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Genitalia of Limax maximus.
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... flap of tissue can now be peeled back to view the internal organs. The genitalia are white ( Figure 2) and can be traced back from the genital pore. For addi- tional details on slug dissecting techniques, see Kerney and Cameron. ...
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... technique is an important tool for collecting species such as Tandonia budapestensis and Tes- tacella haliotidea, which are predominant- The external morphology of a typical slug is illustrated in Figure 1. Figure 2 shows the genital structure of Limax maximus. The ligula, or stimulator, which is important in identifying certain arionids and milac- ids, can be viewed by cutting open the atri- um. ...
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... Limacidae 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 13 3 Dark, grayish brown to bluish black ( Figures 10 & 11); mucus on sole bright yellow to orange. 4 Lighter, grayish to yellowish brown ( Figures 4 and 12); foot sole pale yellow or grayish white with colorless mucus. 5 4 Tentacles bluish-black; body gray to brown in color ( Figure 10) but with varying amounts of yellow granules, which may cause a slightly yellowish coloration; back color not contrast- ing with lower sides; right mantle band always with a break above the pneumostome; up to 4 cm in length; dissection required. ...
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... distinctus* Tentacles faintly reddish; body gray to black in color ( Figure 11); sides below the lateral bands contrasting pale; never a break in right mantle band above pneumostome; up to 5 cm in length; dissection required. Arion hortensis 5 Slug contracts into a hemispherical shape when disturbed and is bell shaped in transverse section when at rest; body mucus colorless; sole grayish white; up to 5 cm in length ( Figure 12). Arion fasciatus* Slug unable to contract into a hemispherical shape when dis- turbed and is not bell shaped in transverse section when at rest; body mucus orange-yellow; foot sole pale yellow and sometimes translucent in appearance ( Figure 4); up to 7 cm in length. ...
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... Los especímenes recolectados en campo eran llevados al laboratorio de Biología de la Facultad de Ciencias Básicas de la Universidad de Pamplona para la identificación mediante claves taxonómicas. La identificación se realizó por las características morfológicas mediante estereoscopio basado en una clave taxonómica (Harwood, Thomas, Mc Donnell & Paine, 2010), lo que permitió llegar hasta nivel de familia y género las morfoespecies de babosas encontradas. Finalizada la fase de identificación se construyó un conglomerado mediante Excel para el procesamiento de la información y la relación de los especímenes con la preferencia por cultivos. ...
... Al género al que pertenece la morfoespecie identificada también son atribuidos los daños en distintos tejidos de las plantas (Hernández et al., 2015). Esta especie guarda similitud con las características de Arion subfuscus Draparnaud, 1805, pero su identificación precisa se dificulta ya que pertenece al complejo Arion que agrupa a especies que guardan estrecha similitud (Harwood et al., 2010), demandando una identificación meticulosa y por una persona experta en el tema. ...
El trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la preferencia y el perjuicio causado por morfoespecies de babosas en diferentes cultivos en el municipio Pamplona, Norte de Santander. La investigación se desarrolló en cinco veredas de Pamplona Norte de Santander de septiembre a diciembre de 2018. Se evaluaron nueve cultivos, arveja, cebolla de bulbo, fresa, frijol, papa criolla, papa negra, tomate de árbol y zanahoria, dando un total de cincuenta campos. Se realizó la identificación de las morfoespecies por las características morfológicas mediante estereoscopio basado en una clave taxonómica. Se identificaron cinco morfoespecies de babosas afectando los cultivos pertenecientes a las familias Agriolimacidae, Arionidae y Milacidae. Arion sp.1, Deroceras sp.1 y Deoceras sp.2 estaban presentes en las cinco veredas; Deroceras sp.3 no se encontró en la vereda Chíchira mientras que Milax sp.1 solo se consiguió en las veredas El Rosal, El Totumo y Monteadentro, prefiriendo todas las morfoespecies al cultivo de fresa y tomate de árbol. La incidencia de daño por los moluscos se evidencia en los nueve cultivos muestreados, sin embargo, la mayor preferencia se observa en papa negra, papa criolla, zanahoria y alverja con los valores más altos de incidencia y severidad, resaltándose el alto nivel de daño ocasionado en los frutos del cultivo de fresa.
