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Geographic distribution range of L. guigna and the two described subspecies. L. guigna tigrillo = brown shaded area; L. guigna guigna = grey shaded area.
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We investigate the genetic diversity and structure of guigna populations throughouttheir known distribution range by analyzing 1,798 bp of the mtDNA and 15 microsatelliteloci in 116 individuals sampled from 32.5°S to 46.5°S in Chile and Argentina. MtDNAdata reveals a moderate separation between northern and southern populations,supporting previousl...
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... are currently divided into two subspecies on the basis of morphological studies (Cabrera, 1957) (Figure 1): (i) L. g. tigrillo (from 30°-38°S in Chile: Coquimbo, Valparaíso, Metropolitan, L.B. O'Higgins, Maule and Bío Bío Regions), inhabits mediterranean matorral and sclerophyll woodlands and forests in northern and central Chile and has a lighter coat color and a larger body size, and (ii) L. g. guigna (from 38°-48° in Chile: Araucanía, Los Ríos, Los Lagos (including Chiloé Island) and Aysén Regions; and from 39°-46°S in Argentina always west of 70°W: Western Neuquén, Río Negro and Chubut Provinces) inhabits more dense Valdivian temperate rainforest and north Patagonian forest (in southern Chile), and the Andean Patagonian forest (in southwestern Argentina) and has darker coat color and a smaller body size (Osgood, 1943;Nowell & Jackson, 1996;Freer, 2004). ...
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... are currently divided into two subspecies on the basis of morphological studies (Cabrera, 1957) (Figure 1): (i) L. g. tigrillo (from 30°-38°S in Chile: Coquimbo, Valparaíso, Metropolitan, L.B. O'Higgins, Maule and Bío Bío Regions), inhabits mediterranean matorral and sclerophyll woodlands and forests in northern and central Chile and has a lighter coat color and a larger body size, and (ii) L. g. guigna (from 38°-48° in Chile: Araucanía, Los Ríos, Los Lagos (including Chiloé Island) and Aysén Regions; and from 39°-46°S in Argentina always west of 70°W: Western Neuquén, Río Negro and Chubut Provinces) inhabits more dense Valdivian temperate rainforest and north Patagonian forest (in southern Chile), and the Andean Patagonian forest (in southwestern Argentina) and has darker coat color and a smaller body size (Osgood, 1943;Nowell & Jackson, 1996;Freer, 2004). ...
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... The results of our study suggest that male Iberian lynxes have an increased risk of FeLV infection compared to females, which is in agreement with domestic cats, as males' aggressive behavior plays a greater role than previously reported 8 . This is in accordance with other wild felids such as the guigna (Leopardus guigna), with males displaying more aggressive and daring behavior, being the dispersing sex and having larger home ranges than females, thus increasing infection probabilities 21,42 . Furthermore, in the studied population, adult and older adult lynxes have a significantly higher risk of FeLV infection than subadults and juveniles, which agrees with recent studies in domestic cats where adult cats were more likely to be FeLV-infected than juveniles 8 . ...
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection is considered one of the most serious disease threats for the endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) Over 14 years (2008–2021), we investigated FeLV infection using point-of-care antigen test and quantitative real-time TaqMan qPCR for provirus detection in blood and tissues in lynxes from Andalusia (Southern Spain). A total of 776 samples from 586 individuals were included in this study. The overall prevalence for FeLV antigen in blood/serum samples was 1.4% (5/360) (95% CI: 0.2–2.6), FeLV proviral DNA prevalence in blood samples was 6.2% (31/503) (95% CI: 4.1–8.6), and FeLV proviral DNA in tissues samples was 10.2% (34/333) (95% CI: 7–13.5). From a subset of 129 longitudinally sampled individuals, 9.3% (12/129) PCR-converted during the study period. Our results suggest that FeLV infection in the Andalusian population is enzootic, with circulation of the virus at low levels in almost all the sampling years. Moreover, since only one viremic individual succumbed to the infection, this study suggests that lynxes may therefore control the infection decreasing the possibility of developing a more aggressive outcome. Although our results indicate that the FeLV infection in the Iberian lynx from Andalusia tends to stay within the regressive stage, continuous FeLV surveillance is paramount to predict potential outbreaks and ensure the survival of this population.
... These values are similar to those found in the margay, L. weidii (Eizirik et al., 1998), species NT according to the IUCN Red List, and half of that of the kodkod (L. guigna: Johnson et al., 1999;Napolitano et al., 2012), its sister species and categorized as Vulnerable. The remaining species of the group have intermediate levels of variability, regardless of their conservation status. ...
