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Geographic location and relief diversity of East Kazakhstan with the most attractive physiographic geo-tourism areas and discussed geo-sites: 1 The West Altai Nature Reserve; 2 The Katon-Karagay State National Park (Fig. 2a-b, 3a,c,f); 3 The Lake Markakol Nature Reserve (Fig. 2c); 4 The arid zone of the Zaisan Basin and the Tarbagatay Range (Fig. 2e-f, 3d); 5 The Shingistau and Kalba Ranges (Fig. 2d, 3b); 6 The East Kazakhstan Highlands (Fig. 3e)
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Eastern Kazakhstan and the adjacent Gorno Altai of southern Siberia encompass very mosaic landscapes across all the geographic and geomorphic zones enclosing numerous (pre-)historic monuments, some of them being a part of the UNESCO World natural and cultural heritage. Excepting the high-mountain ranges (Rudno and Southern Altai, Narym, Tarbagatay...
Contexts in source publication
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... 2011;Downing and Newsome 2010). The territory of East Kazakhstan with the major mountain systems (Southern Altai, Tarbagatay, Alatau), and the continental depressions (the Bukhtarma and zaisan/Black Irtysh Basins) include the most picturesque and physiographically unique landscapes and geo-sites. The broader regional topographic configuration (Fig. 1) mirrors a long and complex geological history and sequenced (palaeo)-environmental transformations seen by relief features of geomorphic processes related to the Quaternary climate evolution with periodic glaciations in conjunction with the regional tectonics (Deviatkin 1981;Aubekerov 1993;Galakhov and Mukhametov ...
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... Ust'-Kamenogorsk (315 000), belongs to the most progressing and historically developed parts of the Republic of Kazakhstan due to the rich natural resources, the mineral-processing industry, the transport network with the country's most vital communication links to the neighboring West Siberian Omsk and Altai Regions of the Russian Federation (Fig. 1). Climate is strongly continental (MAT -4ºC) with very pronounced seasonal temperatures. The uneven annual (rainfall and snow) precipitation, ranging from 150 (Fig. 2a-b, 3a,c,f); 3 The Lake Markakol Nature Reserve (Fig. 2c); 4 The arid zone of the Zaisan Basin and the Tarbagatay Range (Fig. 2e-f, 3d); 5 The Shingistau and Kalba Ranges ...
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... territory is of a broken physiographic configuration of undulating parklands, adjoining the western steppes, and aligned (N-E-S) by the Altai, Tarbagatay and Alatau Mountain ranges (reaching to 4500 m asl.) (Fig. 1) (Nekhoroshev 1967). The igneous and metamorphic geological bodies host rich mineral resourcesmetallic and non-metallic, including the occurrences of semi-precious and precious gemstones (emeralds, garnets, opals, beryl, tourmalines, granates and crystal quartz among other crystalline minerals) and the varieties of decorative stones ...
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... the Gorno Altai-Sayan Mountain Region, the Altai Region, the Mongolian Altai, the Chinese Altai (Kanas NP), and eight Kazakh districts In East Kazakhstan, five explicit naturerecreational areas can be defined by the regional ortho-climatic characteristics: the zyryan (Rudno Altai), Katon-Karagay, Lake Markakol, Kurchum and Kalba/Shyngystau ( Fig. 1) with pristine taiga, tundra, desert and rocky steppe habitats hosting rich endemic and elsewhere rare biota with unique floral and faunal communities. The particular natural conditions predisposed by the geomorphic settings and the aridzone atmospheric regime gave rise to the variety of ecosystems reflecting the geographic and ...
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... unpaved road network (with some roads without maintenance during the winter season), inadequate local accommodation facilities, as well as the special boarder-zone entry regulations. Helicopter transport can be used as a faster, yet more costly alternative to the road (car/bus) transportation. Only the airport in Ust'-Kamenogorsk / Oeskemen (Fig. 1) can be used for international flight arrivals. The Irtysh River with local ferries is a good option for a leisure-time yet geographically most cognitive riverine route to Lake zaisan via the tributary Bukhtarma Lake reservoir. The relatively rising living standard and wages in the main industrial cities of East Kazakhstan, such as ...
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... 2011;Downing and Newsome 2010). The territory of East Kazakhstan with the major mountain systems (Southern Altai, Tarbagatay, Alatau), and the continental depressions (the Bukhtarma and zaisan/Black Irtysh Basins) include the most picturesque and physiographically unique landscapes and geo-sites. The broader regional topographic configuration (Fig. 1) mirrors a long and complex geological history and sequenced (palaeo)-environmental transformations seen by relief features of geomorphic processes related to the Quaternary climate evolution with periodic glaciations in conjunction with the regional tectonics (Deviatkin 1981;Aubekerov 1993;Galakhov and Mukhametov ...
