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Geographical variation in morphological traits may reflect evolutionary patterns of morphological adaptability along environmental gradients. Comprehensive information on longitudinal patterns of morphological trait variation is very meaningful to explore morphological diversity and evolutionary trends in widespread bermudagrass.
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... August 2016, a total of 260 wild bermudagrass individuals were sampled as representatives of 13 populations growing in regions at different longitudes from 119°E to 105°E along latitude 34°N in southern China (Table 1). Meteorological data, including the mean average rainfall (MAR) and the mean average temperatures (MAT) over thirty years were recorded for the 13 sampled regions (Table 1). ...Context 2
... August 2016, a total of 260 wild bermudagrass individuals were sampled as representatives of 13 populations growing in regions at different longitudes from 119°E to 105°E along latitude 34°N in southern China (Table 1). Meteorological data, including the mean average rainfall (MAR) and the mean average temperatures (MAT) over thirty years were recorded for the 13 sampled regions (Table 1). ...Citations
... Similarly, a previous study in the Netherlands showed that the wild carrot has produced approximately 54 % higher number of leaves compared with cultivated carrots at the 15-week juvenile stage [29]. Genetic variation is one of the influencing factors in the difference in leaf count in between wild and cultivated carrots [60]. Furthermore, these findings support the statement made by [61]; who noted that different varieties of the same species could produce varying leaf counts. ...
... These results are partially in agreement with those obtained by Wang et al. (2020) who, based on cluster analysis, divided the 13 sampled populations into three groups when evaluating the morphological variation of Cynodon dactylon species and its relationship with the environment. The main characteristics that presented sources of diversity from the principal component analysis in the morphological variables evaluated in the study populations were the length of the erect shoot leaf, the width of the erect shoot leaf, and the lengths of the erect shoot internodes and the stolon, as determined by the principal component analysis carried out by these authors. ...
The genus Swietenia includes two mahogany species, Swietenia macrophylla (King.), commonly known as Honduran mahogany, and Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq, commonly known as Cuban mahogany. There are reports of morphologically intermediate forms between Cuban and Honduran mahogany that have been localized in some Caribbean islands. The main objective of this research is to distinguish morphologically intermediate forms between the parental species S. mahagoni and S. macrophylla based on leaf morphological characters. Phenotypic data from a total of 357 mahogany trees were collected in the province of Sancti Spiritus, Cuba. Rachis length, petiole length, leaflet length, leaflet width, number of leaflets and number of nerves were evaluated. Morphological descriptor analysis revealed significant differences in the morphometric variables of the evaluated leaves, with rachis length, number of leaflets, leaflet length, petiole length, leaflet width, and number of nerves being significantly higher in S. macrophylla than in S. mahagoni. ANOVA reflected the variance between all leaf morphological parameters evaluated between the two pure species with statistically significant difference. Using the function obtained in the first DC of the two species, the individuals in the mixed stands were classified into 71 morphologically intermediate forms, 45 S. macrophylla and 64 S. mahagoni. In the second DC with the two species and the morphologically intermediate forms, Wilks’ partial lambda indicates that the variable "leaflet length" with 0.67 contributed most to the overall discrimination.
... For three years, the experimental plot (0.5 ha) was maintained under conditions of minimal soil tillage, without pruning or plantation management, as well as without applications of chemical or biological products. Crop morphological traits under field conditions were measured quantitatively with a caliper to measure main stem thickness (basal and apical) and plant height and to determine the intercrop variability, similar to that described in other works [29,30]. The presence or absence of pests and disease symptoms was assessed qualitatively in the clones under natural conditions. ...