Leopardus geoffroyi is a small feline with a widespread distribution in a broad array of habitats. Here we investigate its evolutionary history to characterize the phylogeographical patterns that led to its present distribution using mitochondrial DNA from 72 individuals collected throughout its entire range. All haplotypes conformed to a monophyletic group, including two clades with a central/marginal disposition that is incongruent to the proposed subspecies. Spatial diffusion analysis showed the origin of the species within the oldest and more diverse central clade. A Bayesian Skyline Plot combined with a dispersal through time plot revealed two population increases at 190 000–170 000 and 45 000–35 000 years ago, the latter period accompanied by an increase in the dispersal rate. Species distribution models showed similar patterns between the present and Last Interglacial Period, and a reduction of high-probability areas during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Molecular evidence confirms L. geoffroyi as a monotypic species whose origin is located in Central Argentina. The last glaciation had little effect on the pattern of distribution of the species: the population and range expansion that started before the LGM, although probably being halted, continued after the glaciation and resulted in the presence of this felid in the far south of Patagonia.
... yielded very high levels of genetic diversity. These levels were higher than that estimated for many other Neotropical carnivores: three Canidae, Lycalopex culpaeus (π = 0.008-Ruiz-García et al. -Napolitano et al. 2013-Napolitano et al. , 2014. This suggests that the existence of P. flavus is older than these other Neotropical carnivores. ...
Knowledge of how a species is divided into different genetic units, and the structure among these units, is fundamental to the protection of biodiversity. Procyonidae was one of the families in the Order Carnivora with more success in the colonization of South America. The most divergent species in this family is the kinkajou (Potos flavus). However, knowledge of the genetics and evolution of this species is scarce. We analyzed five mitochondrial genes within 129 individuals of P. flavus from seven Neotropical countries (Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia). We detected eight different populations or haplogroups, although only three had highly significant bootstrap values (southern Mexico and Central America; northern Peruvian, Ecuadorian, and Colombian Amazon; and north-central Andes and the southern Amazon in Peru). Some analyses showed that the ancestor of the southern Mexico–Central America haplogroup was the first to appear. The youngest haplogroups were those at the most southern area analyzed in Peru and Bolivia. A “borrowed molecular clock” estimated the initial diversification to have occurred around 9.6 million years ago (MYA). All the spatial genetic analyses detected a very strong spatial structure with significant genetic patches (average diameter around
400–500 km) and a clinal isolation by distance among them. The overall sample and all of the haplogroups we detected had elevated levels of genetic diversity, which strongly indicates their long existence. A Bayesian Skyline Plot detected, for the overall sample and for the three most significant haplogroups, a decrease in the
number of females within the last 30,000–50,000 years, with a strong decrease in the last 10,000–20,000 years. Our data supported an alignment of some but not all haplogroups with putative morphological subspecies. We have not discounted the possibility of a cryptic kinkajou species.
... Eso es fundamental para la conservación de la biodiversidad y, también, para una correcta deenición de las políticas de conservación de muchas especies (Haig 1998). Sin embargo, en muchas ocasiones, existen discrepancias entre los especialistas en la determinación de qué es una especie, o cual es el estatus de un taxón determinado, debido al concepto de especie que manejen, al igual que por el tipo de datos que se ha utilizado (genética, morfología, etología, ecología, paleontología, etc.) Ruiz- García et al. (2012;2014;2016a;. Por ejemplo, ( Wilting et al. 2015) mostraron que los planes diseñados para la conservación del tigre (Panthera tigris) han sido fallidos por la falta de consenso en el número propuesto de subespecies. ...
... Esas ocho especies son el ocelote (Leopardus pardalis), el margay (Leopardus wiedii), el gato andino (Leopardus jacobita), el gato de las pampas, o colocolo, (Leopardus colocolo (sin embargo, Garcia-Perea 1994 morfológicamente distinguió tres especies en el seno de este taxón), la güiña o huiña (Leopardus guigna), el gato de Geooroy (Leopardus geooroyi), el tigrillo (Leopardus tigrinus), y el tigrillo del sur de Brasil (Leopardus guttulus). Esta última especie ha sido diferenciada recientemente del L. tigrinus por medio de análisis moleculares exhaustivos ( Trigo et al. 2008;2014). En los últimos dos años, otras dos especies del género Leopardus han sido propuestas. ...
... Por último, no es descartable la posible hibridación entre el margay y otras especies del género Leopardus, especialmente con el ocelote. La importancia de la hibridación en la historia evolutiva de ciertas especies de ese género (por ejemplo, para L. tigrinus) ha sido constatado por Trigo et al. (2008;2014) y Ruiz- García et al. (2018b). Por lo tanto, es importante analizar comparativamente los resul-20 Mastozoología Neotropical, en prensa, Mendoza, 2019 hhp://www.sarem.org.ar ...