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... Ust'-Kamenogorsk (315 000), belongs to the most progressing and historically developed parts of the Republic of Kazakhstan due to the rich natural resources, the mineral-processing industry, the transport network with the country's most vital communication links to the neighboring West Siberian Omsk and Altai Regions of the Russian Federation (Fig. 1). Climate is strongly continental (MAT -4ºC) with very pronounced seasonal temperatures. The uneven annual (rainfall and snow) precipitation, ranging from 150 (Fig. 2a-b, 3a,c,f); 3 The Lake Markakol Nature Reserve (Fig. 2c); 4 The arid zone of the Zaisan Basin and the Tarbagatay Range (Fig. 2e-f, 3d); 5 The Shingistau and Kalba Ranges ...
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... territory is of a broken physiographic configuration of undulating parklands, adjoining the western steppes, and aligned (N-E-S) by the Altai, Tarbagatay and Alatau Mountain ranges (reaching to 4500 m asl.) (Fig. 1) (Nekhoroshev 1967). The igneous and metamorphic geological bodies host rich mineral resourcesmetallic and non-metallic, including the occurrences of semi-precious and precious gemstones (emeralds, garnets, opals, beryl, tourmalines, granates and crystal quartz among other crystalline minerals) and the varieties of decorative stones ...
Context 9
... the Gorno Altai-Sayan Mountain Region, the Altai Region, the Mongolian Altai, the Chinese Altai (Kanas NP), and eight Kazakh districts In East Kazakhstan, five explicit naturerecreational areas can be defined by the regional ortho-climatic characteristics: the zyryan (Rudno Altai), Katon-Karagay, Lake Markakol, Kurchum and Kalba/Shyngystau ( Fig. 1) with pristine taiga, tundra, desert and rocky steppe habitats hosting rich endemic and elsewhere rare biota with unique floral and faunal communities. The particular natural conditions predisposed by the geomorphic settings and the aridzone atmospheric regime gave rise to the variety of ecosystems reflecting the geographic and ...
Context 10
... unpaved road network (with some roads without maintenance during the winter season), inadequate local accommodation facilities, as well as the special boarder-zone entry regulations. Helicopter transport can be used as a faster, yet more costly alternative to the road (car/bus) transportation. Only the airport in Ust'-Kamenogorsk / Oeskemen (Fig. 1) can be used for international flight arrivals. The Irtysh River with local ferries is a good option for a leisure-time yet geographically most cognitive riverine route to Lake zaisan via the tributary Bukhtarma Lake reservoir. The relatively rising living standard and wages in the main industrial cities of East Kazakhstan, such as ...
Citations
... In conclusion, it is noted that by grouping the relief, bioclimate, water resources and vegetation cover, the specialization of various regions was determined and 8 main types of recreational activities were identified: environmental, culturalhistorical, medical and recreational, skiing, ethnographic, sports, alpine and educational. This will diversify the region's tourism offer and ensure the sustainability of its potential (Chlachula, 2011;2019b). Within the study region, 8 different types of recreational activities (RAC) were identified and determined by the optimization method: environmental, culturalhistorical, medical and recreational, skiing, ethnographic, sports, alpine and educational (Caisová et al., 2010). ...
The article conducts a study of the current state of development of the natural and recreational potential of th e Southern Altai. The problems that currently hinder the development of tourism sectors in this territory are considered and ways to solve them are proposed. With the accelerated growth of global tourism and recreation, demand for certain regions of Kazakhstan is increasing. The assessment of the natural and recreational potential of Southern Altai was carried out taking into account the bioclimatic state of natural and recreational areas. When assessing the natural and recreational resources o f the study area, our study assessed the shape of the relief, bioclimate, hydrology and flora. The results of the study allow us to propose specialized and multi-thematic routes connecting the main natural and cultural attractions of the main recreation areas for international and domestic tourists, as well as for educational and educational field programs and research trips. The study of the territorial and recreational potential of a mountainous region has its own characteristics, since, compared with plain territories, its knowledge is insufficient.
... Despite the geological richness and the long history of geological research in the region, the Altai does not boast extensive geoheritage studies. Previous research considered the geoheritage and geotourism resources of particular areas of Xinjiang in China [19], East Kazakhstan [20][21][22][23], northeast Gobi Altai in Mongolia [24], and Zmeinogorsk and a few other localities in Russia [25,26]. The number of the studied areas and the reported geosites are too small compared to the huge size of the Altai and the diversity of its geological wonders. ...