... A. hortensis and A. distinctus are considered sister species that were considered as a species complex under the name A. hortensis for a long time but later the complex was divided into three species: A. hortensis, A. distinctus and A. owenii [15]. For Kentuchy USA, six Arion species are reported; A. Rufus, A. intermedius, A. distinctus, A. hortensis, A. fasciatus and A. susfuscus, posing difficulties on many occasions for the morphological identification of the species [16]. ...
... As previously mentioned, the species of Arion initially reported in vegetable crops in the Province of Pamplona was A. subfuscus [11]; however, due to the importance of A. distinctus in Pamplona, according to other authors, investigations were carried out to control this spice with diatomaceous earth [12]. This slug is similar to the morphological characteristics of A. subfuscus, so its precise identification is difficult since it belongs to the Arion complex that groups species that are closely similar [16], demanding meticulous identification by an expert on the subject. However, [17] also reported A. distinctus as the species of this genus present in Pamplona. ...
Introduction- Slugs of the genus Arion are important pests of many crops, causing considerable decreases in yields. Given the need to meet food demand worldwide, it is important to have pest management systems, plant resources are natural alternatives for this purpose.
Objective-
Evaluate the effect of formulations of essential oils of Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus cinerea in the control of Arion spp.
Methodology- Two trials were developed with completely randomized designs with 5 treatments and 10 repetitions (one for the effect by contact and the other for ingestion), spraying on Arion spp. slugs, concentrations at 100 and 200 ppm of essential oils of Eucalyptus globulus or Eucalyptus cinerea. The corresponding analyzes of variances were carried out.
Results- The affectation of mobility for Arion spp., was very similar for all treatments. The formulations of both species of Eucalyptus caused mortality of Arion spp by contact since the 9th day and by ingestion on the 4th day, higher than 85% by contact, and 95% by ingestion. The TL50. per contact varied between 10.31 and 10.12 days for the essential oil of E. globulus and between 13.31 and 6.69 days for that of E. cinerea, while by ingestion they ranged between 7.31 and 5.55 days for E. globulus and between 8.22 and 6.6 days for E. cinerea at 100 and 200 ppm respectively.
Conclusions- The formulations of both Eucalyptus species caused mortality by contact since the 9th day and by ingestion since the 4th day, while the TL 50 were relatively lower by ingestion for E. globulus
... This likely immoderate muscle contraction in the slug induced by the peptide is a similar physiological change observed in the insects above. It is noteworthy that treated specimens secreted copious amounts of milky mucus, which is a well-known defense response for D. reticulatum usually against physical attack [59][60][61][62] . This suggests that the pedal mucus gland could be an additional location for receptors, which active peptides could directly or indirectly target. ...
Neuromedin U (NmU) is a neuropeptide regulating diverse physiological processes. The insect homologs of vertebrate NmU are categorized as PRXamide family peptides due to their conserved C-terminal end. However, NmU homologs have been elusive in Mollusca, the second largest phylum in the animal kingdom. Here we report the first molluscan NmU/PRXamide receptor from the slug, Deroceras reticulatum. Two splicing variants of the receptor gene were functionally expressed and tested for binding with ten endogenous peptides from the slug and some insect PRXamide and vertebrate NmU peptides. Three heptapeptides (QPPLPRYa, QPPVPRYa and AVPRPRIa) triggered significant activation of the receptors, suggesting that they are true ligands for the NmU/PRXamide receptor in the slug. Synthetic peptides with structural modifications at different amino acid positions provided important insights on the core moiety of the active peptides. One receptor variant always exhibited higher binding activity than the other variant. The NmU-encoding genes were highly expressed in the slug brain, while the receptor gene was expressed at lower levels in general with relatively higher expression levels in both the brain and foot. Injection of the bioactive peptides into slugs triggered defensive behavior such as copious mucus secretion and a range of other anomalous behaviors including immobilization, suggesting their role in important physiological functions.