... The levels of mitochondrial genetic diversity for the jaguarundi were very high and similar to those levels found in other Neotropical felids, such as the jaguar dus wiedii (Eizirik et al., 1998;Ruiz-García et al., 2018b). However, the jaguarundi clearly showed higher genetic diversity relative to other Neotropical felids, such as Leopardus geoffroyi (Johnson et al., 1999), Leopardus guigna (Napolitano et al., 2013(Napolitano et al., , 2014, and especially compared to Leopardus jacobita (Ruiz-García et al., 2013a). ...
We analyzed 80 mitogenomes of the elusive jaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi, Felidae, Carnivora), representing seven of the eight putative morphological subspecies traditionally described. The mitochondrial genetic diversity levels were very high in this cat species and therefore similar to other Neotropical cats. Nonetheless, the number of significantly different molecular clusters did not align well with putative morphological subspecies. We detected three possible molecular subspecies: P. y. yagouaroundi (wide distribution in Central and South America), P. y. melantho (Central Andean, and their inter-valleys, Peruvian area) and P. y. eyra (Paraguay and northern Argentina). There were also small geographical clusters with no correspondence with the morphological subspecies, especially in Costa Rica, northern and eastern Colombia, and Pacific trans-Andean Colombia and Ecuador. Thus, the number of molecular subspecies in jaguarundi could be less than the number defined morphologically. However, well-differentiated mitochondrial lineages could exist in the area of the putative P. y. panamensis and correspond to undescribed subspecies. The temporal split of the ancestors of the puma and jaguarundi and the initial mitochondrial diversification within the jaguarundi occurred during the late Pliocene, but the major fraction of haplotype proliferation happened during the Pleistocene. All the procedures we used detected a strong population expansion for the jaguarundi during the Günz-Mindel interglacial period of the Pleistocene. The spatial genetic analyses showed that the isolation-by-distance patterns are not well developed in this species. In contrast, we detected a very significant circular cline with spatial autocorrelation. Therefore, from a molecular perspective some of the individuals far removed from each other geographically are also very similar. This new information may be very helpful to conservation ecologists and managers of jaguarundi habitats as we continue to improve our understanding of the evolutionary history of this cat species.
... The species is categorized as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List (Acosta & Lucherini, 2008) and in Argentina (Díaz & Ojeda, 2000); in Chile, it is classified as Inadequately Known and Rare (CONAMA, 2007). Two subspecies are recognized (Cabrera, 1957;Wilson & Reeder, 2005;Napolitano et al., 2013); L. guigna tigrillo (5L. guigna molinae), which inhabits the Chilean Matorral and sclerophyll woodlands and forests in northern and central Chile (between the Coquimbo and BíoBío Regions), and L. guigna guigna, which inhabits Valdivian temperate rainforest and north Patagonian forest (from the Araucanía to Aysén Regions, including Chiloé Island), and the Andean Patagonian forest (western Neuquén, Río Negro and Chubut Provinces in south-western Argentina; Osgood, 1943;Nowell & Jackson, 1996;Freer, 2004). ...
... Our model indicates that the impact of climate change will be greatest in the contact zone between the two subspecies L. guigna guigna and L. guigna tigrillo (Napolitano et al., 2013). The northernmost subspecies, L. guigna tigrillo, seems to occupy areas with less suitable habitat (Napolitano et al., 2013), and is less represented in current protected areas, and thus merits special attention. ...
... Our model indicates that the impact of climate change will be greatest in the contact zone between the two subspecies L. guigna guigna and L. guigna tigrillo (Napolitano et al., 2013). The northernmost subspecies, L. guigna tigrillo, seems to occupy areas with less suitable habitat (Napolitano et al., 2013), and is less represented in current protected areas, and thus merits special attention. Based on genetic differentiation and population structure Napolitano et al. (2013) proposed five conservation units for the species. ...
Climate change and habitat fragmentation are considered key pressures on biodiversity, and mammalian carnivores with a limited geographical distribution are particularly vulnerable. The kodkod Leopardus guigna, a small felid endemic to the temperate forests of southern Chile and Argentina, has the smallest geographical range of any New World felid. Although the species occurs in protected areas in both countries, it is not known how well these areas protect the kodkod either currently or under climate change scenarios. We used species distribution models and spatial analyses to assess the distribution of the kodkod, examining the effects of changes in human land use and future climate change. We also assessed the species’ present representation in protected areas and in light of climate change scenarios. We found that the kodkod has already lost 5.5% of its range as a result of human land use, particularly in central areas of its distribution with intermediate habitat suitability. Climate change, together with human land use, will affect 40% of the kodkod's present potential distribution by the year 2050. Currently, 12.5% of the species’ potential distribution lies in protected areas and this will increase to 14% in the future. This increase does not, however, mean an increase in protected habitat but rather a reduction of the species' total potential range; a relatively larger percentage will be protected in Argentina than in Chile but the species is more susceptible to extinction in Argentina and the Chilean Matorral.