The Rudny Altai is a western segment of the Altai orogenic belt. Its geological richness makes its geoheritage exploration an urgent matter. Investigations in the Loktevsky District (Altai Region, Russian Federation) have led to the finding of three notable localities, which are proposed as geosites. Field investigations and both qualitative and semi-quantitative (scoring by criteria) studies were carried out to characterize and value the geoheritage properties of these localities. The Neverovsky palaeoreef is a relatively large geosite, representing a Frasnian reef developed on a volcanic edifice. The Zolotukha section and the Razdolnoe section are smaller geosites representing deep-marine facies of the Giventian–Frasnian transition and the late Frasnian, respectively. Seven geoheritage types are established in the Neverovsky palaeoreef, and four geoheritage types are established in the other two geosites. Examination of rarity, accessibility, vulnerability, and other properties allows the ranking of the Neverovsky palaeoreef globally and the other two geosites regionally. The three proposed geosites need special geoconservation measures (especially regarding their rich fossil content). The palaeoreef can be used for the promotion of local tourism.
... Areas with exceptional natural beauty, like marginal landscapes, can be especially valuable for tourism [41]. However, infrastructure issues such as a lack of accommodation and inadequate communication routes continue to impede the development of tourism [42]. This is particularly true in the Puglia region, where areas with high-quality natural and agricultural landscapes have not been able to capitalize on tourism fully. ...
There is considerable unused and unproductive land in rural areas of the Puglia region, Southern Italy. These areas and their local cultivators/growers have always been overlooked by academic, policy, and investment circles despite their potential to improve food security and the livelihood of rural communities. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate the sustainability potential of these areas to produce food, feed, and non-food products. This evaluation will play a vital role in the sustainable development of rural regions such as the Puglia region. In this review, we highlighted important aspects regarding the management potential and the expected contribution that various types of marginal areas (MAs) could add to the regional economy of Puglia. The authors focused on the extent to which Puglia’s marginal lands can realistically be utilized to meet Italy’s food production targets, considering the economic, social, and environmental potential of different marginal area types within the Puglia territories. In writing this review, we have been inspired by the lack of sufficient information necessary to carry out a plan for the revitalization of MAs and the sustainable development of regional rural areas. Although Italian scholars have not extensively researched MAs, the available data suggest that they could significantly contribute to the development of regional economy and food security, despite their complexity and low-input nature. The scientific evidence suggests that the main challenge associated with using MAs for food and/or non-food production is balancing biodiversity conservation with local residents’ social and economic development. Presently, some small-scale or family farms are already operating within MAs. However, they still contribute minimally to the overall agricultural production in the region, even though they have the potential to play an important economic role for numerous rural communities in Puglia. Furthermore, the available data indicate that over 40% of existing farmers in MAs require greater support to sustain their activities. Such support should be tailored to the local context, built on and, where appropriate, improved upon existing practices, while addressing various threats to these areas. In this regard, sustainable development policies should shape MAs’ landscapes through the support of initiatives aimed at the recovery of traditional agricultural activities, the use of local varieties, the protection of the environment, and the conservation of biodiversity. The authors believe that this review provides policymakers with recommendations to consider when supporting the sustainable use of MAs as a potential source of food security and sustainable development for people living in these areas.
... The main cause of forest fires in these areas is human activity, which accounts for 99.16% of all cases. It should be noted that in communal government agency "Ridder forestry" with such a number of fires, forest protection acts very quickly, and the average area of one fire during the study period is 6.2 hectares (Chlachula, 2019). ...
... In these terrestrial systems, the anthropic actions bring consequences to the well-being of the local communities, since mankind depends on these ecosystems, and this dependence is directly related with biodiversity (unique and endemic) and geodiversity (forms and processes), emphasizing the functional value of physical Nature. Such connection imposes responsibility, monitoring, and sustainable management by the governments, citizens, and entrepreneurs, who must be part of the decision-making of actions in favor of surrounding landscapes and their functionalities, namely, those of an economic nature, as well involving leisure practices and place safeguard (Steffen et al. 2018;Chlachula 2019 , and, among its objectives, it ensures the protection of the forms and processes supporting biodiversity. Administratively, the environmental legislation establishes the conditions, constraints, and environmental control measures that must be obeyed by the entrepreneur, individual, or legal entity to locate, install, expand, and operate projects or activities that use resources considered effective or potentially polluting or those that, under in any way, may contribute to cause environmental degradation. ...