... One of the most important groups of alien terrestrial animals in the BSR that are native to the MSR are pulmonated mollusks, overall, the species Limax maximus, Limacus flavus, and Oxychilus draparnaudi for which evidence of impact was recorded in the GRIIS database (Table 2). The slugs L. flavus and L. maximus are agricultural pests and represent a threat to cultivated plants in Europe and worldwide (Thomas et al. 2010;Kozłowski 2012;Naranjo-García and Castillo-Rodríguez 2017). The greatest economic losses due to crop damage by the slug L. maximus in Poland are especially observed in winter rape, winter wheat, and some vegetable crops (Kozłowski 2012). ...
Due to globalization and climate warming, the introduction and establishment of alien species has increased in recent years. The Mediterranean Sea Region (MSR) has not been explored as a common donor of alien species to the Baltic Sea Region (BSR); however, in the context of global warming, the BSR could be more suitable for alien species from the MSR. We evaluated the alien species of Mediterranean origin present in the BSR, with emphasis on aggressive, aquatic and terrestrial species spread in at least two countries of the BSR. Introduction pathways and the year of first record in the BSR were assessed for Mediterra-nean species. Using an analytical hierarchy process, we also performed a risk assessment for aggressive Mediterranean species in the BSR. In total, 6145 alien species were recorded in the BSR, but only 3033 species were verified. For 292 of these species, there is evidence of impact in the BSR, 10 of these (3.4%) are native to the MSR (six animals (Alphitophagus bifasciatus, Chrysolina americana, Tenebrio molitor, Limax maximus, Oxychilus draparnaudi, and Limacus flavus) and four plants (Linaria repens, Veronica filiformis, Prunus cerasifera, and Viola odorata)). Based on the risk assessment, eight of them represent moderate risk (L. flavus, L. maximus, O. draparnaudi, T. molitor, L. repens, V. filiformis, V. odorata, and P. cerasifera). In total, 715 freshwater and terrestrial species are spread in at least two countries of the BSR: 131 of them (18.3%) are of Mediterranean origin, all of them are terrestrial species (123 plants and eight animals). In general, Mediterranean plants were recorded earlier than animals in the BSR, as most of the plants were recorded in the years 1651-1750 and 1801-1900. Seven of the eight Mediterranean animals were introduced as contaminants of food, plants, or nursery material. Most of the Mediterranean plants in the BSR escaped from agriculture or horticulture (46.1%) or were transported as contaminants on animals or as seed contaminants (33.6%). This study is a first evaluation of the flux of species from the MSR to the BSR and will help the stakeholders to make decisions to prevent and control alien species in the BSR. Résumé : En raison de la mondialisation et du réchauffement climatique, l'introduction et l'établissement d'espèces exotiques se sont accrus ces dernières années. La région de la mer Méditerranée (RMM) n'a pas été explorée en tant que donneur fréquent d'espèces exotiques à la région de la mer Baltique (RMB). Toutefois, dans le contexte du réchauffement climatique, la RMB pourrait convenir davantage aux espèces exotiques de la RMM. Les auteurs ont évalué les espèces exotiques d'origine méditer-ranéenne présentes dans la RMB, en mettant l'accent sur la propagation d'espèces agressives, aquatiques et terrestres dans au moins deux pays de la RMB. Les voies d'introduction et l'année de la première mention d'espèces méditerranéennes dans la RMB ont été évaluées. À l'aide d'un processus d'analyse hiérarchique, les auteurs ont aussi réalisé une évaluation des risques des espèces agressives méditerranéennes dans la RMB. Au total, 6145 espèces exotiques ont été recensées dans la RMB, mais 3033 espèces ont été vérifiées seulement. De ces species, 292 ont un impact avéré sur la RMB, dont 10 (3,4 %) sont indigènes à la RMM (six espèces animales (Alphitophagus bifasciatus, Chrysolina americana, Tenebrio molitor, Limax maximus, Oxychilus draparnaudi et Limacus flavus) et quatre espèces végétales (Linaria repens, Veronica filiformis, Prunus cerasifera et Viola odorata)). Selon l'évaluation des risques, huit d'entre elles présentent des risques modérés (L. flavus, L. maximus, O. draparnaudi, T. molitor, L. repens, V. filiformis, V. odorata