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In this contribution, the conservation status assessment of four vascular plants according to IUCN categories and criteria are presented. It includes the assessment of Epipactis maricae (Croce, Bongiorni, De Vivo & Fori) Presser & S.Hertel at global level, and the regional assessment of Cerinthe retorta Sm. (Italy), Platanthera kuenkelei H.Baumann...
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Citations
... Of great interest was the discovery of new populations of two rare native species: Astragalus penduliflorus (in Lazio) and Cerinthe retorta (in Puglia). As for the latter species, it previously received the conservation status EN (i.e., endangered) in the IUCN Red List of the Italian Flora [168][169][170] and new site discovered by us in the Gravina di Laterza does not lead to a change of the IUCN category. Additionally, noteworthy was the discovery of a new population for the Monti Aurunci (Lazio) of the Italian endemic Drymochloa drymeja subsp. ...
The tradition of floristic studies in Italy has made it possible to obtain a good knowledge of plant diversity both on a national and regional scale. However, the lack of knowledge for some areas, advances in plant systematics and human activities related to globalization, highlight the need for further studies aimed at improving floristic knowledge. In this paper, based on fieldwork and herbaria and literature surveys, we update the knowledge on the Italian vascular flora and analyze the floristic similarities between the administrative regions. Four taxa, all exotic, were recorded for the first time in Italy and Europe. In detail, Elaeodendron croceum, Kalanchoë blossfeldiana, and Sedum spathulifolium var. spathulifolium were found as casual aliens, while Oxalis brasiliensis was reported as historical record based on some herbarium specimens. Furthermore, Kalanchoë laxiflora was confirmed as a casual alien species for Italy and Europe. Status changes for some taxa were proposed at both national and regional levels, as well as many taxa were reported as new or confirmed at the regional level. Currently the Italian vascular flora comprises 9150 taxa of which 7547 are native (of which 1598 are Italian endemics) and 1603 are exotic at the national level. The multivariate analysis of updated floristic data on a regional scale showed a clear distribution along the latitudinal gradient, in accordance with the natural geographical location of the regions in Italy. This pattern of plants distribution was not affected by the introduction of alien species. Despite some taxonomic and methodological issues which are still open, the data obtained confirm the important role of floristic investigations in the field and in herbaria, as well as the collaborative approach among botanists, in order to improve the knowledge of the Italian and European vascular flora.
... On the other hand, one should reiterate the fact that if CWR are important, then a more systematic attention to their conservation should be provided (Maxted and Kell 2009;Bilz et al. 2011;Vincent et al. 2013;Fenu et al. 2018). This would be easier to achieve if realized through a concerted effort devoted to improve conservation and availability of CWR for crop breeding. ...
Crop wild relatives (CWR) have contributed to crop domestication for millennia, but nowadays due also to human over exploitation of plants and other environmental resources they are threatened and hence they need protection to guaranty plant evolution and food supply for future human generations. At the moment, definition and identification of CWR inside plant community is made according to the taxon group and the gene pool concepts, though in this way the effect of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is ignored. A third concept considering the HGT could improve both definition and identification of CWR. The number of CWR identified by the taxon group concept (broad sense) is much larger than the one identified by the gene pool concept (narrow sense), which means that only a very small percentage of the CWR identified with the former concept can be used by breeders. The Italian flora consists of 7953 taxa. Analyzing the vascular plant database, only 113 species share all the gene pools and therefore can be considered CWR in the narrow sense. In Italy there are 1400 endemic vascular plants, of which 70 are CWR in the broad sense and 10 in the narrow sense. The status of in situ and ex situ conservation of CWR understood in the narrow sense is presented and discussed, stressing the point that conservation and utilization is not a scientific problem, but a political one. This point is supported by the “ecological economy” and “sustainable development” concepts, besides the human rights. Since at the moment, starvation is not due to shortage, but to bad distribution and waste of food, CWR relatives are more important for the conservation of biodiversity and as sources of genes to cope climate change than enhancing crop yield. The legislation that obstacles agrobiodiversity conservation and use should be changed and/or improved. Concluding, actions and proposal to shape the future existence, function and contribution of CWR to biodiversity and food security are indicated.
... IUCN members determine the risk of a species' extinction by utilizing criteria such as population size, subpopulations, the number of mature individuals, generation and the decline in population size etc. The Red List provides scientifically-based information about species' survival, promotes public education about biodiversity, influences governmental policies, and offers advice about conservation efforts (Fenu et al., 2018). The category assigned to each species is reassessed every 5 to 10 years by the IUCN Species Survival Commission Specialist Groups. ...
