristics of slow formation and wide impact [1], [2]. Permanent scatterer (PS) interferometry and small baseline subset (SBAS) interferometry are time-series InSAR techniques that has a wide application in land subsidence monitoring [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Furthermore, Zhang et al. [19][20][21][22] combined the advantages of PS and SBAS InSAR, and presented a new method named Multiple-master Coherent Target Small-Baseline InSAR (MCTSB-InSAR), which is a useful tool for measuring ground displacement. ...
Time-series SAR interferometry, which combines permanent scatterers (PSs) and distributed scatterers (DSs), has been strongly developed in recent years. Unlike PS, DS corresponds to a natural target whose neighboring pixels share similar reflectivity values. The selection of DS is relevant to the goodness-of-fit value, the estimation of which is based on all possible combined interferometric phases and fails to avoid the adverse effect of low-quality phases. This paper used eigen-decomposition of coherence matrix that constructed based on the identified homogeneous pixels to perform phase optimization, and then only the interferometric phases with low noise and clear fringes are utilized to measure the goodness-of-fit. 30 Sentinel-1A images were applied to test the improved method of land subsidence monitoring in Beijing, China. The deformation results of different methods were cross verified and the area statistics of the study area were carried out. The results show that the maximum subsidence monitored by the improved method is located in Jinzhan Town with a maximum rate of -109 mm/yr. This improved method extracts more measurement points with accuracy ensured, which is proved to be an effective way to provide the high spatial density of deformation measurements. The land subsidence in this area is mainly caused by the excessive exploitation of groundwater resources. This research provides support for the prevention and control work of relevant departments.
... In the 1960s, interferometry synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technique achieved rapid development. This technique has been widely used in mine subsidence [12], volcano monitoring [13], landslide monitoring [14], earthquake [15], dam [16], and other aspects by virtue of its all-day, all-weather, and wide coverage. With the development of InSAR technique, differential interferometry synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) technique was introduced. ...
Abnormal surface subsidence has become a widespread geological problem being faced by cities. As a first-tier city in the world, there are problems such as unclear analysis of subsidence mechanism. Therefore, the monitoring of the Shanghai surface is particularly important. In this paper, the Sentinel-1A satellite SAR image data of 36 scenes covering Shanghai area from January 2018 to March 2020 were processed on the basis of time-series interferometry synthetic aperture radar technique. The subsidence rate field and accumulated surface subsidence in Shanghai area during the study period were obtained, and the spatial–temporal distribution characteristics of subsidence in the study area were discussed and analyzed from many different aspects. Moreover, the correlation between regional subsidence and geological structure, precipitation, urbanization, and other influencing factors were analyzed and established. Results show that the non-uniform subsidence in Shanghai area is clear, and those of the districts of eastern Songjiang, southern Jinshan, and Fengxian are more serious with a maximum subsidence rate of -26.2 mm/yr. After analyzing the causes of subsidence, the special foundation of soft soil in Shanghai area is determined as the main reason for the subsidence, and the uneven subsidence is mainly caused by the over-exploitation of groundwater, human activities, and the subsidence of soil layer. Through comparative analysis, factors, such as rainfall, groundwater, and urbanization process, have high correlation with surface subsidence.
... Multi-temporal InSAR (MT-InSAR), such as persistent scatter interferometry (PSI) (Ferretti et al., 2000(Ferretti et al., , 2001Hooper et al., 2007;Kampes, 2006) and a small baseline subset (SBAS) algorithm (Berardino et al., 2002;Hooper, 2008;Mora et al., 2003), is introduced to overcome these limitations by utilizing the pixels that contain coherent information in time-series co-registered SAR images. In recent years, MT-InSAR plays an important role in mapping ground deformation with high precision and spatial resolution over a large area (Vervoort, 2016;Du et al., 2018;Haghighi et al., 2019;Miller and Shirzaei, 2019;Motagh et al., 2017;Zhang et al, 2019). ...
The Heze section of Rizhao–Lankao high-speed railway (RLHR-HZ) has been under construction since 2018 and will be in operation by the end of 2021. However, there is a concern that land subsidence in the Heze region may affect the regular operation of RLHR-HZ. In this study, we investigate the
contemporary ground deformation in the region between 2015 and 2019 by using more than 350 C-band interferograms constructed from two tracks of Sentinel-1 data over the region. The small baseline subset (SBAS) technique is adopted to compile the time-series displacement. We find that the RLHR-HZ runs through two main subsidence areas: one is located east of the Heze region with rates ranging from −4 to −1 cm yr−1, and another one is located in the coalfield with rates ranging from −8 to −2 cm yr−1. A total length of 35 km of RLHR-HZ is
affected by the two subsidence basins. Considering the previous investigation and the monthly precipitation, we infer that the subsidence bowl east of the Heze region is due to massive extraction of deep groundwater. Close inspections of the relative locations between the second subsidence area and the underground mining reveals that the subsidence there is probably caused by the groundwater outflow and fault instability due to mining, rather than being directly caused by mining. The InSAR-derived ground subsidence implies that it is necessary to continue monitoring the ground deformation along RLHR-HZ.
... Focusing on satellite interferometry (InSAR), mining-induced subsidence is one of the common fields of application of this technique. Some of the most recent works have been presented by various authors, as [28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. InSAR can also provide useful information for sinkholes detection and monitoring, as demonstrated in the case of the Wink sinkholes in Texas (USA, [35]), along the Dead Sea shorelines in Israel and Jordan [36] or in the Ebro Valley (Spain, [37]). ...