et P. cerasifera). Au total, 715 espèces d'eau douce et terrestres se sont disséminées dans au moins deux pays de la RMB: 131 d'entre elles (18,3 %) étaient d'origine méditerranéenne et toutes étaient des espèces terrestres (123 plantes et huit animaux). En général, les plantes méditerranéennes étaient recensées avant les animaux dans la RMB, la plupart des plantes ayant été recensées dans les années 1651-1750 et 1801-1900. Sept des huit animaux méditerranéens ont été introduits comme contaminants de la nourriture, des plantes ou de pépinières. La plupart des plantes méditerranéennes de la RMB s'étaient échappées de l'agriculture ou de l'horticulture (46,1 %) ou avaient été transportées comme contaminants sur des animaux ou comme contaminants des semences (33,6 %). Cette étude constitue la première évaluation du flux d'espèces de la RMM vers la RMB et elle aidera les intervenants à prendre des décisions visant à prévenir et contrôler les espèces exotiques dans la RMB. [Traduit par la Rédaction]
... Los especímenes recolectados en campo eran llevados al laboratorio de Biología de la Facultad de Ciencias Básicas de la Universidad de Pamplona para la identificación mediante claves taxonómicas. La identificación se realizó por las características morfológicas mediante estereoscopio basado en una clave taxonómica (Harwood, Thomas, Mc Donnell & Paine, 2010), lo que permitió llegar hasta nivel de familia y género las morfoespecies de babosas encontradas. Finalizada la fase de identificación se construyó un conglomerado mediante Excel para el procesamiento de la información y la relación de los especímenes con la preferencia por cultivos. ...
... Al género al que pertenece la morfoespecie identificada también son atribuidos los daños en distintos tejidos de las plantas (Hernández et al., 2015). Esta especie guarda similitud con las características de Arion subfuscus Draparnaud, 1805, pero su identificación precisa se dificulta ya que pertenece al complejo Arion que agrupa a especies que guardan estrecha similitud (Harwood et al., 2010), demandando una identificación meticulosa y por una persona experta en el tema. ...
Resumen El trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la preferencia y el perjuicio causado por morfoespecies de babosas en diferentes cultivos en el municipio Pamplona, Norte de Santander. La investigación se desarrolló en cinco veredas de Pamplona Norte de Santander de septiembre a diciembre de 2018. Se evaluaron nueve cultivos, arveja, cebolla de bulbo, fresa, frijol, papa criolla, papa negra, tomate de árbol y zanahoria, dando un total de cincuenta campos. Se realizó la identificación de las morfoespecies por las características morfológicas mediante estereoscopio basado en una clave taxonómica. Se identificaron cinco morfoespecies de babosas afectando los cultivos pertenecientes a las familias Agriolimacidae, Arionidae y Milacidae. Arion sp. 1 , Deroceras sp. 1 y Deoceras sp. 2 estaban presentes en las cinco veredas; Deroceras sp. 3 no se encontró en la vereda Chíchira mientras que Milax sp. 1 solo se consiguió en las veredas El Rosal, El Totumo y Monteadentro, prefiriendo todas las morfoespecies al cultivo de fresa y tomate de árbol. La incidencia de daño por los moluscos se evidencia en los nueve cultivos muestreados, sin embargo, la mayor preferencia se observa en papa negra, papa criolla, zanahoria y alverja con los valores más altos de incidencia y severidad, resaltándose el alto nivel de daño ocasionado en los frutos del cultivo de fresa.
... El muestreo de las babosas se llevó a cabo durante los meses de octubre y noviembre de 2017, en cuatro fincas con cultivos de fresa, tomate de árbol, lechuga, papa, arveja, zanahoria (7° 20'55" N 72°39'47" W). La recolección de los individuos se hizo mediante captura manual, revisando en los frutos, debajo de las hojas y en el suelo con ayuda de pinzas entomológicas, los especímenes fueron recolectados en bolsas Ziploc y trasladados vivos al laboratorio de entomología de la Universidad de Pamplona para ser identificados a nivel de género y especie según las claves taxonómicas de Alonso et al., 1985;Thomas, et al., 2010y Thewildlifetrust, 2012. Los individuos identificados fueron almacenados en líquido (Solución Pampel), en la colección entomológica de la Universidad de Pamplona, junto a los datos de colecta bajo el permiso de colecta otorgado por Corponor en 2015. ...