Plants’ genetic improvement continues to be crucial for modern agriculture, while biotechnology can offer efficient tools that enhance the selection and recommendation processes of elite clones. This work established a suitable methodology for the regeneration of blueberry (Vaccinium corymbsum) plants in cultures with colchicine. This could be considered a basis for producing populations for the selection of clones following a genetic improvement program assisted by biotechnology. The factors studied were: (a) explant type (leaf discs; nodal segments); (b) colchicine concentration (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/L); and (c) time of exposure to colchicine (1, 2, 3, 5, and 30 days). The basal medium McCown’s Woody Plant (WP) supplemented with 2 mg/L 2iP and 1 mg/L BAP was used with the commercial genotype Duke as a model. A total of 1957 blueberry clones were produced in a medium with 1 mg/L colchicine, distributed at different exposure times. Flow cytometry analyses revealed the following patterns: single patterns for random samples of control plants (Duke donor) and some clones regenerated on colchicine; double patterns for chlorotic plants regenerated on colchicine. Triple and quadruple patterns were observed in callus tissues that did not regenerate plants on colchicine. Populations of plants regenerated in colchicine (6787) and control plants regenerated in in vitro culture without colchicine were adapted under greenhouse conditions. The variables evaluated at this stage were adaptability, height, diameter, number of leaves, incidence of diseases, flowering capacity, and agrobotanical traits. Selected clones demonstrating phenotypic variability (157 clones) were transplanted to field conditions. From the clonal field trial conducted under minimum tillage conditions, 38 clones were selected for improved traits related to the agricultural yield and nutritional quality of the fruits. Of these, six clones showed the highest agronomic performance and adaptability to adverse environmental conditions compared to the Duke donor genotype. It is recommended that these clones continue genotype × environment interaction trials at different locations.
... This indicates the influence of bioclimatic variables on the variability of discriminative morphological traits of U. chamae between phytodistricts and biogeographical zones. However, soil properties (nutrient content, soil type) and topography also vary along the climatic gradient in Benin (Adomou et al. 2006) and could be potential sources of phenotypic diversity (Wang et al. 2020). Therefore, the influence of these factors on the variability of shrub morphological traits, leaves, fruits, and seeds of U. chamae could be non-negligible. ...
... It should also be noted that soil type plays a primary role in bush banana shrub growth and fruit weight. Several previous research has reported the significance of climatic conditions on the morphological traits of other plant species such as A. africana (Houehanou et al. 2019) and Cynodon dactylon (Wang et al. 2020). Variability of the morphological traits of U. chamae under the effect of climatic factors translates into its phenotypic plasticity and adaptive capacity to environmental stresses (Pigliucci et al. 2006). ...
Uvaria chamae is an edible wild fruit of great importance as a resource in West Africa. However, it is threatened in its natural habitats in Benin, and no specific measures are currently implemented to ensure its sustainable management. To provide information needed for developing such measures, this study (i) described the morphological variability of U. chamae; (ii) assessed the influence of environmental variables on these morphological traits; and (iii) characterized its morphological types along the environmental gradients in Benin. Data on morphological traits were collected on shrubs, leaves, fruits, and seeds of 210 individuals from seven phytodistricts of the Guineo-Congolian and Sudano-Guinean biogeographical zones of Benin where this species occurs. Descriptive statistics, linear mixed effect model, redundancy analysis, principal components analysis, and hierarchical clustering were used to describe the morphological variability of U. chamae and its environmental determinants. Results showed that morphological traits varied significantly at the 25% threshold across biogeographical zones phytodistricts. Localities within phytodistricts (29–98%) followed by biogeographical zone (0.8–65%) were the greatest source of variability for most of the morphological traits. Environmental variables namely isothermality, mean temperature of warmest quarter, precipitation of wettest month, rainfall of driest quarter, and land cover together explained 52.20% of the variation in U. chamae morphological traits. Hierarchical clustering suggested three morphological types. Morphotype 1, found in the Guineo-Congolian zone, mainly in Plateau and Oueme Valley, had the highest values of most traits (interesting for domestication). Morphotype 2, also from the Guineo-Congolian zone, especially in Coastal and Pobe phytodistricts (urban areas), had low values for most traits. Morphotype 3, which presents intermediate characteristics of the morphological traits, was found in the Sudano-Guinean zone (Bassila, Zou, and South Borgou phytodistricts). Therefore, morphotype 1, which had the highest values recorded in morphological traits, could be considered in breeding programs for the domestication of the bush banana but other morphotypes need to be conserved.