Underground mining is one of the human activities with the highest impact in terms of induced ground motion. The excavation of the mining levels creates pillars, rooms and cavities that can evolve in chimney collapses and sinkholes. This is a major threat where the mining activity is carried out in an urban context. Thus, there is a clear need for tools and instruments able to precisely quantify mining-induced deformation. Topographic measurements certainly offer very high spatial accuracy and temporal repeatability, but they lack in spatial distribution of measurement points. In the past decades, Multi-Temporal Satellite Interferometry (MTInSAR) has become one of the most reliable techniques for monitoring ground motion, including mining-induced deformation. Although with well-known limitations when high deformation rates and frequently changing land surfaces are involved, MTInSAR has been exploited to evaluate the surface motion in several mining area worldwide. In this paper, a detailed scale MTInSAR approach was designed to characterize ground deformation in the salt solution mining area of Saline di Volterra (Tuscany Region, central Italy). This mining activity has a relevant environmental impact, depleting the water resource and inducing ground motion; sinkholes are a common consequence. The MTInSAR processing approach is based on the direct integration of interferograms derived from Sentinel-1 images and on the phase splitting between low (LF) and high (HF) frequency components. Phase unwrapping is performed for the LF and HF components on a set of points selected through a "triplets closure" method. The final deformation map is derived by combining again the components to avoid error accumulation and by applying a classical atmospheric phase filtering to remove the remaining low frequency signal. The results obtained reveal the presence of several subsidence bowls, sometimes corresponding to sinkholes formed in the recent past. Very high deformation rates, up to −250 mm/yr, and time series with clear trend changes are registered. In addition, the spatial and temporal distribution of velocities and time series is analyzed, with a focus on the correlation with sinkhole occurrence.
... Research on the small baseline subset (SBAS) interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technique is currently receiving significant attention both domestically and abroad (Berardino et al. 2002;Corsetti et al. 2018). This technique is widely used in monitoring different types of surface deformation with large-scale and long-time series, such as in mining areas, cities, and seismic fault zones (Xing et al. 2018;Du et al. 2018). The key data processing steps for the SBAS InSAR technique include the selection and generation of the multi-temporal differential interferogram series, extraction of highly coherent pixels, phase unwrapping, and the establishment and solution of deformation models. ...
For the small baseline subset (SBAS) interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technique, the construction and subsequent robust solution of a deformation model is a key factor in obtaining monitored surface deformation results with high precision and high reliability. Here, the performance of the least squares (LS) and singular value decomposition (SVD) methods for the robust solution of SBAS InSAR deformation models are compared via tests with simulation and real SAR data. The LS method is used to solve the SBAS InSAR deformation models of 62 and 48 multi-temporal differential interferogram series; the SVD method is used to solve the SBAS InSAR deformation models of 60, 41, 58 and 53 multi-temporal differential interferogram series; the solved deformation results of the six series by the LS and SVD methods are compared and verified with the simulated deformation values and global positioning system (GPS) measurements. The results indicate that there is a moderate ill-posed degree in solving the SBAS InSAR deformation model by the LS method. The LS method can correctly retrieve the deformation information without considering any errors; however, in the case of serious random error, the deformation information acquired through the LS method is different from that of the simulation and is affected by the error of the multi-temporal differential interferometric phase series. The LS-solved results of real SAR datasets of two series are consistent, but are not in good agreement with the results of five GPS measurements. When the number of subsets is two, all types of deformation information solved by the SVD method follow the same rules as the results solved by the LS method. However, when the number of subsets increases to three and four, the stability of the SVD method becomes very poor; the SVD method can then only correctly solve the distribution of deformation in the study area, and the other solved deformation information, such as deformation velocity, is no longer credible.
... Differential InSAR has been widely used to monitor land subsidence in mining areas around the world, including Shenmu (Chengsheng et al. 2010) and Huainan (Dong et al. 2013) in China; Silesia Mirek 2012;Przyłucka et al. 2015) in Poland; New South Wales in Australia; and the Franco-German border (Samsonov et al. 2013). A series of improved InSAR algorithms have been applied to monitor mining subsidence, including TS-SAR , ATS-SAR (Du et al. 2018), SBAS (Grzovic and Ghulam 2015), PS-SAR (Wegmuller et al. 2010), SqueeSAR (Ishwar and Kumar 2017), and interferogram stacking . Although the problem of monitoring three-dimensional movement has largely been solved, the monitoring range for settlement remains small. ...
As one of the largest coal-rich provinces in China, Shanxi has extensive underground coal-mining operations. These operations have caused numerous ground cracks and substantial environmental damage. To study the main geological and mining factors influencing mining-related ground cracks in Shanxi, a detailed investigation was conducted on 13 mining-induced surface cracks in Shanxi. Based on the results, the degrees of damage at the study sites were empirically classified into serious, moderate, and minor, and the influential geological and mining factors (e.g., proportions of loess and sandstone in the mining depth, ratio of rock thickness to mining thickness, and ground slope) were discussed. According to the analysis results, three factors (proportion of loess, ratio of rock thickness to mining thickness, and ground slope) play a decisive role in ground cracks and can be respectively considered as the critical material, mechanical, and geometric conditions for the occurrence of mining surface disasters. Together, these three factors have a strong influence on the occurrence of serious discontinuous ground deformation. The results can be applied to help prevent and control ground damage caused by coal mining. The findings also provide a direct reference for predicting and eliminating hidden ground hazards in mining areas.
