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Geographic map of Lake Mond (left), showing the location of the in situ measurement and LSWT pixel (P3, depth 48 m).
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In this study we prove the feasibility of the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer sea surface temperature algorithms to derive operational lake surface water temperature (LSWT). A validation study covering 2 years was done using data from the AVHRR on NOAA 12, 15, 16, and 17, the MODIS...
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... 46 m) in Lake Ueberlingen measures the water temperature at a depth of 0.9 m sampled within 20 min intervals (point P2 in Figure 2). The data set for 2002 -2003 has gaps for the periods 24 March 2002to 28 May 2002, 12 to 27 August 2002, and 7 to 28 April 2003 [13] Lake Mond (Figure 3) in the eastern part of Alps is about 175 times smaller than Lake Geneva and with its surface area of 14 km 2 and a length of 12 km, is at the limit for the spatial resolution of the AVHRR sensor. Surrounded by two high mountain ranges, it represents a typical Alpine Lake. ...
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... In addition, there are considerable diurnal variations in the lake surface temperature due to solar heating in the lakes' stratified period [20,26,51]. Minnett [52] recommended that validation should be conducted within ±2 h of the satellite overpass, as followed in previous studies [31,53,54]. Therefore, the buoy data in this study were collected at intervals of 1 or 2 h, and then the average within ±1 h (2 h) of the satellite overpass was sub-sampled to enable comparison between the two data sets. ...
... Differences between the skin and bulk temperature are called skin effects [62][63][64]. As the lake thermal structure shown in Wilson et al. [64] demonstrates, the skin temperature of the upper-most layer whose thickness is less than 1 mm is controlled by heat and the momentum flux at the lake-air interface; the bulk temperature, at just a few centimeters of depth, is warmer than the skin temperature by several tenths of 1 • C due to solar heating [64,65]; for the depth of no less than 1 m, the difference between bulk temperature and skin temperature can be several degrees [27,53]. The skin effect can be impacted by solar radiation which varies with latitude and altitude, and lake thermal phases for different thermal regimes in the lake's stratified and turnover periods [27,31,66]. ...
... According to the water temperature profile proposed by Wilson et al. [64], the water temperature in the subsurface layer varies rapidly with depth when the lake is thermally stratified. The depths of in-situ measurements in some lakes are considerably larger than that in other regions [25,27,31,53], therefore the measured subsurface temperature may be considerably cooler than the skin temperature due to the strong thermal stratification in the daytime. ...
Lake surface water temperature (LSWT) is a key parameter in understanding the variability of lake thermal conditions and evaporation. The MODIS-derived LSWT is widely used as a reference for lake model validations and process studies in data-scarce regions. In this study, the accuracy of the MODIS LSWT was examined on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). In-situ subsurface temperatures were collected at five large lakes. Although the observation period covers from summer to winter, only the observations during the lake turnover period (from October to freeze-up), when the lakes are well mixed, can be used as ground truth. The MODIS LSWT agrees well with the selected in-situ data for the five large lakes, with root mean square error (RMSE) < 1 °C at nighttime and <2 °C in the daytime, indicating a high accuracy of the MODIS LSWT data. Before the turnover period, the water is thermally stratified and the surface water is warmer than the subsurface water, and thus the in-situ subsurface water temperature data and the MODIS LSWT have different representativeness. In this case, if the observations are used as a validation basis, the MODIS errors could be much magnified. This in turn indicates the importance of period selection for the validation.
... It can be assessed by means of SAR or optical data (Dabrowska-Zielinska et al., 2016;Klinke et al., 2018). Water quality parameters that can be quantified by means of remote sensing comprise lake surface water temperature (Oesch et al., 2005), suspended particulate matter, colored dissolved organic matter, and chlorophyll-a concentration (Dörnhöfer et al., 2016;Giardino et al., 2014). Their accurate estimation usually requires extensive field data. ...
Wetlands are among the most vulnerable, threatened, valuable, diverse, and heterogeneous ecosystems existing on our planet. While they provide invaluable ecosystem services to our society, they have been declining globally for many centuries. Monitoring of these changes is necessary for implementing efficient conservation policies and sustainable management schemes. Earth observation techniques can support the effort of monitoring, assessing, and inventorying wetlands at different scales with ever growing capabilities and toolsets. While the GEO‐Wetlands initiative provides a framework for collaboratively increasing and utilizing these capabilities, global stakeholders like the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands and U.N. Environment are starting to adopt EO‐based methods in their guidelines and technical reports. Many challenges still remain, although different projects and case studies successfully demonstrate the opportunities provided by the growing data archives, analysis algorithms, and processing capabilities. Many of these demonstrations focus on local wetland sites. The mapping and inventorying, specifically of vegetated wetlands, on national or even global scales remains a challenge for the wetlands and EO communities for years to come. Collaboration and partnership between different stakeholders of both communities are key for success. Initiatives like GEO‐Wetlands, in cooperation with global stakeholders, need to provide the framework for this collaborative effort.