... However, the variation degree was substantial for biomass components. We may infer that climate and environmental variables play an essential role in D. innoxia's phenotypic plasticity, which confers a considerable capacity to adjust to ecological challenges [50][51][52]. The detected hierarchical inconsistency of trait variations may reflect intraspecific genetic variation, as has been shown by Ref. [53]. ...
Plant functional traits are consistently linked with certain ecological factors (i.e., abiotic and biotic), determining which components of a plant species pool are assembled into local communities. In this sense, non-native naturalized plants show more plasticity of morphological traits by adopting new habitat (an ecological niche) of the invaded habitats. This study focuses on the biomass allocation pattern and consistent traits-environment linkages of a naturalized Datura innoxia plant population along the elevation gradient in NW, Pakistan. We sampled 120 plots of the downy thorn apple distributed in 12 vegetation stands with 18 morphological and functional biomass traits during the flowering season and were analyzed along the three elevation zones having altitude ranges from 634.85 m to 1405.3 m from sear level designated as Group I to III identified by Ward's agglomerative clustering strategy (WACS). Our results show that many morphological traits and biomass allocation in different parts varied significantly (p < 0.05) in the pair-wise comparisons along the elevation. Likewise, all plant traits decreased from lower (drought stress) to high elevation zones (moist zones), suggesting progressive adaptation of Datura innoxia with the natural vegetation in NW Pakistan. Similarly, the soil variable also corresponds with the trait's variation e.g., significant variations (P < 0.05) of soil organic matter, organic carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus was recorded. The trait-environment linkages were exposed by redundancy analysis (RDA) that was co-drive by topographic (elevation, r = −0.4897), edaphic (sand, r = -0.4565 and silt, r = 0.5855) and climatic factors. Nevertheless, the influences of climatic factors were stronger than soil variables that were strongly linked with elevation gradient. The study concludes that D. innoxia has adopted the prevailing environmental and climatic conditions, and further investigation is required to evaluate the effects of these factors on their phytochemical and medicinal value.
... Similar investigation was also observed on C. nobilis Lour 42 , Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 43 , C. reticulate Blanco 44 , which highlighted the differences in morphological traits across different populations. Interestingly, in the Upper Assam districts, excluding Golaghat, Assam lemon trees exhibit a flowering pattern wherein the prevalence of bisexual flowers surpasses that of unisexual flowers. ...
The Assam lemon is a highly valued Citrus cultivar known for its unique aroma, flavor, and appearance. This study aimed to investigate the morphological, seeding pattern and biochemical variations within 132 populations of Assam lemon from across 22 districts of Assam along with the control samples, with the objective to offer comprehensive understanding that could facilitate the improvement of breeding programs and further improvement of this important cultivar. Clustering based on UPGMA algorithm for morphological and seeding pattern data were analysed at population level, revealed two major clusters, where all the populations of Upper Assam districts were in the same cluster with the original stock (control population). The populations from Tinsukia and Dhemaji districts displayed more close similarities with the control population in comparison to populations of Upper Assam districts. Another interesting observation was regarding flowering patterns, while populations from Upper Assam districts excluding Golaghat district displayed both bisexual and unisexual flowers with less concentration of unisexual flowers, other remaining districts had bisexual and unisexual flowers of almost equal concentration. Unisexual flowers contained only the male reproductive organs with 40 anthers, while bisexual flowers had 36 anthers. Seeding patterns were examined across the districts, and it was found that populations from Tinsukia, Dhemaji, Lakhimpur, Dibrugarh, Jorhat, and the control population exhibited seedless characteristic while populations from other selected districts displayed a combination of seedless and seeded traits. Interestingly, Golaghat district appears as the linking district and showed availability of both seeded and seedless Assam lemon fruit, connecting the regions of Barak valley, Central, Lower, North and Upper Assam. Biochemical analysis showed significant variations across districts, however, the populations from Dhemaji, Tinsukia, Lakhimpur, Dibrugarh, and Jorhat districts displayed similarity with the control population. The study also investigated variability in soil nutrient content revealing substantial variation among the populations studied. This comprehensive investigation provides valuable insights into the morphological, seeding pattern, and biochemical diversity within the Assam lemon cultivar. These findings can be instrumental in breeding programs to enhance the cultivar, particularly in producing high-quality seedless fruits to meet consumer demands.