Se informa la riqueza y abundancia de pulmonados terrestre plaga en cuatro fincas con cultivos agrícolas en el municipio de Pamplona. La recolección de los individuos a través de los cultivos fue de forma manual. Se capturaron 224 individuos distribuidos en cuatro géneros y seis especies, cuatro de estas especies no están incluidas en los reportes presentados por otros estudios en el país.Palabras clave: Cultivo, Plaga, Pulmonados terrestres, Norte de Santander.
... Slugs were collected from household gardens and a forest (see table 1 for locations) and were identified based on morphology (Kerney et al., 1979;Mc Donnell el al., 2009;Thomas et al., 2010). They were kept in plastic containers lined with filter paper. ...
A survey for slug-associated nematodes in five locations of East and West Flanders in Belgium revealed the presence of one new and six known slug-parasitic nematodes, Agfa flexilis (Dujardin, 1845), Alloionema appendiculatum (Schneider, 1859), Angiostoma dentiferum (Mengert, 1953), Angiostoma limacis (Dujardin, 1845), Angiostoma norvegicum (Ross et al., 2017) and Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita (Schneider, 1859). Angiostoma norvegicum and P. hermaphrodita are recorded for the first time in Belgium. The six known species are documented by light microscopy (LM) microphotographs and informative DNA sequences. Angiostoma gandavense n. sp. (Angiostomatidae), discovered from arionid slugs, is described based on light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and molecular data. Based on analyses of D2D3 expansion segment of 28S and 18S rDNA sequences, this new species is found to be related to A. limacis, A. norvegicum, A. margaretae (Ross et al., 2011) and A. milacis (Ivanova and Wilson, 2009). The new species can be distinguished from these others based on morphological characters such as the distinctive mucronate structures at the tail tip of both sexes, presence of lateral ala, reflexed female ovaries and the number and arrangement pattern of male genital papillae.
... In North America, A. hortensis has been recorded in Canada and throughout the eastern U.S.A. (Chichester and Getz 1973, McCracken and Selander 1980, Pearce and Bayne 2003, the Great Lakes region (Grimm et al. 2009, Steury andPearce 2014), Kentucky (Mc Donnell et al. 2008), the Pacifi c Northwest, and California (Quick 1952, Severns 2005, Roth and Sadeghian 2006, Mc Donnell et al. 2009). Arion hortensis, or a member of its species complex, has been intercepted in U.S. agricultural and horticultural imports since at least the 1970s (Girard 1971) and, where pestiferous, A. hortensis has damaged sunfl ower, vegetable, and grain crops (Barker 1999, Iglesias and Speiser 2001, Mc Donnell et al. 2009, Thomas et al. 2010. ...
Terrestrial gastropod inventories can be improved, both in scope and thoroughness, by including species observations made by citizen scientists. Few citizen science projects, however, focus on terrestrial gastropods and perhaps none has mobilized members of the public to survey the malacofauna of a major North American metropolitan area. Here we report first occurrence records of five introduced terrestrial gastropod species in the metropolitan areas of Los Angeles, Orange, and Riverside counties in California, discovered by citizen science: Arion hortensis Férussac, 1819, Cochlicella barbara (Linnaeus, 1758), Lauria cylindracea (Da Costa, 1778), Pupoides albilabris (C.B. Adams, 1841), and Xerotricha conspurcata (Draparnaud, 1801). Four of these taxa are known elsewhere in California and one, L. cylindracea, is a first occurrence record for the U.S.A. All were contributed to SLIME, a citizen science project and malacofaunal inventory of southern California initiated by the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County and hosted online by iNaturalist. Species identifications were made based on snail or slug morphology and collected specimens' COI barcoding sequences, which were compared to those in GenBank and BOLD databases. These discoveries demonstrate the efficacy of SLIME and the potential for molluscan-focused citizen science to detect and document land snail and slug taxa in a major metropolis.