... Libya is sort out of the recurred digital database. Therefore, there is no national Red List for Libya and plants to prepare one the evaluation of Libyan taxa has been done by the international union for conservation of nature (IUCN) Red List (Fenu et al., 2018). Moreover, IUCN Red List based on (global or Mediterranean level) contains 158 plant taxa as total of flora including 7.3%. ...
The increase of endangered plants has led some research centers to give more attention in terms of plant preservation and investigation methods to avoid this risk in the future. Nowadays, endangered plants all over the world need to be protected for several reasons, for example, medical plant usage or for manufacturing reasons. Libya as one of the richest countries in plant genetic resources is seeking out to protect endangered plants such as Thapsia garganica var. Sylphium. This study has checked out the electronic database about Libya's important endangered plant areas such as Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar and has answered the main three questions;
... IUCN members determine the risk of a species' extinction by utilizing criteria such as population size, subpopulations, the number of mature individuals, generation and the decline in population size etc. The Red List provides scientifically-based information about species' survival, promotes public education about biodiversity, influences governmental policies, and offers advice about conservation efforts (Fenu et al., 2018). The category assigned to each species is reassessed every 5 to 10 years by the IUCN Species Survival Commission Specialist Groups. ...
... Libya is sort out of the recurred digital database. Therefore, there is no national Red List for Libya and plants to prepare one the evaluation of Libyan taxa has been done by the international union for conservation of nature (IUCN) Red List (Fenu et al., 2018). Moreover, IUCN Red List based on (global or Mediterranean level) contains 158 plant taxa as total of flora including 7.3%. ...
The increase of endangered plants has led some research centers to give more attention in terms of plant preservation and investigation methods to avoid this risk in the future. Nowadays, endangered plants all over the world need to be protected for several reasons, for example, medical plant usage or for manufacturing reasons. Libya as one of the richest countries in plant genetic resources is seeking out to protect endangered plants such as Thapsia garganica var. Sylphium. This study has checked out the electronic database about Libya's important endangered plant areas such as Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar and has answered the main three questions;
An attempt is made to summarize decades of activities by many national and international actors and institutions that created ideal research conditions for the conservation of plant genetic resources of crops and their wild relatives (CWR). They are important for agriculture, food, and the environment, however being threatened by genetic erosion and/or by extinction. Information on ex situ and in situ conservation about cereals, vegetable crops, fruit trees, ornamental flowers, and medicinal aromatic and officinal plants along with their CWR is helpful to improve conservation strategies for sustainable use of plant diversity. In doing so, the work shows what has and what has not been done by reviewing the different forms of conservation, according to the needs of geneticists, botanists, breeders, other experts, and beneficiaries. Since Italy is part of Europe, issues were treated stressing the links of Italy to the rest of Europe. National organizations, like MiPAAF, CREA, CNR, Universities, Botanical Society, as well as national networks, like PlantA-Res and Italian seed bank network (RIBES), especially botanical gardens, besides international organizations, like FAO, Bioversity International, ECP/GR, and various international networks, like EURISCO, AEGIS, and others, have plaid and continue to play an important role in conservation and utilization of plant genetic resources. The problematic of genetic modified organisms (GMOs) or more in general of the gene drive organisms (GDOs) was faced, since they do affect the conservation of biodiversity and, worst, do not solve the problem of world hunger. General critical points are presented and discussed. The most important amongst them is the lack of coordination.
Italy has a rich natural heritage, which is dangerously under pressure. In recent years, there is an increased awareness of the crucial role of plants in ecosystem functioning and in providing ecosystem services. Consequently, an updated Red List of the Italian vascular flora was compiled in this work, at the request of the Ministry for Environment, Land and Sea Protection, with the scientific support of the Italian Botanical Society. The IUCN Red List criteria were applied to 2,430 Italian native vascular plant taxa to assess their current extinction risk and to highlight the major threats affecting the Italian flora. Our results revealed that 54 taxa (2.2% of the assessed taxa) are extinct or possibly extinct at regional level, while 590 taxa (24.3%) were assigned to a risk category. Moreover, 404 taxa (16.6%) were categorized as Data Deficient. The Italian vascular flora is primarily threatened by habitat modifications due to anthropic disturbance and especially to agriculture, tourism and residential development. Coastal areas and lowlands, where anthropogenic impacts and ecosystem destruction are more pronounced, host the greatest number of extinct or declining taxa. Our results represent an d important baseline to establish conservation priorities, legislative choices and intervention strategies on a national scale.
