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The construction of the modernist rural landscape in Portugal bears the mark of the Junta de Colonização Interna , an institution created in 1936 during the Salazar regime within the Ministry of Agriculture. The colonies which were actually completed and whose original structures remain until today are regarded as singular experiences that, having...
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For more than twenty-five years, the Progreso elementary school in San Juan Chilateca, Oaxaca, has been developing an educational project based on Freinet Pedagogy. The teaching staff has worked on the basis of a series of techniques such as assembly, conferences, correspondence, free texts, the diary, living calculation, the natural method, work c...
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... The impact of the modern movement on the rural landscape, which began to unfold as early as in the mid-19th century through experiments in utopian socialism and radical state reforms, became more intense in the 1920s, especially in late colonization and within new political movements, such as fascism, socialism, communism, Zionism, anarchism and the cooperative movement [15]. States, governmental organizations, movements and collectives engaged in extensive actions to reshape rural landscapes in order to address the underutilization of arable land and the underdevelopment of the agriculture sector [16][17][18]. Moreover, the socialist system enabled the systematic implementation of the principles of Congress International d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM) on a large urban scale, in contrast to capitalist countries where this was done on smaller scales, which allowed significantly more intense urban transformation and greater changes in the physiognomy and typology of the landscape. ...
This paper considers the landscape as both a material and an ideological representation and starts from the assumption that spatial patterns arise as a result of the ideological imperative of the process that forms the landscape. The research takes on a historical-interpretative approach in the domain of architectural and urban studies, enabling in-depth qualitative exploration of the textuality and layering of the modernist rural landscape through a case study of the PKB Agricultural Combine as a driver of the urban development of Third Belgrade, the spatial framework of the left riverbank of the Danube in the administrative area of Belgrade. The research was conducted by chronologically interpreting primary sources, notably planning documents of different levels and scope, as well as studies, programs and development models for the urbanization of this territory. The research aims to decode the impact of socialist agrarian policy on the land-use in the wider metropolitan area of Belgrade, as well as the impact of the agricultural combine as a spatial, social, economic, environmental and political entity on the urban development process at different spatial levels. The research has identified four periods in the development of Third Belgrade: (1) Production of the Modernist Rural Landscape, (2) Establishment of the Self-Management Planning Framework, (3) Humanization of Environment, and (4) Post-socialist Transition and the Collapse of the Agricultural Combine. The paper demonstrates not only that environmental transformation cannot be separated from social transformation but also that they are in constant interaction and that their synergy has had a profound impact on the development of the PKB Agricultural Combine system in socialist conditions. The textuality of the modernist rural landscape confirms that an object-oriented approach is not enough to explore and interpret the landscape, but rather, we should look at the way it is socially produced through decoding the planning, institutional and policy frameworks determining the urban development of a territory.