... The levels of gene diversity found for the moderate sample size analyzed herein for the jaguarundi were very high (ATP8: H d = 0.905 + 0.032, = 0.0604 + 0.0161 and 16S rRNA: H d = 0.976 + 0.020, = 0.0825 + 0.0207) and similar to those levels found in other Neotropical felids, as the jaguar (ATP8: H d = 0.985 + 0.040, = 0.1074 + 0.0122; NADH5 : H d = 0.994 + 0.009, = 0.0832 + 0.0158 ; 16S rRNA: H d = 0.833 + 0.127, = 0.0427 + 0.0168 ; Ruiz-García et al., 2012a), Leopardus pajeros (control region: H d = 0.932 + 0.007, = 0.0513 + 0.0016 ; Ruiz-García et al., 2012b), Leopardus pardalis (control region : H d = 0.962 + 0.015, = 0.068 + 0.034 ; Eizirik et al., 1998), and Leopardus wiedii (control region : H d = 0.985 + 0.018, = 0.183 + 0.092 ; Eizirik et al., 1998). However, the jaguarundi clearly showed higher gene diversity than other Neotropical felids, such as that of Leopardus geoffroyi (control region : = 0.0126 + 0.0065 ; Johnson et al., 1999), Leopardus tigrinus (control region : = 0.022 + 0.026 ; Johnson et al., 1999), Leopardus jacobita (control region : H d = 0.557 + 0.061, = 0.0047 + 0.0006 ; Ruiz-García et al., 2012b) and Leopardus guigna (H d = 0.94 + 0.02, = 0.00461; Napolitano et al., 2012). The puma, which is of the same phylogenetic lineage as jaguarundi, also showed a considerable lower mitochondrial gene diversity (ATP8, 16S rRNA, NADH5: = 0.0032, Culver et al., 2000) than this. ...
... ) and L. guigna (Johnson et al., 1999; Napolitano et al., 2012), morphological subspecies were molecularly corroborated as subspecies or, at least, as ESUs (Evolutionary Significant Units, Moritz, 1994). In the case of L. wiedii it is not yet clear if there is some correspondence between putative morphological subspecies and molecular results because a very small number of specimens were analyzed (Eizirik et al., 1998), although a genetic analysis with more than 150 individuals is currently in progress (Ruiz-García et al, unpublished results). ...
A total of 44 wild jaguarundis were sampled throughout Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Brazil and sequenced for three mitochondrial genes (ATP8, 16S rRNA, NADH5). This is the first molecular population genetics and phylogenetics study of this species and the most relevant results were as follows: 1-The gene diversity levels for the jaguarundi at the three mitochondrial genes sequenced were very elevated as it was found for other Neotropical wild cats such as the jaguar, ocelot, margay and the Pampas cat; 2-The levels of gene heterogeneity among putative subspecies or among countries was extremely small, although this species has a broad distribution from southern USA to Argentina; 3-Additionally, the phylogenetics trees (genetic distances, maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian) showed that no molecular subspecies were defined in contradiction with the morphological classifications of Allen (1919), Cabrera (1957) and de Oliveira (1998); 4-Bayesian and network procedures showed that the first haplotype divergence process in the jaguarundi began around 2.0-1.6 MYA, with a second haplotype divergence event around 1.1-0.8 MYA, followed by other haplotype splits around 0.75-0.5 MYA, 0.34-0.32 MYA, and 0.16-0.11 MYA as well as many haplotype divergence events in the last 30,000 YA. These haplotype process splits were correlated with climatic changes during the Pleistocene; 5-Some evidence of population expansion was determined for the jaguarundi around 400,000 YA, especially for the ATP8 marker, and a slightly higher population declination was detected for the last 20,000 YA for ATP8 and 16S rRNA loci.
Leopardus guigna (Molina, 1782) is a felid commonly called the kodkod. It is the smallest cat in the Americas—about the size of a small house cat—and is 1 of 13 species in the genus Leopardus. Leopardus guigna has the smallest distribution of any New World felid, restricted to southern Chile and Argentina where it is strongly associated with the Chilean Matorral and Valdivian Temperate Rainforest ecoregions. Leopardus guigna is listed on Appendix II of the Convention for the International Trade of Endangered Species and as “Vulnerable” (VU) by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature due to habitat loss and fragmentation, human persecution, and its declining population.
Entomopathogenic fungi have been mentioned as one of the best alternatives for insect pest control. These fungi cause insects death. More than 750 fungal species have been described infecting insects, some of the most utilized for insect control are: Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae.