... It can be assessed by means of SAR or optical data (Dabrowska-Zielinska et al., 2016;Klinke et al., 2018). Water quality parameters that can be quantified by means of remote sensing comprise lake surface water temperature (Oesch et al., 2005), suspended particulate matter, colored dissolved organic matter, and chlorophyll-a concentration (Dörnhöfer et al., 2016;Giardino et al., 2014). Their accurate estimation usually requires extensive field data. ...
Wetlands are among the most vulnerable, threatened, valuable, diverse, and heterogeneous ecosystems existing on our planet. While they provide invaluable ecosystem services to our society, they have been declining globally for many centuries. Monitoring of these changes is necessary for implementing efficient conservation policies and sustainable management schemes. Earth observation techniques can support the effort of monitoring, assessing, and inventorying wetlands at different scales with ever growing capabilities and toolsets. While the GEO-Wetlands initiative provides a framework for collaboratively increasing and utilizing these capabilities, global stakeholders like the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands and U.N. Environment are starting to adopt EO-based methods in their guidelines and technical reports. Many challenges still remain, although different projects and case studies successfully demonstrate the opportunities provided by the growing data archives, analysis algorithms, and processing capabilities. Many of these demonstrations focus on local wetland sites. The mapping and inventorying, specifically of vegetated wetlands, on national or even global scales remains a challenge for the wetlands and EO communities for years to come. Collaboration and partnership between different stakeholders of both communities are key for success. Initiatives like GEO-Wetlands, in cooperation with global stakeholders, need to provide the framework for this collaborative effort.
... There are two important components of the skin-water temperature differences: the cool skin and the warm layer. The cool skin is always present at the air-water interface and refers to a systematic cool bias of the water skin temperature (0.1-0.6 °C) compared to that of the water less than 1 cm below [44]. Data was analysis in three temporal resolutions: monthly, seasonally, and annually measured temperatures. ...
Lake temperature has proven to act as a good indicator of climate variability and change. Thus, a surface temperature analysis at different temporal scales is important, as this parameter influences the physical, chemical, and biological cycles of lakes. Here, we analyze monthly, seasonal, and annual surface temperature trends in south central Chilean lakes during the 2000-2016 period, using MODIS satellite imagery. To this end, 14 lakes with a surface area greater than 10 km 2 were examined. Results show that 12 of the 14 lakes presented a statistically significant increase in surface temperature, with a rate of 0.10 °C/decade (0.01 °C/year) over the period. Furthermore, some of the lakes in the study present a significant upward trend in surface temperature, especially in spring, summer, and winter. In general, a significant increase in surface water temperature was found in lakes located at higher altitudes, such as Maule, Laja and Galletué lakes. These results contribute to the provision of useful data on Chilean lakes for managers and policymakers.
... For the MODIS data, thermal channels 31 (10.780 to 11.280 µm) and 32 (11.770 to 12.270 µm) are particularly suited to estimate the surface temperature [40]. The MODIS sea surface temperature data have been widely validated for open waters and therefore are widely accepted as accurate [37,[41][42][43][44][45]. ...
... For the MODIS data, thermal channels 31 (10.780 to 11.280 μm) and 32 (11.770 to 12.270 μm) are particularly suited to estimate the surface temperature [40]. The MODIS sea surface temperature data have been widely validated for open waters and therefore are widely accepted as accurate [37,[41][42][43][44][45]. ...
... However, more than half of the study area indicated that SST negatively influenced the Chl-a concentration in the AG and GO, whereas more than a quarter of the area showed a positive relationship. The southern coast of the AG showed a significant positive correlation coefficient of 0. 44 Additionally, crosscorrelation analysis revealed that the best correlation between Chl-a and SST was found without any lag, i.e. the largest area with a significant correlation coefficient ( Figure 10B). The spatial distribution of the correlation indicates that the UAE's AG coast showed a positive correlation between the Chl-a concentration and the SST and especially coasts near the Abu Al Abyad and Sir Baniyas islands. ...