... To date, the East Kazakhstan region is characterized by: high rates of economic development, investment opportunities, favorable geopolitical and geographical position, transport accessibility, entertainment industry, favorable nature and climatic conditions, rich historical and cultural heritage, centuries-old traditions of hospitality, the presence of educational institutions that prepare professional staff in the tourism industry. Compared to other national parks of Kazakhstan, the Katon-Karagay National Park has the following important advantages (Duzgembaeva, 2021;Chlachula, 2019;: ...
National parks belong to the most significant category of specially protected natural areas in the Republic of Kazakhstan. One of the important tasks of national parks is the development of ecological tourism and education, considering the nature and cultural characteristics of the territory. Katon-Karagai State National Nature Park is the largest national park in Kazakhstan in terms of area with a rapid pace of development in the field of tourism, since the geosystems of the state nature park have a diverse landscape and many attractions. The purpose of this work is to identify the most attractive areas in terms of recreation, as well as provide recommendations and proposals for the development of ecotourism in the East Kazakhstan region using the example of the Katon-Karagay State National Nature Park. Research methods - data collection and analysis, descriptive, cartographic. The results of the study can be used to develop recommendations for rationally organizing and planning in the area of recreational and tourism industry at the regional level. Conclusions are drawn about the prospects for the development of ecotourism in the territory of the Katon-Karagai State Natural National Park.
... In these terrestrial systems, the anthropic actions bring consequences to the well-being of the local communities, since mankind depends on these ecosystems, and this dependence is directly related with biodiversity (unique and endemic) and geodiversity (forms and processes), emphasizing the functional value of physical Nature. Such connection imposes responsibility, monitoring, and sustainable management by the governments, citizens, and entrepreneurs, who must be part of the decision-making of actions in favor of surrounding landscapes and their functionalities, namely, those of an economic nature, as well involving leisure practices and place safeguard (Steffen et al. 2018;Chlachula 2019 , and, among its objectives, it ensures the protection of the forms and processes supporting biodiversity. Administratively, the environmental legislation establishes the conditions, constraints, and environmental control measures that must be obeyed by the entrepreneur, individual, or legal entity to locate, install, expand, and operate projects or activities that use resources considered effective or potentially polluting or those that, under in any way, may contribute to cause environmental degradation. ...
In the last decades, the anthropogenic actions on the planet have dually gained visibility: on the one hand as promoters of strategies for safeguarding the environment at a global level and on the other hand as protagonists of the excessive exploitation of its natural resources, threatening the natural balance of the planet. Considering this scenario that results in a need to seek sustainable renewal, the Brazilian indigenous communities living in regions dominated by rock formations classified as natural heritage assume themselves as important vehicles in safeguarding the geological sites through the information they have. There is a lack of knowledge and devaluation regarding the potential of these indigenous communities. Accordingly, the objective of this chapter is to present a vision of the constraints of geotourism in the northernmost Brazilian state of Mucajaí, Roraima (RR), i.e., the duties and responsibilities necessary for the full implementation of geotourism, seeking to safeguard geodiversity in territories dominated by natural heritage, in which the community is sustainably integrated. A review of the official websites of the RR State and of the official legislation was carried out to understand the current geotourism constraints in this region. Based on the results found, regional leaders will be able to identify the specific needs of the region to fully implement the geotourism activity and to promote more sustainable practices to safeguard this region from the anthropic pressure. The use of strategic environmental assessment tools in decision-making on policies and plans for the development of geotourism in a given region should be considered by the official entities in order to ensure the correct assessment of the economic, social, and environmental impacts of this type of interventions.
... Tourism based on geological diversity and geo-history is a sector which is regarded from sustainable tourism with international growth and its formation is primarily based on 5 principal standards, 1) geology-based, 2) sustainable 3) educative as a characteristic, 4) useful for local people, and 5) creating geo-tourism satisfaction, (Dowling, 2011;Lazzari & Aloia, 2014;Chlachula, 2019). In recent years, the interest of visitors nterest of site visitors in non-residing natural sources, such as geoheritage sites, has accelerated globally (Newsome, Dowling & Leung, 2012). ...
The research aims to identify and map geodiversity as excellent potential for geo-heritage and geo-tourism attraction, also classify them into geo-tourism destination. Research used qualitative method with descriptive analysis, with data collection through desk study, field observation and analysis of geodiversity and getourism. The main result identified that there are 43 geo-diversity in the upper Citarum River with geo-heritage and potential geo-tourism. The research classified geo-sites into three geo-tourism destination, which are: primary geo-tourism destination, secondary and supporting tourism destination. The Citarum river is one of the main rivers in West Java, which has become a vital source of water and economic activities for West Java community. Citarum river area has geodiversity with a geo-heritage potential which are scattered throughout the region. Environmental degradation has occurred in the area, protection of geo-heritage is important for the geo-tourism. Citarum river area has a potential as the main geo-tourism destination in Bandung City. Therefore, conservation of geo-heritage requires a good planning and policies.