... Plants aged 6 months and older demonstrated the most significant action. [6] Roots Small, hair-like roots sprout from the main roots, which are fibrous, cylindrical, and up to 4 mm thick. [7] Uses Diarrhea, bronchitis, calculus, hemorrhage, urogenital problems, cough, headache, sores, cancer, and other conditions are treated with Cynodondactylon.Carbuncles, convulsions, cramps, cystitis, diarrhea, epilepsy, hemorrhoids, leucoderma, hypertension, asthma, snakebite, stones, tumors, wounds, poor vision, and Dandruff. ...
The plant Cynodondactylon, Family (Gramineae/ Poaceae) is widely utilized in clinical treatment, However there have been reports of number of different pharmacological action. It is a perennial herb that grows in several locations of India. It is known by various names in Indian languages, including Durva (Marathi), Durba (Bengali), Dhro (Gujarati), Garichgaddi (Telugu), Arukampillu (Tamil), and Shataparva (Sanskrit). It is pretty well - known plant that is practically universally accessible. The plant Cynodondactylon is utilized in ethnomedical practices to treat variety of ailments and has pharmacological effect. The plant has a high content of many types of metabolites, including minerals, proteins, carbs, β-sitosterol, alkaloids, tri-terpenoides, glycosides, steroids, tannins, saponins, resins, phytosterols, reducing sugars, and fixed and volatile oils. The plant exhibits a wide range of biological activities, including functions related to wound healing, the central nervous system, the heart, the blood vessels, the gastrointestinal tract, immunity, antioxidants, immunology, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, anticancer, diuretic, protective, antimicrobial, and antiparasitic qualities. The plant has been long used in the traditional medicines to treat various ailments such as anasarca, cancer, convulsion, cough, cramps, diarrhea, dropsy, dysentery, epilepsy, headache, hemorrhage, hypertension, hysteria, rubella, snakebite, sores, stones, tumors, warts and wounds. The many pharmacological activities and therapeutic qualities of Cynodondactylon are represented in the current review.
... Morphological and biochemical analysis, however, do not consistently depict the true genetic relationship among the genotypes due to their low abundance, environmental impact, and inter-genic interactions, and insufficient genome sampling (Wang et al.., 2020). Since the 1980s, a variety of crop species, including maize, have been effectively characterized using DNA-based molecular markers (Rakshit et al., 2011). ...