The catastrophic implication of harmful algal bloom (HAB) events in the Arabian Gulf is a strong indication that the study of the spatiotemporal distribution of chlorophyll-a and its relationship with other variables is critical. This study analyzes the relationship between chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and sea surface temperature (SST) and their trends in the Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman along the United Arab Emirates coast. Additionally, the relationship between bathymetry and Chl-a and SST was examined. The MODIS Aqua product with a resolution of 1 × 1 km2 was employed for both chlorophyll-a and SST covering a timeframe from 2003 to 2019. The highest concentration of chlorophyll-a was seen in the Strait of Hormuz with an average of 2.8 mg m−3, which is 1.1 mg m−3 higher than the average for the entire study area. Three-quarters of the study area showed a significant correlation between the Chl-a and SST. The shallow (deep) areas showed a strong positive (negative) correlation between the Chl-a and SST. The results indicate the presence of trends for both variables across most of the study area. SST significantly increased in more than two-thirds of the study area in the summer with no significant trends detected in the winter.
... On the other hand, other factors are related to the environmental conditions during imaging process, such as sky clarity from clouds, aerosols and haze (Kilpatrick et al. 2015). Remote sensing of SST was early done using the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), onboard the NOAA satellites since 1979 (Oesch et al. 2005), and the Along Track Scanning Radiometers (ATSR), launched in 1991 (Reinart and Reinhold 2008). The SST measurements were usually carried out by the split window algorithm with high accuracy of up to 0.5 K from the AVHRR satellite (Coll et al. 1993). ...
... Additional specifications on MODIS SST calibration and validation are sufficiently presented in Kilpatrick et al. (2015). MODIS-derived SST data have been used in oceanographic studies to describe current flow and recirculation as well as ocean surface currents and SST trends (Minnett et al. 2002;Vargas et al. 2003;Oesch et al. 2005;Reinart and Reinhold 2008;Urquhart et al. 2013;Kozlov et al. 2014;Bouali et al. 2017;Carlson et al. 2018;Hereher 2020). These studies could elaborate the efficiency of MODIS to detect decadal SST changes. ...
The Red Sea is a conspicuous water body that hosts important coral reef ecosystems. This semi-closed sea is exposed to warming either by climate change or by anthropogenic stressors. The desalination plants along the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia dispose tremendous effluents of hot water from cooling systems, which is expected to impact the neighboring coral reef patches. The main objectives of this study are to delineate the spatial variations and the temporal trends of sea surface temperatures (SST) in the Red Sea using geospatial analysis with focusing on water temperature anomalies adjacent to seawater desalination plants. Monthly sea surface temperatures data were acquired by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua satellite for the period 2003-2019. Annual SST changes and decadal trends were obtained from interpolation analysis and robust statistical metrics, respectively. Results showed that the Red Sea has three distinguished temperature zones with the coldest at the north and the warmest at the south. In addition, global warming is remarkably apparent in the northern part of the Red Sea (0.8 °C/decade). About one third of the Saudi corals occur at the northern part, while the remaining coral patches settle in the middle and southern parts of relatively lower SST trends. However, some corals in the middle section of the Red Sea occur proximate to regions of abruptly high SST trends due to the discharge of hot waters from desalination plants, particularly south of Jeddah. The continuous human-induced heating by hot water disposal could be fatal to coral reef ecosystems nearby desalination plants.
... The last complete mixing of the water column occurred in winter 2012 (Rapport CIPEL 2017). The Rhône River discharges water to the eastern tip of the lake and flows southwestwards (Oesch et al., 2005). Winter (December to February) is characterized by low water temperatures (5-7°C), high nutrient J. Lattaud, S. Balzano, Marcel T.J. van der Meer et al. ...
Long-chain diols (LCDs) are lipids commonly found in freshwater environments. They are produced in lake waters and in low water-flow regions of rivers but their sources and the controls on their abundance are poorly constrained. To be able to use LCD as environmental proxy (e.g. for reconstructing lake temperature and as a freshwater indicator in marine systems) we need to understand the sources of these LCDs and the processes controlling their abundance and distribution. Therefore, we performed a seasonal study of suspended particulate matter in Lake Geneva, a temperate lake at the border of France and Switzerland in 2017 - 2018. LCDs were most abundant in lake surface water from late spring to early autumn, coinciding with the thermal stratification of the water column. Their distribution varied throughout the year, which points towards multiple producers. Incubation of lake water with ¹³C-labelled bicarbonate only showed uptake of inorganic carbon in LCDs during their peak seasonal abundance. An 18S rRNA gene amplicon analysis revealed that eustigmatophytes, known producers of LCDs, are present in Lake Geneva and show the same seasonal trend in abundance as the LCDs, indicating that these algae are likely the most important producers of LCDs in this lake. In combination with previous studies our results suggest that LCDs show potential to trace changes in lake water-column stratification, and validate the use of the C32 1,15-diol as a proxy for freshwater input from rivers and lakes in marine sediments.