... Cárdenas-García and Pulido-Fernández (2019) verified tourism to be a significant factor contributing towards the economic development of less developed and developed countries. Chlachula (2019) noted the potential of tourism in Kazakhstan and highlighted the infrastructure constraints associated with the growth of the tourism sector in the country. Sturød et al. (2020) highlighted the strong potential of a dynamic horse culture to promote tourism in Kyrgyzstan. ...
Clean and green environment along with sustainable development is the prime objective of every state. We explore empirically the nexus between tourism, environmental pollution measured by carbon (CO2) emissions, population, trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth in six countries from the Commonwealth of Independent States over 1995–2018. Traditional panel estimation technique is employed, where the Hausman test suggests fixed-effects over random effect estimator. We also employed the robust least squares (RLS) estimator to confirm the empirical estimates. Results show that a 1% increase in CO2 will attenuate the economic growth by 0.14% and that 1% raise in the tourism activities can boost growth by 0.04%. Both the fixed-effect and RLS estimates reveal that tourism, population growth and trade contribute significantly to economic growth, whereas CO2 adversely affect growth. The Granger causality test shows a two-way causality between economic growth and CO2 and between growth and trade. Empirical results also indicate a one-way causality between growth and FDI, population and FDI, population and CO2 along with population growth and tourism. These findings suggest that adopting effective policies that can expand trade, enhance FDI and promote the tourism sector with minimum environmental damage will ultimately accelerate sustainable economic development.
... The nearest zone along the lakeshores, as well as the close surroundings, are subjected to a rising tourism pressure and ecological threats reflected in the deteriorating water purity and a certain terrestrial biodiversity reduction in the near lakes' vicinity. The development of tourism and recreation in the region [29,34,35], characterized by the broad mosaic landscape diversity [36][37][38], requires implementation of ecological monitoring with a water quality and biocenosis control, and study of possible changes in the structural and functional organization of aquatic ecosystems under the influence of negative environmental factors-natural/anthropogenic. Numerous studies worldwide from various geographic and climatically specific areas show linkages of lake waters geochemistry determined by local geo-settings determined by bedrock geology, water geochemistry and hydraulic conditions, among other factors, on the aquatic biomass productivity and the composition of zooplankton [39][40][41][42][43][44], which, in turn, influence, along with precipitation regime, water quality [45]. ...
... Except for the biodiversity values in terms of a pristine natural site, the Sibe lakes play an important role in the regional eco-and geo-tourism tourism and recreation [34][35][36] accentuated by the mosaic regional landscape diversity [37]. The documented zooplankton and macro-invertebrate diversity have a direct bearing to fishing, clean waters and other environmental aspects, which underline the regional importance for the Sibe lakes' system. ...
Steppe and semi-desert lakes of Central Asia represent unique and still poorly known aquatic ecosystems. The paper provides summaries of multi-proxy environmental and biological investigations of the previously unexplored ground of Sibe lakes in the naturally pristine zone of East Kazakhstan, and of their contributions to people. Data on the taxonomic composition of zooplankton and zoobenthos of these freshwater lacustrine basins are presented in terms of the species’ frequency of occurrence; the abundance of the aquatic biomass and the analyzed water geochemical variables insofar as they are dependent and correlative. The qualitative and quantitative records display variability in the biocenosis diversity due to the lakes’ geochemistry and hydrology differences—some lakes being oligotrophic and others being moderately trophic. In the latter case, the lakes characterized by an increased macrozoobenthos biomass are favourable for local ichthyofauna. Sapro-biological analysis reveals the predominance of β-saprobic species in the zooplankton composition pointing to slight or moderate pollution of surface waters due to natural biotic substances. This observation is in agreement with differences in the water quality of solitary lakes. The uneven distributions of benthic invertebrates (in terms of taxonomy and species populations) in the water bodies suggest specific hydro-ecological conditions that predetermine the structure of the lakes’ biocenosis. The littoral part of the lakes is characterized by the highest abundance of zooplankton and benthic fauna. The Sibe lakes are an example of an autonomous functioning of the lacustrine basins in the upland arid steppe zone, which is characterized by pronounced climate “continentality” and a high level of the sub-aquatic flora and fauna endemism. The present results are relevant to the understanding of the ecosystems’ dynamics and the modern anthropogenic impacts upon the pristine parkland-steppe landscapes of Central Asia, with implications for regional nature protection and sustainable eco-recreation.