... Medidas Todas las especies descritas se corresponden, por sus características morfológicas, anatómicas y medidas, a poblaciones de las mismas especies descritas en la literatura, lo cual no amerita mayores comentarios (Barker y Pottinger, 1983; Alonso et al., 1985; Castillejo, 1983; Castillejo, 1998; Pinto, 1999; Vera-Ardila y Linares, 2005; McDonnell et al., 2009; Thomas et al., 2010 y Rowson et al., 2013). L. valentiana y M. gagates y 3 caracoles: A. fulica, H. aspersa y H. pomatia. ...
... Actualmente, se sugiere que el nombre A. subfuscus junto al de A. fuscus hacen referencia a un complejo de especies cripticas, es decir, aquellas que son morfológicamente similares, pero diferentes genéticamente (Mc Donnell et al., 2011). Es una especie polífaga, que se encuentra distribuida en Finlandia, Gran Bretaña y Península Ibérica e introducida en Canadá y otras partes de Norte América, Nueva Zelanda y Venezuela (Thomas et al., 2010). En el país, también ha sido señalado en el estado Miranda (Arias, 1959; Fernández de Valera, 1982) y Mérida (Salinas, 1982), sin embargo, este último autor no realiza ninguna descripción morfológica de las poblaciones. ...
In order to identify species of molluscs (slugs and snails) of agricultural importance in the Tovar municipality, Aragua state, a sampling was conducted in seven localities of the Colonia Tovar. A preliminary interview was conducted to know the perception that farmers have about on different pests and diseases. Subsequently, were available of a total of 84 shelter-traps, which were manufactured with styrofoam of 25 mm thick. Each trap consisted of a square of this material, of 25 x 25 cm, fastened with a rod of 1/8” diameter and 40 cm length in an L-shape to prevent wind or animals moving it. Nine inspections were conducted in each locality, from january to october 2013. Each month, the traps are turned and reviewed one by one involved always two observers in the examination of the same. Slugs and snails that are located on the underside of the traps, or on the floor under them were brought to the laboratory de Zoología Agrícola de la Facultad de Agronomía de la Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV) in Maracay and were identified based on external and internal morphology (genitalia, radular structure and jaw) and DNA (PCR-RAPD). Finally, the population density was estimated using a sampling square. The 61.4% of the farmers considered the slugs a serious problem. While the 27.3% stated that snails are a problem in some crops only during the rainy season. Four species were identified: Arion subfuscus, Deroceras reticulatum, Lehmannia valentiana (slugs) and Helix aspersa (common garden snail). The slugs A. subfuscus and D. reticulatum are the most abundant species and causing further damage in broccoli, cauliflower, strawberries and lettuce. The average density estimated of A. subfuscus, D. reticulatum, L. valentiana, Juveniles (slugs) and H. aspersa for the whole period of study was 68, 33, 5, 55 and 1 specimens/m2, respectively. In Venezuela, the knowledge about the biology of these species and its potential biocontrol agents are very scarce and studies to elucidate these important aspects are necessary.
... Deroceras laeve (Müller, 1774) Description Thomas et al. (2010). ...
... Human transportation/established (Landler and Nuñez 2012) Remarks This species has been cited as a pest of crops, feeding on seeds and seedlings (Faberi et al. 2006). EA, I. Thomas et al. (2010). ...
... Genus Lehmannia Heynemann, 1862 Lehmannia valentiana (Férussac, 1823) Description Barker (1999), Thomas et al. (2010). ...
A new introduced species, Otala punctata (Müller, 1774) and new records in Chile
for Cornu aspersum (Müller, 1774) and Deroceras laeve (Müller, 1774) are documented
based on surveys carried out in northern and central areas of the country.
The presence and distribution of these alien species are complemented with a
comprehensive compilation of all 34 non-indigenous species of marine, freshwater
and terrestrial Mollusca in Chile; until 1999, only 16 alien species were known in
Chile. Most of these alien species are found exclusively in transformed habitats,
few exist in natural environments. The mechanism of introduction for the majority
of these non-indigenous species is unknown; however, horticultural development,
urban and suburban transformation of original natural habitats, and the aquarium
trade are the most likely pathways of introduction. The highest threat of alien
species is direct competition and predation of native molluscs, especially the small
native land gastropods. Education and continuous field surveys are vital to detect
and prevent their propagation as well as to avoid introduction of additional alien
taxa.