... The MODIS water surface temperature (WST) level 21-km nominal resolution data (MOD11A2, version 5, 2015) were obtained from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (Wan, 2008), used for Terra imagery of clear-sky MODIS from June to September from 2001 to 2018 was selected by visual inspection for a total of 286 daytime images and 286 nighttime images. The WST-MODIS data have been extensively validated for inland waters and are considered as accurate (Oesch et al., 2005). A mask of shoreline isolating the land from water was constructed employing images of Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) to keep the warm and cold pixels isolated anomalously by the lake shoreline (Sentlinger et al., 2008). ...
Heat flux is important for studying interactions between atmosphere and lake. The heat exchange between air-water interfaces is one of the important ways to govern the temperature of the water surface. Heat exchange between the air-water interfaces and the surrounding environment is completed by solar radiation, conduction, and evaporation, and all these processes mainly occur at the air-water interface. Hulun Lake was the biggest lake which is also an important link and an indispensable part of the water cycle in Northeast China. This study mapped surface energy budget to better understand spatial and temporal variations in Hulun Lake in China from 2001 to 2018. Descriptive statistics were computed to build a historical time series of mean monthly heat flux at daytime and nighttime from June to September during 2001–2018. Remote sensing estimation methods we used was suitable for Hulun Lake (R2 = 0.81). At month scale, shortwave radiation and latent heat flux were decrease from June to September. However, the maximum sensible heat flux appeared in September. Net longwave radiation was the largest in August. The effective heat budget showed that Hulun Lake gained heat in the frost-free season with highest value in June (686.31 W/m2), and then steadily decreased to September (439.76 W/m2). At annual scale, net longwave radiation, sensible heat flux and latent heat flux all show significant growth trend from 2001 to 2018 (P < 0.01). Wind speed had the well correlation on sensible heat flux and latent heat flux. Water surface temperature showed the highest coefficient in sensitivity analysis.
... In the last decade, the new-generation MODIS sensor also incorporates thermal infrared bands, which allows accurate SST to be computed. Some studies [7,8,[36][37][38] have validated MODIS SST through the comparison of satellite data with in situ measurements. These studies have been carried out for different case studies and for various temporal periods, but all of them report accuracies ranging from −0.06 • C to 0.8 • C depending on the satellite (Terra or Aqua), the path (daytime or nighttime), and the study region. ...
Sea Surface Temperature (SST) is a key parameter for understanding atmospheric and oceanic processes. Since the late 1980s, infrared satellite images have been used to complement in situ records for studying the temporal and spatial variability of SST. The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)'s satellite was the first sensor successfully used to compute SST following the development and validation of the atmospheric correction algorithm known as "split-window". More recently, the MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on board the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)'s Terra and Aqua satellites, launched in 1999 and 2002, respectively, also provides SST products which can be combined with AVHRR series to complete the analysis of time series. This paper presents a comparison of the monthly SST data derived from both sensors, AVHRR and MODIS, in a series of ten years (2000-2009) in the Western Mediterranean basins. The results showed a high correlation (R 2 = 0.99) between the sensors when averaged values at the regional scale were compared. SST obtained from AVHRR were slightly higher (+0.18 • C ± 0.2 • C, on average) than SST from MODIS. The series were most similar during winter and spring (+0.09 • C ± 0.1 • C for January to May) with a greater difference from June to December (+0.24 • C ± 0.2 • C). The comparative analysis showed that the two sensors can be used jointly to estimate long-term trends at the regional scale.
... Mapas de TSL, construídos através de imagens de sensores orbitais termais podem ser utilizados para auxiliar em estudos da influência da direção dos ventos no sistema lacustre. Os efeitos meteorológicos e climáticos modificam os parâmetros físicos de um lago, principalmente na camada superficial, (OESCH et al., 2005). ...
O Guaíba está localizado no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, onde se encontram uma complexidade de conjuntos de sistemas atmosféricos atuantes causando instabilidades atmosféricas e mudanças bruscas de temperatura durante a entrada de frentes frias que atuam sobre a temperatura da água. O objetivo consiste em analisar as anomalias na temperatura da água do Guaíba através de um recorte temporal embasado em imagens termais dos sensores Landsat 5 e 8 e dados meteorológicos. Para a realização do presente trabalho traçou-se perfis sobre as imagens termais onde se extraíram as médias dos pixels, para posteriormente, serem relacionadas com os dados meteorológicos. Quando se compara períodos de normalidade com anormalidade climática, observa-se que há um aquecimento das águas em períodos de El Niño e durante a La Niña há um aquecimento ainda maior. Os perfis com tendência de elevação ou manutenção das temperaturas, estão relacionadas com temperatura do bulbo seco, umidade relativa do ar e apresenta menor correlação com a pressão atmosférica e nebulosidade, não havendo ligação direta com os fenômenos El Niño e La Niña. A relação está diretamente ligada a entrada de frentes frias e precipitações em regiões da bacia hidrográfica e na área de abrangência do Guaíba.