Maize genetic diversity is utmost to develop new varieties conferred with favorable agronomic traits. Landraces are priceless resources that can serve to strengthen crop breeding programs. Hence, this study aimed to characterize 19 Sri Lankan maize landraces and one elite commercial variety Bhadra using SSR markers linked with insect-resistant traits. Using established procedures, genomic DNA extraction was done from immature maize leaves and PCR was performed utilizing bnlg1017, bnlg339, umc1021, umc1187, bnlg1346, bnlg1588, bnlg1556, umc1178, nc134, umc1688 and umc1045 primers. GenAlex and DARwin software were used for the data analysis. According to the results, a sum of 77 alleles was amplified with the maximum number of observed (13) and effective (11.28) alleles for bnlg1588. The highest gene diversity and PIC values were recorded in bnlg1588 (0.911 and 0.904 respectively), while the lowest was in umc1045 (0.640 and 0.581 respectively). Out of the total SSR primers used, bnlg1588, bnlg339, bnlg1346, and bnlg1017 linked with FAW-resistant traits were found to be more informative based on their genetic diversity parameters. The accessions SEU7, SEU11, SEU16, and SEU20 showed more genetic diversity compared to Bhadra, whereas SEU17 showed the lowest diversity. The dendrogram divided the 20 maize accessions into two main clusters with the mean similarity of 0.752. Similarly, the principle coordinate analysis explained 40.63 % of the genetic variation and grouped the maize accessions into two. Considering the genetic diversity parameters, the accessions SEU6 and SEU7 from cluster I and SEU9, SEU11, SEU16, and SEU20 from cluster II could be utilized for strategic maize breeding programs in Sri Lanka.
... A lot of genetic analysis methods, such as microsatellite analysis and genotyping-by-sequencing, have been used to investigate the genetic variation and phylogeography of Bermuda grass in a biogeographical context [33][34][35]. Different environmental conditions including climate, geologic substrate, and soils along longitudinal and latitudinal gradients could create diversity among different populations [36][37][38][39]. Some studies have been conducted to link spectral data to taxonomic hierarchies of plant species, but fewer attempts have been made to study phylogenetic relationships among populations and the association between environment and the spectroscopy. ...
Genetic variation among populations within plant species can have huge impact on canopy biochemistry and structure across broad spatial scales. Since canopy spectral reflectance is determined largely by canopy biochemistry and structure, spectral reflectance can be used as a means to capture the variability of th genetic characteristics of plant species. In this study, we used spectral measurements of Bermuda grass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] at both the leaf and canopy levels to characterize the variability of plant traits pertinent to phylogeographic variation along the longitudinal and latitudinal gradients. An integration of airborne multispectral and hyperspectral data allows for the exploitation of spectral variations to discriminate between the five different genotypic groups using ANOVA and RF models. We evaluated the spectral variability among high-latitude genotypic groups and other groups along the latitudinal gradients and assessed spectral variability along longitudinal gradients. Spectral difference was observed between genetic groups from the northern regions and those from other regions along the latitudinal gradient, which indicated the usefulness of spectral signatures for discriminating between genetic groups. The canopy spectral reflectance was better suited to discriminate between genotypes of Bermuda grass across multiple scales than leaf spectral data, as assessed using random forest models. The use of spectral reflectance, derived from remote sensing, for studying genetic variability across landscapes is becoming an emerging research topic, with the potential to monitor and forecast phenology, evolution and biodiversity.
... Similarly, RW was significantly correlated with RT, FW, FL and FD. Wang et al (2020) and Ji et al. (2016) reported that the variation in phenotypic character was largely influenced by local environmental characters. The variation caused by climatic variation may led to adaptive evolution and phenotypic plasticity among the species (Aitken et al 2008, Hoffmann and Sgro 2011, Alberto et al 2013, Franks et al 2014. ...
Garcinia indica is an important indigenous tree, which grows in tropical and evergreen forests of India and has a tremendous potential to be utilised in various value-added applications. The present study aims at understanding the variation in fruit and seed characters among 16 populations in Western ghats region of Karnataka. The large variation exists in economically important characters such as seed weight, fruit weight and rind weight and a significant variation was observed in morphological characters of different populations. The samples collected from Gundya region shown highest fruit and seed traits except in rind weight and rind thickness which was high in the fruit samples collected from Belthangady. A strong dependence of morphological characters on geoclimatic factors was revealed in correlation studies. The cluster analysis carried indicated that these16 population divided into two major groups based on the different morphological characters studied. The results concluded that showed a high level of phenotypic plasticity and these results can be used as a foundation for G. indica selective breeding.
